geopark in malaysia: the front door of our geological ... pengurusan kewangan... · ge pt f i st rk...

Geopark in Malaysia: The Front Door of

Our Geological Treasures

Ibrahim Komoo

Coordinator, APGN

Bureau Member, GGN

International Expert, GGN

Vice Chancellor, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu

Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Flow of Presentation • CONSERVATION OF NATURE

• HISTORY OF GEOHERITAGE & GEOPARKS

• GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

• GEODIVERSITY, GEOHERITAGE

• GEOSITE, GEOTOPE

• GEOCONSERVATION, GEOTOURISM

• WHAT IS GEOPARK?

• ROLES OF GEOPARK: GEOCONSERVATION

• ROLES OF GEOPARK: GEOTOURISM

• LANGKAWI GEOPARK & OTHER MALAYSIA GEOPARKS IN DEVELOPMENT STAGE

UNESCO World Heritage Convention (1972)

Outstanding universal value:

Exceptional natural beauty or aesthetic importance

Major stages of earth’s history

UNESCO Man & Biosphere Reserve Program (1977)

World Network of Biosphere Reserves – protected areas

demonstrate a balance relationship between man and

nature (sustainable development)

UNESCO Global Network of National Geoparks (2004)

The Global Network of National Geoparks assisted by

UNESCO provides a platform of active cooperation between

experts and practitioners in geological heritage

Global nature conservation scenario

1872 Geological Resource as National

Park/ Yellowstone NP, USA

1919 Geological Resource as National

Park/ Grand Canyon NP, USA

1948 IUCN

1972

1977

UNESCO/WHC

UNESCO/Biosphere

1999

2000

2004

UNESCO Initiative

European Geoparks Network

UNESCO Global Geopark

2007

Asia Pacific Geoparks Network

CONSERVATION OF NATURE

MA

LAY

SIA

19

90

IGC

: Fir

st W

ork

sho

p o

n G

eop

ark

(Bra

zil)

Firs

t R

ese

ach

on

Ge

oto

p (

Ger

man

y)

Gre

at B

rita

in (

SSSI

)

Ne

w Z

eal

and

(G

eoh

erit

age

list)

Au

stra

lia (

Geo

con

serv

atio

n C

om

mit

tee)

Ge

oh

eri

tage

Inau

gura

l Co

nfe

ren

ce

(Dig

ne

Dec

lara

tio

n, F

ran

ce)

UN

ESC

O G

lob

al G

eop

ark:

C

on

cep

t

Firs

t B

oo

k: G

eo

logi

cal &

Lan

dsc

ape

C

on

serv

atio

n (

Lon

do

n)

Firs

t G

eo

par

ks in

Eu

rop

e (

Irel

and

, G

reec

e &

Fra

nce

)

Esta

blis

hm

en

t: E

uro

pe

an G

eo

par

ks

Ne

two

rk (

EGN

)

Esta

blis

hm

ent:

UN

ESC

O G

lob

al

Geo

par

ks N

etw

ork

(GG

N)

1st

UN

ESC

O C

on

f. o

n G

eop

arks

Esta

blis

hm

ent:

17

GG

N G

eop

arks

(C

hin

a &

Eu

rop

e)

Geo

tou

rism C

on

cep

t

List of geo

logical site

s o

f scien

tific imp

ortan

ce

Establish

men

t of K

um

pu

lan

Warisan

Geo

logi M

alaysia

1st IR

PA

Research

on

Geo

heritage

Co

nservatio

n G

eolo

gy Co

ncep

t

Geo

logical Lan

dscap

e

Langkaw

i Geo

park: C

on

cep

t

ASM

Fellow

Lecture –

Co

nservatio

n G

eolo

gy

Geo

forest P

arks

Langkaw

i Natio

nal G

eop

ark

Langkaw

i Glo

bal G

eo

park

1st

AP

GN

Sym

po

siu

m L

angk

awi

Inte

grated R

esearch: G

eop

ark M

od

el for R

egion

al Sustain

able

D

evelop

me

nt

4th U

NESC

O G

eop

ark Co

nferen

ce

GLO

BA

L

19

49

19

80

19

86

19

91

19

94

19

99

20

00

20

02

20

04

19

77

19

87

19

93

19

96

19

97

20

01

20

03

20

06

20

07

20

09

20

10

1st

Bo

ok

on

Ge

od

ive

rsit

y

1st

Jo

urn

al o

n G

eo

he

rita

ge (

Spin

ger)

1st

Glo

bal

Geo

par

k in

Jap

an

1st

Glo

bal

Geo

par

k K

ore

a &

Vie

tnam

1st B

oo

k: Geo

logical H

eritage o

f M

alaysia

Ge

oto

uri

sm C

on

cep

t (H

ost

19

96

)

Jou

rna

l AK

AD

EMIK

A: Sp

ecial issu

e on

Langkaw

i Geo

park

20

08

20

11

Esta

blis

hm

ent:

Asi

a P

acif

ic G

eop

arks

N

etw

ork

(AP

GN

) &

Co

ord

inat

or

Establish

men

t: Natio

nal C

om

mittee o

f G

eop

ark Develo

pm

en

t

The

be

ginn

ing o

f Ge

oh

eritage

C

on

servatio

n m

ove

me

nt

20

12

1st

Glo

bal

Geo

par

k In

do

nes

ia

THE HISTORY OF GEOHERITAGE & GEOPARKS DEVELOPMENT

Nature of the resources

Biological Resources

Geological and Landscape Resources

Exploitative Value Set

Heritage Value Set

EARTH PHYSICAL RESOURCES

GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

The tasks for geologist are to explore, evaluate and

provide the means of exploitation of the Earth’s

Physical Resources for basic human needs and

commodities for the nation’s developmental

Exploitative Value Set

CURRENT PARADIGM


Society also values some of Earth’s Physical

Resources in the cultural sense, to seek the means to

advance our knowledge and to restore nature’s

treasures for inspiration, recreation and national

identity

Heritage Value Set

CONSERVATION PARADIGM


EARTH PHYSICAL

RESOURCES

Nation

Development

Identification

Characterization

Evaluation

• Oil/gas

• Economic minerals

• Construction materials

• Industrial materials

Exploitation

Exploitative

Paradigm

Economic resources

Heritage resources

• Geological Heritage

• Landscape Heritage

• Tourism and

Recreational Product

EARTH PHYSICAL

RESOURCES

Identification

Characterization

Evaluation

Nation

Development

• Oil/gas

• Economic minerals

• Construction materials

• Industrial materials

Exploitation

Exploitative

Paradigm

Heritage

Paradigm

……proposed as a branch of geological

sciences, to provide the theoretical and

systematic framework for the

identification, characterisation,

classification, evaluation and ranking of

geological and landscape heritage sites

(Komoo & Desa, 1997)

CONSERVATION GEOLOGY


CONSERVATION, PROTECTION &

UTILIZATION

Geosite and

Geotope

Heritage

Value

Geological

Diversity

Ranking

Assessment

Characterization

& Classification

Identification Scientific

Information

EARTH PHYSICAL RESOURCES


Geodiversity

Geodiversity refers to the range (or diversity) of geological,

geomorphological and soil features, assemblages, systems and

processes

Geodiversity concept takes into account of different dimensions

shown by geological exposures - the variety of characteristics

of mineral, rock, fossil, structure and landform features, and

the elements of time, environment and processes

Geoheritage

Geodiversity associated with heritage

value

Special aspects geological geoheritage

value:

• the age of geological formation

• the degree of crystallization of mineral

• the degree of preservation of fossil

• the size and beauty of rock structures and features

Geoheritage

Geoheritage value is strongly linked to

scientific value such as significance in

terms of scientific records for research

and education

Some of them, particularly mineral,

fossil and unique landform features,

can also be associated with aesthetic,

recreational or cultural values

Geosite and Geotope

Any geological site or landform

which contains a significant

geoheritage value can be

generally recognized as geosite

Geotope is outstanding geosite

which need to be protected

against influences that could

damage their substance, form

and natural development

Geoconservation

Conservation activities of geosites and

geotopes, including some which are beyond

the recognition of general public.

Geoconservation as sustaining the part of

the physical resources of the Earth that

represents our cultural heritage, including

our geological understanding, and the

inspirational response to the resource

Geotourism

Many geoheritage sites are well-suited

for tourism, in particular education-

based tourism

Some sites are appropriate for

recreational activities

Geotourism is geoheritage-based

activity that will bring about

economic benefits that ensure the

sustainability of the conservation

programme

Resource for exploitation,

sustainable use & preserve Georesources

Geodiversity

Geoheritage

Geoconservation

Diversity of mineral, rock,

fossil, structure, landform &

landscape

Geodiversity associated

with heritage value

The act to protect or

conserve geoheritage

Georesources

to Geoconservation

GEOCONSERVATION

What is Geopark?

A Geopark is a geographical area where

geoheritage sites are part of a holistic concept of

protection, education and sustainable

development

The synergy between geodiversity, biodiversity

and culture must be highlighted as an integral

part of each Geopark

It is necessary to also include sites of ecological,

archaeological, historical and cultural value

within each geopark. In many societies, natural,

cultural and social history is inextricably linked

and cannot be separated

(UNESCO 2010)

Sarawak, Malaysia

GEOPARK

Geopark: the concept

Sustainable

development of

a region

Conservation of nature

National Park

World Heritage Site

Geoforest Park


Conservation of

Geoheritage

Geosites

Monuments


Development areas

City

Township

Village


Sustainable

Development Tools

Geopark: A tool for sustainable development

The F

ram

ew

ork

for

Geopark

Develo

pm

ent

Geopark

Development

Heritage Conservation Conservation of Geological,

Biological & Cultural Heritage

Integrated Conservation of Natural

& Cultural Heritage

Sustainable utilisation of Heritage

Resources without destruction

Community Development Community as a key player

Capacity building of local

community

Education on Heritage

Strengthening of ‘Shared Values’

Economic Development Balancing Mass and Specialised

Tourism

Geotourism as a part of

Knowledge-based tourisms

Innovative Tourism Products

Geopark: The Concept

Global Geopark:

Earth heritage, sustaining local communities

Asia Pacific Geoparks: GGN Member CHINA IRAN MALAYSIA AUSTRALIA JAPAN Korea Vietnam Indonesia

2004

• Danxiashan

• Huangshan

• Lushan

• Shilin

• Songshan

• Wudalianchi

• Yuntaishan

• Zhangjiajie

2005

• Hexigten

• Taining

• Xingwen

• Yandangshan

2006 • Fangshan

• Funiushan

• Jingpohu

• Leiqiong

• Taishan

• Wangwushan • Qeshm

2007 • Langkawi

2008 • Longhushan • Zigong

• Kanawinka

2009 • Alxa • Qinling

• Itoigawa • Toya-Usu • Unzen

2010 • Leye-Fengshan • Ningde

• San’in • Jeju • Dong Van

2011 • Hong Kong • Tianzhushan

• Muroto

2012 • Sanqingshan • Qeshm • Kanawinka • Oki • Batur

2013 • Yanqing • Shennongjia

Geological

Heritage

Non-geological

Heritage

Conservation

Education

Sustainable

Development

Earth Science &

Education

Environmental

Education

Geotourism

Other Tourism

Opportunity

Ge

oc

on

se

rva

tion

Inte

gra

ted

Ge

oc

on

se

rva

tion

Su

sta

ina

ble

Us

e

Geopark: Conservation, Education &

Sustainable Development

GEOCONSERVATION

Heritage Conservation in

Geopark Development

o Protected Site

o Geological

Monument

o Geological Park

/Geo-Area

o Landscape of

Aesthetical Value

Geo- Heritage

Bio- Diversity

Cultural Heritage

Conservation within

Geopark

Conservation

Education

Tourism

Geopark Concept Geo-heritage Conservation

of International Standard

Geo-resource-based

Sustainable Tourism

‘Co-management’

involving stakeholder

participation

Geopark Criteria

Geo-tourism

Eco-tourism

Nature & Cultural

based tourism

Know

ledge-b

ase

d T

ouri

sm

Geoforest Park

Natural Heritage

Cultural Heritage In

tegra

ted C

onse

rvati

on

Geopark:

Model for Integrated Heritage

Conservation & Tourism

GEOCONSERVATION

Knowledge-based tourism Geotourism – new products

education based (geoimformation)

tourism

Aesthetic and recreation based tourism

Introduce integrated tourism products

(geo-bio-culture based products)

Introduce innovative types of tourism

- Geotourism

GEOTOURISM

Value of Public Education Community should appreciate the value

of geoheritage and cultural resources

Collaboration among stakeholders should

be based on ‘shared value’

Local community & school children as the

custodians of local heritage

Appreciation through informal and non-

formal education

Geotourism - Encourage the culture

of public education

GEOTOURISM

Geopark museum, Information Centre,

promotional materials;

Tourist guides, tourist information

materials, geosite interpretation

panels;

School activities – visits to geoparks,

part of the study areas, special club;

Special visits, awareness and training

program;

Collaboration with universities for

research, student exposure, scientific

publication, popular reading materials.

Geoheritage Popularization

GEOTOURISM

Geotourism product for geoscientists

Geotourism product for

environmentalists

Geotourism for ‘specialized tourists’

Geotourism for general public (mass

tourism)

New Innovative Products

- Geotourim Products

GEOTOURISM

LANGKAWI GEOPARK

The Langkawi Geopark

Archipelago of 99 islands with

outstanding tropical karst

landscape and diverse

geoheritage sites

Ideal place for blending

conservation and sustainable

use of resource as promoted by

the Geopark concept

Concept

http://www.langkawishowcase.com/cave_exploring.htm


The development of management

tool that can ensure a balance

between three components:

Conservation of heritage

resources

Development of tourism

infrastructure

Enhancement of local socio-

economic activities

Approach


Environment & cultural

resources form the most

important asset that will be the

nucleus of Langkawi

development

Emphasis on non-destructive

utilization of geoheritage and

landscape resources

Policy Development


Establishment of Geopark

management unit (LADA)

Encouraging Research &

Development (PPL, UKM)

Implementing environmental friendly

infrastructure development

Promoting local culture and

traditions

Emphasizing on nature tourism -

based industries

Implementation Strategy


2001 Proposed the idea of Langkawi

as a Geopark to State Goverment

2002 Proposed Concept and

Strategic Plans

2002 Establishment of Langkawi

Research Centre, UKM

2003 Published book on Geological

Heritage of Langkawi

2004 Introduced Geoforest Parks as

new conservation concept

2005 Stakeholder consultation on

geopark establishment

May 2006 Establishment of

Langkawi Geopark by State

Government

1st June 2007 Langkawi Geopark

was declared as the 52nd member of

Global Geoparks Network (GGN) by

UNESCO

Milestone

Langkawi Geopark

Conservation

• Geoheritage Conservation

• Biological Diversity Conservation

• Cultural Heritage

Tourism Infrastructure

Development

• Hotels/ Resorts

• Education/ Exhibition

• Research/ Recreation

• Public Awareness

Socio-Economic Development

• Economic Activities

• Local Participation

• New Opportunities

The Components

Kilim Geoforest Park, Langkawi

Conservation

Geoforest Parks Machinchang Cambrian GFP

Kilim Karst GFP

Dayang Bunting Marble GFP

Geological Monument Langgun Islands

Tg. Dendang

Ular Island

Singa Kecil

Geoheritage Sites Islands

Anak Datai

Anak Burau

Fossil sites

Anak Tikus

Sg. Itau

Jemuruk Fossil layer

Geoheritage Conservation

Special Features

Tepur Island

dropstone

Kubang Badak

Pinnacle

Dayang Bunting

Dolina

Kisap Sheared

Zone

Geoheritage

Conservation

Biological Diversity

Conservation

Cultural Heritage

Conservation


DevelopmentTourism Infrastructure

Development

Hotels/ Resorts

Education/

Exhibition

Recreation

Public Awareness

Socio-Economic

DevelopmentSocio-Economic

Development

Economic Activities

Local Participation

New Opportunities

Forest Reserve (Dry Inland Forest)

Bukit Malut

Bukit Sawak

Gunung Raya

Singa Besar Island

Forest Reserve (Mangrove Forest)

Kubang Badak

Singa Besar Island

Recreational Forests

Pasir Tengkorak

Durian Perangin

Lubuk Semilang

Telaga Tujuh


Conservation

Conservation Geoheritage

Conservation


Conservation

Cultural Heritage

Conservation



Development

Hotels/ Resorts

Education/

Exhibition

Recreation

Public Awareness

Socio-Economic


Development

Economic Activities

Local Participation

New Opportunities

Archeological Sites

Ancient tomb, Ulu

Melaka

Ancinet tomb,

Padang Mat Sirat

Gua Cerita

inscriptions

Historical Site

Mahsuri Mausoleum

Field of Burnt Rice

Conservation

Cultural Heritage

Traditional Village

Kg. Mawat

Kg. Raja

Kg. Tk. Berembang

Traditional Fishing

Village

K. Triang

Kilim

Kubang Badak

Geoheritage

Conservation


Conservation

Cultural Heritage

Conservation



Development

Hotels/ Resorts

Education/

Exhibition

Recreation

Public Awareness

Socio-Economic


Development

Economic Activities

Local Participation

New Opportunities

Legend Associated Sites

Lake of Pregnant Maiden

Mat Cincang & Mat Raya

Gua Cerita (cave)

The Seven Wells (waterfall)

The Datai-Andaman

Tanjung Rhu, Four Seasons

Burau Bay, Berjaya, Pelangi

7,500 hotel rooms (2005)

Resorts/ Hotels


Development

Golf courses

Marinas

Centres for handicraft

Oriental Village

Tourism Facilities

International airport

Jetty for ferries

Good road network

Machinchang cable car

Supporting Facilities

Geoheritage

Conservation

Biologocal Diversity

Conservation

Cultural Heritage

ConservationConservationSocio-Economic


Development

Economic Activities

Local Participation

New Opportunities


Development

Hotels/ Resorts

Education/

Exhibition

Research/

Recreation

Public Awareness

Gallery & Parks

Galeria Perdana

Galeri Ibrahim Hussein

Langkawi CHOGM Park

Lagenda Park

Mahsuri Cultural Complex

Underwater World

Langkawi Wildlife Park

Craft Complex

Langkawi Craft Complex

Laman Padi

Atma Alam Batik Village

Education/ Exhibition


Development


Development

Hotels/ Resorts

Education/

Exhibition

Research/

Recreation

Public Awareness

Geoheritage

Conservation


Conservation

Cultural Heritage



Development

Economic Activities

Local Participation

New Opportunities

Research Facilities

Langkawi Research Centre, UKM

School of Tourism, UUM

Singa Island Biodiversity Research

Program, USM

Marine Biodiversity Research

Program, UM

Recreation Activities

Beach recreation

Island hopping

Mangrove tour

Diving/ snorkeling

Cave exploration

Fishing

Jungle trekking

Research/ Recreation


Development


Development

Hotels/ Resorts

Education/

Exhibition

Research/

Recreation

Public Awareness

Geoheritage

Conservation


Conservation

Cultural Heritage



Development

Economic Activities

Local Participation

New Opportunities

http://www.langkawishowcase.com/land_adventure.htm

Exhibition

Courses for tourist guides

Publications/ Leaflets

Websites

Signage/ Information board

Public Awareness


Development


Development

Hotels/ Resorts

Education/

Exhibition

Research/

Recreation

Public Awareness

Geoheritage

Conservation


Conservation

Cultural Heritage



Development

Economic Activities

Local Participation

New Opportunities

Economic Activities

“Duty Free Island” – shopping paradise

Local craft development

Employment in tourism service sector

Socio-Economic

Development

Socio-Economic

Development

Economic Activities

Local Participation

New Opportunities

Geoheritage

Conservation


Conservation

Cultural Heritage

ConservationConservationTourism Infrastructure


Development

Hotels/ Resorts

Education/

Exhibition

Recreation

Public Awareness

Local Participation

Socio-Economic

Development

Tourist guides

Transportation

Recreational guide (i.e. fishing)

Food and Beverages

Local delicacies

Fresh seafood

International cuisine

Socio-Economic

Development

Economic Activities

Local Participation

New Opportunities

Geoheritage

Conservation


Conservation

Cultural Heritage



Development

Hotels/ Resorts

Education/

Exhibition

Recreation

Public Awareness

New Opportunities

Socio-Economic

Development

Traditional fishing and

agriculture as a basis for tourism

New enterprise in geotourism

based activities

Employment in new conservation

based activities

Socio-Economic

Development

Economic Activities

Local Participation

New Opportunities

Geoheritage

Conservation


Conservation

Cultural Heritage



Development

Hotels/ Resorts

Education/

Exhibition

Recreation

Public Awareness

MALAYSIA GEOPARKS: IN DEVELOPMENT STAGE

• Sarawak Delta

• Lembah Kinta, Ipoh, Perak

• Tasik Kenyir, Terengganu

• Gunung Kinabalu, Sabah

Concluding Remarks

Integrated conservation –

nature (geodiversity and

biodiversity) and cultural

heritage are conserved as a

single entity

Balancing between

conservation and development

- ecotourism (geotourism) is

promoted to enhance regional

development based on

‘sustainable resource utilization’

Local community engagement –

focus on participation and socio-

economic development of the

local community

Bau Karst, Sarawak

Thank You

geopark in malaysia: the front door of our geological ... pengurusan kewangan... · ge pt f i st rk...

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