genetika populasi, 27 mei 2015

8/16/2019 Genetika Populasi, 27 Mei 2015

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DASAR

GENETIKAPOPULASI


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Populationgenetics

genetic structure of a population


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group of

individualsof the saespe!iesthat !an inter"reed

Populationgenetics


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Populationgenetics


group of

individualsof the saespe!iesthat !an inter"reed

• alleles

• genot#pes

Patterns of geneti! variation in populations$hanges in geneti! stru!ture through tie


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Describing genetic

structurenotype frequencies (Frekuensi gen

lele frequencies (Frekuensi gen)

rr % &hite

Rr % pin'

RR % red


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()) &hite

*)) pin'

+)) red

• genotype frequencies

• allele frequencies

()),-))) % ).( rr

*)),-))) % ).* Rr

+)),-))) % ).+ RR

total % -))) /o&ers

genot#pefre0uen!ies1

Describing genetic

structure


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()) rr

*)) Rr

+)) RR

• genotype frequencies

• allele frequencies

2)),())) % ).3* r

--)),())) % ).** R

total % ())) alleles

allelefre0uen!ies1

% 3)) r

% *)) r

% *)) R

% 4)) R

Describing genetic

structure


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for a population

withgenotypes:

-)) GG

-4) Gg

-3) gg

Genot#pe fre0uen!ies

Phenot#pe fre0uen!ies

Allele fre0uen!ies

calculate:


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for a population

withgenotypes:

-)) GG

-4) Gg

-3) gg


Phenot#pe fre0uen!ies

Allele fre0uen!ies

-)),3)) % ).(* GG-4),3)) % ).3) Gg-3),3)) % ).+* gg

(4),3)) % ).4* green-3),3)) % ).+* "ro&n

+4),5)) % ).3* G33),5)) % ).** g

).4*(4)

calculate:


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another way tocalculateallele frequencies:

-)) GG

-4) Gg

-3) gg


Allele fre0uen!ies

).(* GG

).3) Gg

).+* gg

+4),5)) % ).3* G

33),5)) % ).** g

OR 6).(* 7 8).3)9,(: % ).3* 6).+* 7 8).3)9,(: % ).**

G

g

Gg

).(*).3),( % ).()).3),( % ).()

).+*


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Why is genetic variationimportant?

variation

no variation

EX!"#!$"%%

glo"al&aring survival


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variation

no variation

no r t h

s o u t h

nor t h

s o u t h


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variation

no variation

&ivergence

"$ D!'EE"#E%%

no r t h

s o u t h

nor t h

s o u t h


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*o+ &oes genetic structurechange?


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!hanges in allele fre0uen!iesand,or genot#pe fre0uen!iesthrough tie



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• utation

• igration

• natural sele!tion

• geneti! drift

• non;rando ating

*o+ &oes genetic structure change?

!hanges in allele fre0uen!iesand,or genot#pe fre0uen!ies through tie


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• mutation

• igration


• geneti! drift

• non;rando ating

spontaneous change in D",

• !reates ne& alleles

• ultiate sour!e of allgeneti! variation



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• introdu!es ne& alleles

in&ivi&uals move into populati

*o+ &oes genetic structurechange?• utation

• migration


• geneti! drift

• non;rando ating


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•

di>eren!es in survival or reprodu!tion

certain genotypes pro&uce more o-spring

• leads to adaptation

&i-erences in./tness0


• igration

• natural selection

• geneti! drift

• non;rando ating


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"aturalselection

Resistan!e to anti"a!terial soaGeneration -1 -.)) not resistant

).)) resistant


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"aturalselection

Generation -1 -.)) not resistant ).)) resistant

Resistan!e to anti"a!terial soa


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"aturalselection

Resistan!e to anti"a!terial soa

mutation%

Generation -1 -.)) not resistant ).)) resistant

Generation (1 ).24 not resistant ).)3 resistant


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"aturalselection


).)) resistant


Generation +1 ).45 not resistant

).+( resistant


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"aturalselection


).)) resistant


Generation +1 ).45 not resistant

).+( resistant

Generation 31 ).-( not resistant ).55 resistant


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"atural selection cancausepopulations to &iverge

&ivergencenor t h

s o u t h


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• sapling error

genetic change by chance alo

• isrepresentation

•

sall populations


• igration


• genetic &rift

• non;rando ating


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enetic&rift

5 RR5 rr

?efore1

After1

( RR4 rr

).*) R).*) r

).(* R).@* r


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• utation

• igration


• geneti! drift

• non;rando ating

!ause !hanges inallele fre0uen!ies



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• utation

• igration


• geneti! drift

• non1ran&om mating

• non;rando ating

non;rando allele !o"inations

mating combines allele into genotypes



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Aa Aa

-AA1(Aa1-aa

aa aa

aa

AA).5 ).5

Aa).5 ).(

aA).( ).5

A).5

A).5

a).(

a).(

aa).( ).(

genot#pe fre0uen!ies1

AA % ).5 ).5 % ).43Aa % (8).5 ).(9 % ).+(aa % ).( ).( % ).)3

allele fre0uen!ies1A % ).5

a % ).(

A

A

A A

A

A

AA

a

a


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genetika populasi, 27 mei 2015

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