farah natasha binti zulkifli...kualiti udara dan status kualiti udara untuk memberikan informasi...
TRANSCRIPT
DEVELOPMENT OF PARTICULATE MATTER
AIR QUALITY MONITORING IOT SYSTEM
FARAH NATASHA BINTI ZULKIFLI
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE (INTERNET
COMPUTING) WITH HONOURS
UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN
2021
DEVELOPMENT OF PARTICULATE MATTER AIR QUALITY
MONITORING IOT SYSTEM
FARAH NATASHA BINTI ZULKIFLI
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE (INTERNET COMPUTING) WITH HONOURS
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
2021
i
DECLARATION
_______________________________ Name: Name of Candidate
Date:
ii
CONFIRMATION
_______________________________ Name: Name of Supervisor Date:
iii
DEDICATION
iv
ABSTRACT
Development Of Particulate Matter Air Quality Monitoring Using IoT System is a
system that works for everyone who wants to know the current air quality. This system
introduced because people do not know whether or not they breathe clean air. Thus, it
is hard to know the API on a daily basis. In addition, this IoT system giving convenience
to everyone because they just need to view the dashboard to know the air quality
information without the need to apply their information into the system. Air quality
monitoring is a facility that can be use to measuring atmospheric conditions like air
quality value and air quality status to provide information for the dashboard. Moreover,
without air quality monitoring, user can’t be alert of the hazardous air or any other that
related to air quality status. This means that we need air quality monitoring system to
know how good or bad the air quality. The method used in this IoT system is Rapid
Application Development (RAD). To achieve the objectives, this IoT system will use
low-cost equipment and air quality sensor only.
v
ABSTRAK
Pembangunan Pemantauan Kualiti Udara Partikulat Menggunakan Sistem IoT adalah
sistem yang berfungsi untuk semua orang yang ingin mengetahui kualiti udara semasa.
Sistem ini diperkenalkan kerana orang tidak tahu sama ada mereka menghirup udara
bersih atau tidak. Oleh itu, sukar untuk mengetahui API setiap hari. Di samping itu,
sistem IoT ini memberi kemudahan kepada semua orang kerana mereka hanya perlu
melihat papan pemuka untuk mengetahui maklumat kualiti udara tanpa perlu
memasukkan maklumat mereka ke dalam sistem. Pemantauan kualiti udara adalah
kemudahan yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur keadaan atmosfera seperti nilai
kualiti udara dan status kualiti udara untuk memberikan informasi untuk papan
pemuka. Selain itu, tanpa pemantauan kualiti udara, pengguna tidak dapat waspada
terhadap udara berbahaya atau yang lain yang berkaitan dengan status kualiti udara.
Ini bermaksud bahawa kita memerlukan sistem pemantauan kualiti udara untuk
mengetahui seberapa baik atau buruknya kualiti udara. Kaedah yang digunakan dalam
sistem IoT ini adalah “Rapid Application Development (RAD)”. Untuk mencapai
objektif, sistem IoT ini hanya akan menggunakan peralatan kos rendah dan sensor
kualiti udara.
vi
CONTENTS
PAGE
DECLARATION i CONFIRMATION ii DEDICATION iii ABSTRACT iv
ABSTRAK v CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Project Background 2
1.3 Problem Statement 3 1.4 Objectives 4 1.5 Scope 4 1.6 Limitation of Work 4
1.7 Expected Result 5 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Internet of Things based Smart Environmental Monitoring Using the
Raspberry-Pi Computer 6 2.3 A Modular IoT Platform for Real-Time Indoor Air Quality Monitoring 7 2.4 Indoor Air Quality Monitoring and Controlling System based on IoT and
Fuzzy Logic 8
2.5 Summary 9 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 10
3.1 Introduction 10 3.2 Rapid Application Development (RAD) 11
3.2.1 Phase 1: Analysis & Quick Design 12 3.2.2 Phase 2: Prototype Cycle 12 3.2.3 Phase 3: Testing 13 3.2.4 Phase 4: Deployment 14
3.3 System Requirement 14 3.3.1 Software 14 3.3.2 Hardware 15
3.4 System Design 15
3.4.1 Framework Design 15 3.4.2 Process Design 16
3.4.2.1 Context Diagram 16 3.4.2.2 Data Flow Diagram (Level 0) 18
3.4.3 Data Model 19 3.4.3.1 Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) 19 3.4.3.2 Data Dictionary 20
CHAPTER 4 IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT 21
4.1 Introduction 21
vii
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 22 5.1 Introduction 22
REFERENCES 23
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
Table 3.1 : List of Software Requirement 14
Table 3.2 : List of Hardware Requirement 15
Table 3.3 : Admin Table 20
Table 3.4 : Sensor Table 20
Table 3.5 : Location Table 20
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page
Figure 2.1 : Internet of Things based Smart Environmental Monitoring using
the Raspberry-Pi Computer. 7
Figure 2.2 : Show gateway for A Modular IoT Platform for Real-Time Indoor
Air Quality Monitoring. 8
Figure 2.3 : Shows that Indoor Air Quality Monitoring and Controlling System
based on IoT and Fuzzy Logic implementation. 9
Figure 3.1 : Rapid Application Development (RAD) 11
Figure 3.2 : Framework Design 15
Figure 3.3 : Context Diagram 16
Figure 3.4 : Data Flow Diagram (Level 0) 18
Figure 3.5 : Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) 19
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a global “smart machine” system that can sense
and communicate with its environment and interact with users and other systems. One
of the big issues of our era is global air pollution. An IoT ecosystem is made up of web-
enabled smart devices that can capture, transmit, and act on data they obtain from their
environments using embedded systems, such as processors, sensors, and
communication hardware. By attaching to an IoT gateway or another edge node, IoT
devices transmit the sensor information they collect as data will either be sent through
the cloud for local processing or evaluation.
Furthermore, Malaysia has one of the highest per-person fuel consumption
countries in the world, leading to an exceptionally high rate of carbon monoxide
pollution in all its metropolitan areas(RESYA HANI AHMAD, 2019). In this case,
people do not know whether or not they breathe clean air and it is hard to know the API
on a daily basis. Factors such as emission gas from cars and factories as well as dust
and debris contribute to air pollution, which often contributes to health issues for people.
Hence, air pollution is increasingly becoming the focus of concern for the environment
to be discussed.
2
1.2 Project Background
Air pollution is known to be the pollution with the highest effect on the
ambiance. To know the current quality of air around us is the most important thing.
Toxins and unhealthy gases and radiation, which in many cases could not be identified
by smell or sight surrounded by individuals, are attributable to industrial and fossil fuels
worldwide. There are many possible hazards of those kinds of gases and radiation,
including lung damage, skin damage, or even cancer and death, not to mention the risk
of explosive gas serious harm(RESYA HANI AHMAD, 2019). For this project, this
system will let us know the current air quality in the provided area and can also detect
air pollution in the measured area.
The air quality will be detected by air quality sensor and raspberry pi as a server
that will let us know current air quality. Raspberry Pi (RPI) is another component that
will be used to read the sensor and send the data to other servers. The server will turn
the data into information and will share it with the website. The main aim of this project
is to develop a low-cost air quality monitoring using user-friendly, affordable, and low-
power equipment and hardware. Then, create a website with the information of Air
Pollutant Index (API) with a user-friendly interface. Development of particulate matter
air quality monitoring IoT system is the implementation of the particulate matter air
quality control IoT scheme.
3
1.3 Problem Statement
There are a few problems that need to be resolved in this IoT system. First thing
first, the problem is difficult to know the quality air of a certain place. Nowadays there
are many causes of air pollution such as factory waste, fossil fuels, and others. Air
pollution has the most influential place in harming people's health. Everyday people
breathe without realizing if the air is either fresh or not. They are also responsible for
multiple forms of respiratory diseases such as asthma), also of various forms of cancer
in people who have been not protected for a long period by these contaminants or
chemicals. Thus, it impacts other existing species, like food crops or the ecosystem or
environment.
Next, the problem is requiring a lot of costs. To develop particulate matter air
quality requires a lot of production costs especially for hardware and software products
to be used. Besides, the installation time takes a long time and slows down the
completion of the device. Most organizations do not take risks to a broad financial
system. So, this is hard for organizations to develop this project.
Furthermore, the unpredictable weather which has taken place across the
country in recent months also led the atmosphere to natural disasters, especially flame,
that has led to a blurry environment. Haze would certainly affect the API also in this
specific area at which fire occurs.
4
1.4 Objectives
• To study the technology and issues in air quality monitoring system.
• To design a low-cost air quality monitoring internet of things system that can
cater to several air quality stations.
• To develop a low-cost air quality monitoring internet of things system that has
been designed.
1.5 Scope
In this project scope, the admin will concentrate on using this system to detect
the API level in the environments especially in the provided area that causes air
pollution. The reading of the air quality would consist of the level of the air particles,
such as dust content, which will be detected by the sensor being located in a provided
area. Then, only one admin can manage the website to view the information on air
quality (API) in the provided area. Users can view the website to know current air
quality anywhere and everywhere they go with an internet connection. The system will
collect the data from the air quality sensor, humidity sensor. Finally, the server gets data
from the sensor and will be transferred to the website.
1.6 Limitation of Work
The limitation of this system is there will be one admin who will able to control
the device and the website. The admin will be monitoring the website with an interface
that provides information about air quality only. The website does not require users to
log in and sign up. This system does not provide an application. This system only tested
in the provided area only.
5
1.7 Expected Result
Based on the objective of the development for this project, this particulate matter
air quality monitoring IoT system will give benefits to the user. First, people can easily
access the website to know current air quality wherever they go with an internet
connection. Hence, most people nowadays have their smartphone data to be accessible
anywhere and everywhere they go.
Next, using user-friendly, affordable, and low-power equipment and hardware.
This system can save instead of wasting money on expensive hardware. This system
also simple because it is user-friendly by that the system will be not overly complex.
The website will show a simple way interface that users/people can view information
easily.
6
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter discussed and describe the selected paper and previous journal that
trace a similar technique and topics that can be referenced for the Development of
Particulate Matter Air Quality Monitoring. This chapter also provides research based
on the farming background and technology in this industry and also similar sensors
used.
2.2 Internet of Things based Smart Environmental Monitoring Using the
Raspberry-Pi Computer
The first article is about Internet of Things based Smart Environmental
Monitoring using the Raspberry-Pi Computer. This system is more to environmental
monitoring services of the IoT usually uses sensors to prevent pollution by monitoring
parameters such as air or water quality and atmospheric or soil conditions(Ibrahim et
al., 2015). This system also uses the Raspberry-Pi to get data from the sensor. Then the
system was created using Python Programming Language and it can be controlled
remotely and accessed through the IoT platform. It requires information from the
surrounding environment via sensors and uploads it directly to the internet, where it
7
could be accessed anywhere and anywhere else on the internet(Ibrahim et al., 2015).
The sensor used in this system is temperature sensor TMP36 to detect the current
temperature, humidity sensor DHT22 with the measure in digital form, and lastly CO
Concentration to detect gas concentration.
Figure 2.1 : Internet of Things based Smart Environmental Monitoring using the Raspberry-Pi Computer.
2.3 A Modular IoT Platform for Real-Time Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
The next article is A Modular IoT Platform for Real-Time Indoor Air Quality
Monitoring. This project is developed to enable the measurement of ambient
temperature and relative humidity(Benammar et al., 2018). The main objective of this
project is to perform a detailed analysis of the current state of the art of indoor air quality
monitoring systems based on the Internet of Things. This project has a few components
such as a Gas Pro Sensor, a set of calibrated sensors, and processing and data storing
board. From this project, there are also gateway firmware monitoring using an operating
8
system that controlling the Raspberry Pi 2 and using Debian Linux. The secure socket
shell (ssh) server can be configured using the raspi-config command to access remote
the gateway via an Ethernet or Wireless connection(Benammar et al., 2018).
Figure 2.2 : Show gateway for A Modular IoT Platform for Real-Time Indoor Air Quality Monitoring.
2.4 Indoor Air Quality Monitoring and Controlling System based on IoT and
Fuzzy Logic
The third article is Indoor Air Quality Monitoring and Controlling System based
on IoT and Fuzzy Logic. This system's objective is by monitoring indoor air quality will
guarantee that the indoor atmosphere in the environment is secure for a stay or
activities(Pradityo & Surantha, 2019). This system components consist of is the
concentration of CO2 and PM10 density and also use fuzzy logic to control the fan.
From the sensor, raspberry pi 3 gets the data then locate to the cloud server and presents
the information in the dashboard. How this system work is if the AQI level reaches the
safe level and the system will work. The fan will move several times depending on the
crisp value using fuzzy logic. After that, if the AQI level back to normal, the exhaust
fan will be stopped. Device monitoring is to see how efficient a system has been made
9
compared to a standard exhaust fan which is always running at any moment, even the
environment of the room is fine(Pradityo & Surantha, 2019).
Figure 2.3 : Shows that Indoor Air Quality Monitoring and Controlling System based on IoT and Fuzzy Logic implementation.
2.5 Summary
This chapter provide an overview about the concept of the project. Literature
review is very important part in research or study of new thing. Literature review also
help in determining the idea and technology that will be used in this project to develop
a better project compare to the previous one.
10
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the detailed methodology used to develop this system is
described. The methodology is used to solve the problem and ensure the system will
work well as planning at the end. Plus, to ensure that the system is operating smoothly
and completely within the specified timeframe. There are many types of methods that
can be used and used in this scheme. The approach must be selected correctly so that it
is consistent with the development of the system. It is a very important step to direct the
researcher in the managing of the task. So, this project methodology that has been
chosen is Rapid Application Development (RAD). Rapid Application Development has
been implemented during the development process of Particulate Matter Air Quality
Monitoring IoT System.
11
3.2 Rapid Application Development (RAD)
Rapid Application Development or RAD is the model that gives priority to rapid
prototyping and gives the fastest feedback over development and testing cycles. So,
developers can build several changes and improvements to the software quickly without
having to start a development schedule from the beginning of each period. Rapid
application development is the application that took the form of the Spiral Model, where
one or more development models have been used to operate on a specific project. Rapid
application development eliminates the problems identified in traditional software
development methods, concentrating on client satisfaction by early and consistent
delivery of useful working software.
Four main phases are involved in the rapid application development (RAD), first
is the analysis and quick design phase, the second is the prototype cycles phase, the
third is the testing phase, and lastly is the deployment phase.
RAD follow four main phases:
Figure 3.1 : Rapid Application Development (RAD)
12
3.2.1 Phase 1: Analysis & Quick Design
The first phase of RAD is to follow up on the project scoping meeting. It requires
a high level or intelligent end-user to decide what the components of the system should
be. This should be a structured discussion of the business issues which need to be
resolved. This phase also includes what programming language, software, and database
to use to complete the system.
Laravel framework with PHP scripts and the MySQL database is used as the
development tools to develop a prototype. In this phase, it is important to decide what
to use and understand the requirements of the system before proceeding to prototype
development.
3.2.2 Phase 2: Prototype Cycle
The second phase is all the information gathered during the Analysis and Quick
Design Phase is analyzed. This phase includes creating a design for the project and
mainly focuses on the translation of the design into programming codes. A code to
connect from Laravel Framework to MySQL Database Management System (DBMS)
is created.
During this phase, the developer needs to work hard because the project needs
to meet every requirement. Customer is everything to the developer. So, the developer
needed to design a prototype of the project to fulfil customer expectations until the
project has been agreeing.
13
3.2.3 Phase 3: Testing
The third phase is testing the prototype to validate the Development of
Particulate Matter Air Quality Monitoring IoT System process. When the project is done
to develop, the project will be tested. The project is tested by how the project is working
with the function. Next, the system flow is tested to ensure that interfaces between
modules work (integration testing).
Furthermore, the analysis report of the system needs to be compiled. Then, need
to be done the error correction of the prototype if the prototype has a problem. This
stage will be repeated until the prototypes meet the objectives. For this stage, it is to
make sure the project will work smoothly without a problem, and in the end, the result
will be satisfied with everyone's expectations and objectives.
The suggestion also needs to be alert because we need to change the project as
the requirement is needed. Changes and even new ideas still can be used to solve every
problem that arises.
14
3.2.4 Phase 4: Deployment
For the last phase is deployment, the features, function, and interface of the
project are finalized. During this phase, the project is released to be used by the user as
their expectation of the project. They will give their feedback on whether the project
needs to be improved or there is anything problem or that needs to be modified. After
that, the modifications are being made via their feedback to make sure the project will
be fulfilling the requirement.
3.3 System Requirement
3.3.1 Software
Table 3.1 : List of Software Requirement
No. Software Description
1. Arduino IDE Use for writing code interface for Arduino
board.
2. Php Storm Laravel Framework tools for developing PHP
Programming and MySQL language.
3. Xampp i. Tools for connecting with MySQL
database.
ii. Tools that support PHP Programming.
4. Microsoft Office
World 2019
Platform for documentation.
5. GitBash Modern command prompt for Laravel
Framework installation.
15
3.3.2 Hardware
Table 3.2 : List of Hardware Requirement
No. Hardware Description
1.
Arduino Uno
The device compiler appropriate for this
project is Arduino Uno, based also on microcontroller ATMELATmega328-p.
2. Raspberry Pi Use to read a sensor, such as the air quality sensor.
3. Breadboard A breadboard is for prototyping circuits.
4. Laptop Lenovo Laptop
5. Air Quality Sensor To read particle matter.
6. Wires kit To connect to the pin.
3.4 System Design
3.4.1 Framework Design
Figure 3.2 : Framework Design
16
Based on the diagram above, the Air Quality Monitoring will send air quality
details to the database and will be updated to the dashboard every 1 hour. Next, the
database will save the air quality data and sent the air quality data to the dashboard.
Moreover, the user will request the air quality data using their laptop /smartphone
through the website to display the dashboard. Then, the dashboard will request the data
from database and sent back to the end user.
3.4.2 Process Design
3.4.2.1 Context Diagram
Figure 3.3 : Context Diagram
17
From the diagram above, admin will manage the sensor details and location
details for the IoT system. The air quality sensor will send the air quality sensor data to
the system. Next, from the system will return dashboard info and air quality’s
information to the user.
18
3.4.2.2 Data Flow Diagram (Level 0)
Figure 3.4 : Data Flow Diagram (Level 0)
Figure 3.4 show the data flow that consist of 5 processes and five data stores.
The processes are register, login, manage sensor, manage location and lastly show
dashboard. Dashboard will show all the information of the air quality of provided area.
Moreover, the entity for this system is admin, air quality sensor and user.
19
3.4.3 Data Model
3.4.3.1 Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
Figure 3.5 : Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
20
Based on the diagram above, an entity relationship diagram (ERD) illustrates
system’s entities information and entities relationship. ERD composed of three things
such as identifying and defining the entities, determine entities interaction and
cardinality of the relationship.
3.4.3.2 Data Dictionary
Table 3.3 : Admin Table
Attribute Explanation Data Type Size Remark
adminID Identification for admin.
VARCHAR 10 PK
name Admin Name VARCHAR 30
password Admin Password VARCHAR 20
Table 3.4 : Sensor Table
Attribute Explanation Data Type Size Remark
sensorID Identification for sensor.
VARCHAR 10 PK
sensor_name Sensor name VARCHAR 30
date Sensor date DATE
time Sensor time TIME
Table 3.5 : Location Table
Attribute Explanation Data Type Size Remark
locationID Identification for location.
VARCHAR 10 PK
address Location address VARCHAR 100
21
CHAPTER 4
IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT
4.1 Introduction
22
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
5.1 Introduction
23
REFERENCES
• Benammar, M., Abdaoui, A., Ahmad, S. H. M., Touati, F., & Kadri, A. (2018). A
modular IoT platform for real-time indoor air quality monitoring. Sensors
(Switzerland), 18(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020581
• Ibrahim, M., Elgamri, A., Babiker, S., & Mohamed, A. (2015). Internet of things
based smart environmental monitoring using the Raspberry-Pi computer. 2015 5th
International Conference on Digital Information Processing and Communications,
ICDIPC 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDIPC.2015.7323023
• Pradityo, F., & Surantha, N. (2019). Indoor air quality monitoring and controlling system based on IoT and fuzzy logic. 2019 7th International Conference on
Information and Communication Technology, ICoICT 2019, July 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICoICT.2019.8835246
• RESYA HANI AHMAD. (2019). We ’ re unaware that air pollution is a silent killer.
NewStraitsTimes. https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/letters/2019/08/516887/were-
unaware-air-pollution-silent-killer
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