e-commerce atau perniagaan online

8/9/2019 E-commerce atau Perniagaan Online

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Electronic Commerce for the

Competence Examination

Dr. Basil Dudin


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Definitions and Concepts

Electronic Commerce: The process of buying, selling,or exchanging products, services, or information viacomputer netor!s.

Electronic Business: " broader definition of EC thatincludes not #ust the buying and selling of goods andservices, but also servicing customers, collaboratingith business partners, and conducting electronic

transactions ithin an organi$ation. Defined through the perspectives of communications,

business process, services, learning and collaboration.


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Dimensions of Electronic Commerce


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%rganisations in E&Commerce

EC organizations

Brick-and-mortar organizations

%ld&economy organi$ations 'corporations( that perform

most of their business off&line, selling physical products bymeans of physical agents

Virtual (pure-play) organizations

%rgani$ations that conduct their business activities solelyonline

Click-and-mortar (click-and-brick) organizations

%rgani$ations that conduct some e&commerce activities, butdo their primary business in the physical orld


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)rameor! for Electronic Commerce


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*a#or Business +ressures and oles of

Electronic Commerce


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Business Environment Drivers for E&

Commerce

%rgani$ational response strategies

-trategic systems

-"gile systems

-Continuous improvement efforts and business

process restructuring

-Customer relationship management

-Business alliances

-Electronic mar!ets


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Commerce eductions in Cycle Time and Time&to&*ar!et

cycle time reduction

hortening the time it ta!es for a business to complete aproductive activity from its beginning to end

Empoerment of Employees

EC allos the decentrali$ation of decision ma!ing andauthority via empoerment and distributed systems, butsimultaneously supports a centrali$ed control

upply Chain /mprovementsEC can help reduce supply chain delays, reduce inventories,and eliminate other inefficiencies


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Commerce

-*ass Customi$ation: *a!e&to&%rder in 0arge1uantities

mass customization

+roduction of large 2uantities of customi$ed items-/ntrabusiness: )rom ales )orce "utomation to

/nventory Control

knowledge anagement (!)

The process of creating or capturing !noledge,storing and protecting it, updating and maintainingit, and using it


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E&Commerce Business *odels

Typical EC Business *odels

-%nline direct mar!eting

-Electronic tendering systems:

tendering 'reverse auction(

*odel in hich a buyer re2uests ould&be sellers to submit

bids3 the loest bidder ins

&4ame&your&on&price model:

*odel in hich a buyer sets the price he or she is illing to

pay and invites sellers to supply the good or service at that

price


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- )ind the best price

affiliate marketing

"n arrangement hereby a mar!eting partner 'a business,an organi$ation, or even an individual( refers consumers to

the selling company5s 6eb site

"iral marketing

6ord&of&mouth mar!eting in hich customers promote aproduct or service to friends or other people


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group purchasing

1uantity purchasing that enables groups of

purchasers to obtain a discount price on theproducts purchased

#Es

mall&to&medium enterprises

e-co-ops

"nother name for online group purchasingorgani$ations


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-%nline auctions

-+roduct and service customi$ation

customization

Creation of a product or service according to the

buyer5s specifications

-Electronic mar!etplaces and exchanges

-/nformation bro!ers


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-Bartering

-Deep discounting

-7alue&chain integrators

-7alue&chain service providers

-upply chain improvers


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%rganisational Benefits

8lobal each

Cost eduction

upply Chain

/mprovements Extended 9ours

Customi$ation

4e Business *odels

7endors5 peciali$ation

apid Time&to&*ar!et

0oer CommunicationCosts

Efficient +rocurement

/mproved Customerelations

p&to&Date Company*aterial

4o City Business+ermits and )ees

%ther Benefits


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Consumer Benefits

bi2uity

*ore +roducts and

ervices

Customi$ed +roducts

and ervices

Cheaper +roducts and

ervices

/nstant Delivery

/nformation "vailability

+articipation in

"uctions

Electronic Communities

4o ales Tax


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ocietal Benefits

-Telecommuting

-9igher tandard of 0iving

-9omeland ecurity

-9ope for the +oor

-"vailability of +ublic ervices


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Electronic *ar!etplaces

*ar!et space components

-Customers

-ellers

-+roducts and services

digital products

8oods that can be transformed into digital format

and delivered over the /nternet

-/nfrastructure


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front end

The portion of an e&seller5s business processes through hich

customers interact, including the seller5s portal, electroniccatalogs, a shopping cart, a search engine, and a payment

gateay

back end

The activities that support online order&ta!ing. /t includes

fulfillment, inventory management, purchasing from

suppliers, payment processing, pac!aging, and delivery


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intermediary

" third party that operates beteen sellers and

buyers.

-%ther business partners

-upport services


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Types of Electronic *ar!etplaces

Electronic torefronts

storefront

" single company5s 6eb site here products or

services are sold *ost common mechanisms are a'n(:

- electronic catalog

- search engine

- electronic cart

- e&auction facilities

-payment gateay


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e-mall (online mall)

"n online shopping center here many onlinestores are located

Types of tores and *alls-8eneral stores;malls

-peciali$ed stores;malls

-egional versus global stores-+ure online organi$ations versus clic!&and&mortar

stores


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e-mall (online mall)

"n online shopping center here many onlinestores are located

Types of tores and *alls-8eneral stores;malls

-peciali$ed stores;malls

-egional versus global stores-+ure online organi$ations versus clic!&and&mortar

stores


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Types of E&*ar!etplaces

e-marketplace

"n online mar!et, usually B


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Types of E&*ar!etplaces

sell-side e-marketplace

" private e&mar!etplace in hich a company sells

either standard or customi$ed products to 2ualified

companies

buy-side e-marketplace

" private e&mar!etplace in hich a company

ma!es purchases from invited suppliers


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public e-marketplaces

B


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ix ma#or types of portals

-Commercial 'public( portals

-Corporate portals

-+ublishing portals

-+ersonal portals

-*obile portals

-7oice portals


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mobile portal

" portal accessible via a mobile device

"oice portal

" portal accessed by telephone or cell phone


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/ntermediation in Electronic

Commerce

infomediaries

Electronic intermediaries that control information flo in cyberspace, oftenaggregating information and selling it to others

)ive limitations of direct interaction

- earch costs- 0ac! of privacy

- /ncomplete information

- Contract ris!

- +ricing inefficiencies

e-distributor"n e&commerce intermediary that connects manufacturers 'suppliers(ith business buyers by aggregating the catalogs of many suppliers inone place=the intermediary5s 6eb site


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/ntermediation in Electronic

Commerce

disintermediationElimination of intermediaries beteen sellers and

buyers

reintermediation

Establishment of ne intermediary roles for

traditional intermediaries that have beendisintermediated


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Electronic etailing

%vervie of Electronic etailing

electronic retailing (e-tailing)

etailing conducted online, over the /nternet

e-tailers

etailers ho sell over the /nternet


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Electronic etailing

Characteristics of uccessful E&Tailing- 9igh brand recognition

- " guarantee provided by highly reliable or ell&!non

vendors- Digiti$ed format

- elatively inexpensive items

- )re2uently purchased items

- Commodities ith standard specifications

- 6ell&!non pac!aged items that cannot be opened even in

a traditional store


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Electronic etailing Business *odels

Classification by Distribution Channel

>. *ail&order retailers that go online


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direct marketing

Broadly, mar!eting that ta!es place ithout

intermediaries beteen manufacturers andbuyers3 in the context of this boo!, mar!eting

done online beteen any seller and buyer


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"irtual (pure-play) e-tailers

)irms that sell directly to consumers over the

/nternet ithout maintaining a physical sales

channel

click-and-mortar retailers

Bric!&and&mortar retailers that offer a transactional

6eb site from hich to conduct business


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brick-and-mortar retailers

etailers ho do business in the non&

/nternet, physical orld in traditional bric!&and&mortar stores

multichannel business model

" business model here a company sells inmultiple mar!eting channels simultaneously

'e.g., both physical and online stores(


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etailing in %nline *alls

- eferring Directories

- *alls ith hared ervices

epresentative B

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