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  • 7/25/2019 Compendium of Environment Statistics Malaysia 2014

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    ISSN 1511-3396

    JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA

    DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIAJabatan PerangkaanM A L A Y S I A

    Compendium of Environment Statistics

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    KOMPENDIUM PERANGKAAN ALAM SEKITAR

    COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS

    MALAYSIA

    2014

    JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIADEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

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    KATA PENGANTAR

    Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar 2014 membentangkan perangkaan alam sekitar,

    impak aktiviti manusia ke atas alam sekitar dan langkah yang diambil bagi mengurangkan

    impak tersebut. Ia memfokuskan maklumat alam sekitar mengikut empat isu utama iaitu

    Udara/Atmosfera, Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik (Darat dan Marin), Tanah/Alam Sekitar

    Terestrial dan Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk.

    Penerbitan ini merupakan satu usaha ke arah pembangunan pangkalan data bagi statistik

    alam sekitar selaras dengan peranan Jabatan sebagai pusat penyimpanan perangkaan

    alam sekitar. Jadual dan carta dimuatkan dalam penerbitan ini bagi memudahkan

    pengguna menganalisis data.

    Jabatan merakamkan penghargaan dan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang terlibat

    dalam menyumbang kepada penyediaan penerbitan ini. Ulasan dan cadangan ke arah

    menambahbaik laporan ini pada masa hadapan amatlah dihargai.

    DATUK DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN HASAN

    Ketua Perangkawan Malaysia

    Disember 2014

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    PREFACE

    The Compendium of Environment Statistics 2014 presents statistics on environment,

    impacts of human activities on the environment and actions taken to minimise the impact.The report focuses on four main environmental issues namely Air/Atmosphere,

    Water/Aquatic Environment (Inland and Marine), Land/Terrestrial Environment and Urban

    Environment/Human Settlements.

    This publication is an effort towards the development of a database for environmental

    statistics in tandem with the Departments role as a central repository for environment

    statistics. Tables and charts are presented in this publication to facilitate analyses by

    users.

    The Department would like to express its appreciation and gratitude to all parties involved

    in contributing to this publication. Comments and suggestions towards improving future

    reports would be greatly appreciated.

    DATUK DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN HASAN

    Chief Statistician, Malaysia

    December 2014

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    KANDUNGAN

    CONTENTS

    KATA PENGANTAR

    PREFACE

    SENARAI CARTA

    LIST OF CHARTS

    SENARAI JADUAL

    LIST OF TABLES

    SENARAI LAMPIRAN

    LIST OF APPENDICES

    PENUNJUK PENTING

    KEY INDICATORS

    RANGKA KERJA KOMPENDIUM

    FRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPENDIUM

    BAB

    CHAPTER

    SATU: UDARA/ATMOSFERA

    ONE: AIR/ATMOSPHERE

    A. LATAR BELAKANG

    BACKGROUND

    A.1 Iklim

    Climate

    - Pengenalan

    Introduction

    - Suhu

    Temperature

    - Taburan hujan

    Rainfall distribution

    - Purata kelembapan relatif

    Mean relative humidity

    MukaSurat

    Page

    i

    ii

    xv

    xxiii

    xxxi

    xxxv

    xli

    3

    1

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    KANDUNGAN

    CONTENTS

    B. KEADAAN

    STATE

    B.1 Status kualiti udara

    Air quality status

    - Pengenalan

    Introduction

    - Indeks Pencemaran Udara

    Air Pollutant Index

    B.2 Bahan pencemar udara

    Air pollutant

    - Ozon

    Ground Level Ozone

    - Plumbum

    Lead

    - Karbon Monoksida

    Carbon Monoxide

    - Sulfur Dioksida

    Sulphur Dioxide

    - Nitrogen Dioksida

    Nitrogen Dioxide

    - Habuk Halus

    Particulate Matter

    C. TEKANAN

    PRESSURE

    C.1 Punca pencemaran udara

    Sources of air pollution

    C.2 Pelepasan bahan pencemar daripada punca utama

    Emission of pollutants from main sources

    - Kenderaan bermotor

    Motor vehicles

    Muka Surat

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    7

    13

    20

    21

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    KANDUNGAN

    CONTENTS

    - Punca tetap

    Stationary sources

    D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR

    RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

    D.1 Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara

    National Policy on Climate Change

    BAB

    CHAPTER

    DUA: ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: DARAT

    TWO: WATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: INLAND

    A. LATAR BELAKANG

    BACKGROUND

    A.1 Pengenalan

    Introduction

    A.2 Sumber air

    Water resources

    B. KEADAAN

    STATE

    B.1 Kualiti air sungai

    River water quality

    - Pengkelasan air

    Water classification

    - Indeks Kualiti Air

    Water Quality Index

    B.2 Status kualiti air sungai

    River water quality status

    - Ammoniakal Nitrogen

    Ammoniacal Nitrogen

    Muka Surat

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    24

    29

    29

    30

    31

    2

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    KANDUNGAN

    CONTENTS

    - Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia

    Biochemical Oxygen Demand

    - Pepejal Terampai

    Suspended Solids

    - Logam berat

    Heavy metal

    C. TEKANAN

    PRESSURE

    C.1 Punca pencemaran air

    Sources of water pollution

    C.2 Sumber air mentah

    Raw water resources

    C.3 Air permukaan

    Surface water

    - Pengeluaran akuakultur air tawarFreshwater aquaculture production

    C.4 Penggunaan baja

    The use of fertilisers

    - Baja

    Fertilisers

    D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR

    RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

    D.1 Kempen Kesedaran Penjimatan Air Kebangsaan

    National Water Conservation Campaign

    Muka Surat

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    34

    34

    34

    36

    37

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    KANDUNGAN

    CONTENTS

    BAB

    CHAPTER

    TIGA: ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: MARINTHREE: WATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: MARINE

    A. LATAR BELAKANG

    BACKGROUND

    A.1 Persekitaran marin

    Marine environment

    B. KEADAAN

    STATE

    B.1 Kualiti air marin

    Marine water quality

    - Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai

    Marine water quality status at coastal areas

    - Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala

    Marine water quality status at estuary areas

    - Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau

    Marine water quality status at island areas

    C. TEKANAN

    PRESSURE

    C.1 Tumpahan minyak

    Oil spills

    - Pengendalian kargo

    Cargo throughput

    C.2 Hakisan pantai

    Coastal erosion

    Muka Surat

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    41

    42

    45

    46

    3

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    KANDUNGAN

    CONTENTS

    D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR

    RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

    D.1 Zon Industri Akuakultur (ZIA)

    Aquaculture Industry Zone (ZIA)

    BAB

    CHAPTER

    EMPAT: TANAH/ALAM SEKITAR TERESTRIAL

    FOUR: LAND/TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

    A. LATAR BELAKANG

    BACKGROUND

    A.1 Lokasi

    Location

    - Topografi

    Topography

    A.2 Tanah bencah

    Wetlands

    - Pengenalan

    Introduction

    - Definisi

    Definition

    - Jenis tanah bencah

    Type of wetlands

    - Hutan paya gambut

    Peat swamp forest

    - Hutan paya laut

    Mangrove forest

    A.3 Kepelbagaian biologi daratan

    Terrestrial biodiversity

    - Megakepelbagaian

    Megadiversity

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    55

    4

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    KANDUNGAN

    CONTENTS

    - Kepelbagaian biologi

    Biological diversity

    - Flora dan fauna

    Flora and fauna

    B. KEADAAN

    STATE

    B.1 Keadaan alam sekitar daratan

    Status of the terrestrial environment

    - Kawasan perlindungan/simpanan

    Protected /preserved areas

    - Taman Laut

    Marine Park

    B.2 Perhutanan

    Forestry

    - Pengenalan

    Introduction

    - Kawasan berhutan

    Forested area

    C. TEKANAN

    PRESSURE

    C.1 Aktiviti yang memberi kesan kepada tanah di

    Malaysia

    Activities that affect land in Malaysia

    - Kesan pembangunan tanah hutan

    Effects on development of forest land

    C.2 Sumber hutan

    Forestry resources

    - Pengusahasilan hutan

    Forest harvesting

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    KANDUNGAN

    CONTENTS

    C.3 Pertanian

    Agriculture

    - Pengenalan

    Introduction

    C.4 Pembuatan

    Manufacturing

    - Pengenalan

    Introduction

    - Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian

    Industrial Production Index

    - Pengeluaran simen

    Production of cement

    C.5 Perlombongan

    Mining

    C.6 Tenaga

    Energy

    - Penjanaan tenaga elektrik

    Electricity generated

    - Penjanaan elektrik campuran

    Generation of electricity mix

    D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR

    RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

    D.1 Amalan Pengurusan Hutan

    Forest Management Practices

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    61

    63

    63

    65

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    KANDUNGAN

    CONTENTS

    BAB

    CHAPTER

    LIMA: ALAM SEKITAR BANDAR/PENEMPATAN PENDUDUK

    FIVE: URBAN ENVIRONMENT/HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

    A. LATAR BELAKANG

    BACKGROUND

    A.1 Trend kependudukan

    Population trend

    - Pengenalan

    Introduction

    - Saiz penduduk

    Population size

    - Kepadatan penduduk

    Population density

    - Struktur umur

    Age structure

    - Nisbah jantina

    Sex ratio

    - Piramid penduduk

    Population pyramid

    A.2 Kemudahan perubatan

    Medical facilities

    - PengenalanIntroduction

    - Kemudahan kesihatan

    Health facilities

    - Personel perubatan

    Medical personnel

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    73

    5

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    KANDUNGAN

    CONTENTS

    B. KEADAAN

    STATE

    B.1 Buangan terjadual

    Scheduled waste

    - Buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan

    Scheduled waste generated

    - Peratusan buangan terjadual dihasilkan

    mengikut kategori

    Percentage of scheduled waste generated by

    category

    - Buangan klinikal

    Clinical waste

    B.2 Kemalangan

    Accidents

    - Kemalangan jalan raya

    Road accident

    B.3 Status kesihatan

    Health status

    i. Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air

    Food and Water Borne Diseases

    - Keracunan makanan

    Food poisoning

    - TifoidTyphoid

    ii. Penyakit bawaan vektor

    Vector borne diseases

    - Demam denggi dan demam denggi berdarah

    Dengue and haemorrhagic dengue fever

    - Malaria

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    80

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    KANDUNGAN

    CONTENTS

    C. TEKANAN

    PRESSURE

    C.1 Tekanan ke atas alam sekitar bandar

    Pressure on the urban environment

    - Pengenalan

    Introduction

    - Tahap urbanisasi

    Urbanisation level

    C.2 Migrasi

    Migration

    C.3 Pengangkutan

    Transportation

    - Pengenalan

    Introduction

    - Pengangkutan udara

    Air transport

    D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR

    RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

    D.1 Dasar Alam Sekitar Negara (DASN)

    The National Environment Policy (DASN)

    D.2 ProgramE-Waste Alam Alliance Malaysia

    E-Waste Alam Alliance Malaysia Programme

    D.3 Pengangkutan rel bandar

    Urban rail transportation

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    86

    87

    88

    89

    90

    90

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    KANDUNGAN

    CONTENTS

    JADUAL

    TABLE

    PETA

    MAPS

    LAMPIRAN

    APPENDIX

    GLOSARI

    GLOSSARY

    Muka Surat

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    95

    189

    193

    231

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    SENARAI CARTA

    LIST OF CHARTS

    Carta

    Chart

    Muka Surat

    Page

    Bab 1:

    Chapter 1:

    Udara/Atmosfera

    Air/Atmosphere

    1.1 Jumlah hujan di 34 stesen meteorologi terpilih, Malaysia, 2009-2014

    Total rainfall at 34 selected meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2009-2014

    4

    1.2a Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Semenanjung Malaysia,

    2009 dan 2013

    Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological stations, Peninsular Malaysia,

    2009 and 2013

    5

    1.2b Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Sabah, 2009 dan 2013

    Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological stations, Sabah 2009 and 2013

    6

    1.2c Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Sarawak, 2009 dan 2013

    Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological stations, Sarawak, 2009 and 2013

    6

    1.3a Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Johor, 2013

    Air quality status by station, Johor, 2013

    8

    1.3b Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Kedah dan Perlis, 2013Air quality status by station, Kedah and Perlis, 2013

    8

    1.3c Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Kelantan, 2013

    Air quality status by station, Kelantan, 2013

    9

    1.3d Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Melaka, 2013

    Air quality status by station, Melaka, 2013

    9

    1.3e Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Negeri Sembilan, 2013

    Air quality status by station, Negeri Sembilan, 2013

    9

    1.3f Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Pahang, 2013

    Air quality status by station, Pahang, 2013

    10

    1.3g Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Perak, 2013

    Air quality status by station, Perak, 2013

    10

    1.3h Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Pulau Pinang, 2013

    Air quality status by station, Pulau Pinang, 2013

    10

    1.3i Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Sabah, 2013Air quality status by station, Sabah, 2013

    11

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    SENARAI CARTA

    LIST OF CHARTS

    Carta

    Chart

    Muka Surat

    Page

    1.3j Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Sarawak, 2013Air quality status by station, Sarawak, 2013

    11

    1.3k Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Selangor, 2013

    Air quality status by station, Selangor, 2013

    11

    1.3l Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Terengganu, 2013

    Air quality status by station, Terengganu, 2013

    12

    1.3m Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Wilayah Persekutuan, 2013

    Air quality status by station, Wilayah Persekutuan, 2013

    12

    1.4 Bilangan hari bagi status kualiti udara Tidak Sihat mengikut stesen

    pemantauan, Malaysia, 2013

    Number of days for Unhealthy air quality status by monitoring station, Malaysia, 2013

    13

    1.5 Purata tahunan kepekatan Ozonmengikut land use, Malaysia, 2013

    Average annual concentration of Ground Level Ozoneby land use, Malaysia, 2013

    14

    1.6 Purata tahunan kepekatan Plumbum di udara, W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan

    Pulau Pinang, 2009-2013

    Annual average concentration of Lead in the air, W.P. Kuala Lumpur and Pulau Pinang,

    2009-2013

    15

    1.7 Purata tahunan kepekatan Karbon Monoksida mengikut land use, Malaysia,

    2013

    Average annual concentratation of Carbon Monoxide by land use, Malaysia, 2013

    16

    1.8 Purata tahunan kepekatan Sulfur Dioksidamengikut land use, Malaysia,

    2013

    Average annual concentration of Sulphur Dioxideby land use, Malaysia, 2013

    17

    1.9 Purata tahunan kepekatan Nitrogen Dioksida mengikut land use, Malaysia,

    2013

    Average annual concentration of Nitrogen Dioxideby land use, Malaysia, 2013

    18

    1.10 Purata tahunan kepekatan Habuk Halusmengikut land use, Malaysia, 2013

    Average annual concentration of Particulate Matterby land use, Malaysia, 2013

    19

    1.11 Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut punca, Malaysia, 2013

    Emission of pollutants to the air by source, Malaysia, 2013

    20

    1.12 Pelepasan mengikut bahan pencemar ke udara, Malaysia, 2013

    Emission of pollutants to the air, Malaysia, 2013

    21

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    SENARAI CARTA

    LIST OF CHARTS

    CartaChart

    Muka SuratPage

    1.13 Jumlah pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada kenderaan bermotor,Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013

    Total emission of pollutants to the air from motor vehicles, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013

    21

    1.14 Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada punca tetap melalui stesen

    janakuasa, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013

    Emission of pollutants to the air from stationary sources through power plants,Malaysia,

    2009 and 2013

    22

    1.15 Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada punca tetap melalui industri,

    Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013Emission of pollutants to the air from stationary sources through industries, Malaysia,

    2009 and 2013

    23

    Bab 2:

    Chapter 2:

    Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Darat

    Water/Aquatic Environment: Inland

    2.1 Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Ammoniakal Nitrogen, Malaysia,

    2009-2013

    Status of river water quality based on Ammoniacal Nitrogen pollutant, Malaysia,

    2009-2013

    31

    2.2 Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia,

    Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Status of river water quality based on Biochemical Oxygen Demandpollutant, Malaysia,

    2009-2013

    32

    2.3 Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Pepejal Terampai, Malaysia,

    2009-2013

    Status of river water quality based on Suspended Solidspollutant, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    33

    2.4 Jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar, Malaysia, 2010-2014

    Total freshwater aquaculture production, Malaysia, 2010-2014

    35

    2.5 Jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar mengikut sistem ternakan, Malaysia,

    2010 dan 2014

    Total freshwater aquaculture production by culture system, Malaysia, 2010 and 2014

    35

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    SENARAI CARTA

    LIST OF CHARTS

    Carta

    Chart

    Muka Surat

    Page

    Bab 3:

    Chapter 3:

    Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Marin

    Water/Aquatic Environment: Marine

    3.1 Pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar dan air payau/masin, Malaysia, 2010-2014

    Production of freshwater and brackishwater/marine aquaculture, Malaysia, 2010-2014

    41

    3.2a Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,

    Malaysia, 2011-2013

    Marine water quality status at coastal area based on Marine Water Quality Index,

    Malaysia, 2011-2013

    43

    3.2b Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,

    Malaysia, 2011-2013

    Marine water quality status at estuary area based on Marine Water Quality Index,

    Malaysia, 2011- 2013

    44

    3.2c Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,

    Malaysia, 2011-2013

    Marine water quality status at island area based on Marine Water Quality Index,

    Malaysia, 2011- 2013

    44

    3.3 Jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan mengikut pelabuhan, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013Total cargo throughput by ports, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013 45

    3.4 Taburan kawasan hakisan pantai di Malaysia, 2012

    Distribution of coastal erosion areas in Malaysia, 2012

    46

    Bab 4:

    Chapter 4:

    Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial

    Land/Terrestrial Environment

    4.1 Keluasan hutan paya gambut mengikut kawasan, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Area of peat swamp forest by region, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    53

    4.2 Keluasan hutan paya laut mengikut kawasan, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Area of mangrove forest by region, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    54

    4.3 Peratus keluasan hutan paya laut, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2013

    Percentage of mangrove forest area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2013

    55

    4.4 Peratus keluasan berhutan, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2013

    Percentage of forested area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2013

    58

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    SENARAI CARTA

    LIST OF CHARTS

    CartaChart

    Muka SuratPage

    4.5 Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013

    Production of major timber products, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013

    59

    4.6 Keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan mengikut kawasan,

    Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013

    Forest area licensed for harvesting by region, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013

    60

    4.7 Pertumbuhan Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian (IPP) dan indeks sektor,

    Malaysia, 2011-2013

    Industrial Production Index (IPI) and sector indices growth, Malaysia, 2011-2013

    62

    4.8 Pengeluaran simen, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Production of cement, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    62

    4.9 Pengeluaran minyak mentah, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Crude oil production, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    63

    4.10 Pengeluaran bersih gas asli, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Net production of natural gas, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    63

    4.11 Peratus penjanaan tenaga elektrik campuran mengikut stesen, Malaysia, 2013

    Percentage of the generation of electricity mix by stations, Malaysia, 2013

    64

    Bab 5:

    Chapter 5:

    Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk

    Urban Environment/Human Settlements

    5.1 Purata kadar pertumbuhan penduduk tahunan, Malaysia, 2010-2014

    Average of annual population growth rate, Malaysia, 2010-2014

    69

    5.2 Kepadatan penduduk mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010 dan 2013

    Population density by state, Malaysia, 2010 and 2013

    70

    5.3 Piramid penduduk, Malaysia, 2013

    Population pyramid, Malaysia, 2013

    72

    5.4 Kadar mortaliti bayi dan kanak-kanak, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Infant and toddler mortality rate, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    73

    5.5 Jangkaan hayat ketika lahir mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Life expectancy at birth by sex, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    74

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    SENARAI CARTA

    LIST OF CHARTS

    Carta

    Chart

    Muka Surat

    Page

    5.6 Bilangan hospital, Malaysia, 2009-2013Number of hospitals, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    74

    5.7 Bilangan katil hospital, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Number of hospital beds, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    75

    5.8 Bilangan personel perubatan terlatih (doktor dan doktor gigi), Malaysia,

    2009-2013

    Number of trained medical personnel (doctor and dentist), Malaysia, 2009-2013

    76

    5.9 Bilangan personel perubatan terlatih (jururawat dan penolong jururawat),

    Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Number of trained medical personnel (nurse and assistant nurse), Malaysia, 2009-2013

    76

    5.10 Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Quantity of scheduled waste generated, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    77

    5.11 Peratus buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan mengikut kategori, 2013

    Percentage of scheduled waste generated by category, 2013

    78

    5.12 Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untuk pemusnahan di insinerator,

    Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction at incinerator, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    79

    5.13 Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Number of reported road accidents, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    80

    5.14 Bilangan kecederaan jalan raya yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Number of reported road casualties, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    80

    5.15 Bilangan kes Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air terpilih, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Number of selected cases of Food and Water Borne Diseases, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    81

    5.16 Kadar kejadian keracunan makanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2013

    Incidence rate for food poisoning by state, Malaysia, 2013

    82

    5.17 Kadar kejadian tifoid mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2013

    Incidence rate for typhoid by state, Malaysia, 2013

    83

    5.18a Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian demam denggi, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Number of cases and incidence rate of dengue fever, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    84

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    SENARAI CARTA

    LIST OF CHARTS

    CartaChart

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    5.18b Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian demam denggi berdarah, Malaysia, 2009-2013Number of cases and incidence rate of haemorrhagic dengue fever, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    84

    5.19 Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian malaria, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Number of cases and incidence rate of malaria, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    85

    5.20 Peratus perkadaran penduduk bandar, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Proportion percentage of urban population, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    86

    5.21 Peratus migran antara negeri mengikut arah aliran migrasi (strata), Malaysia,

    2009-2010 hingga 2012-2013

    Percentage of inter-state migrants by migration direction (stratum), Malaysia,2009-2010 to

    2012-2013

    87

    5.22 Pendaratan dan berlepas di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Landings and take-offs at airport, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    88

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    Bab 1:

    Chapter 1:

    Udara/Atmosfera

    Air/Atmosphere

    A Ringkasan perangkaan iklim di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Malaysia, 2013

    Summary of climate statistics at selected meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2013

    3

    1.1 Purata suhu, hujan dan purata kelembapan relatif, Malaysia, 2009-2014

    Mean temperature, rainfall and mean relative humidity, Malaysia, 2009-2014

    95

    1.2 Bacaan minimum dan maksimum bulanan IPU, Malaysia, 2013

    Monthly minimum and maximum API, Malaysia, 2013

    102

    1.3 Purata bulanan kepekatan Ozondi udara, Malaysia, 2013

    Monthly average concentration of Ground Level Ozonein the air, Malaysia, 2013

    106

    1.4 Purata bulanan kepekatan Karbon Monoksida di udara, Malaysia, 2013

    Monthly average concentration of Carbon Monoxide in the air, Malaysia, 2013

    108

    1.5 Purata bulanan kepekatan Sulfur Dioksidadi udara, Malaysia, 2013

    Monthly average concentration of Sulphur Dioxidein the air, Malaysia, 2013

    110

    1.6 Purata bulanan kepekatan Nitrogen Dioksidadi udara, Malaysia, 2013Monthly average concentration of Nitrogen Dioxidein the air, Malaysia, 2013

    112

    1.7 Purata bulanan kepekatan Habuk Halusdi udara, Malaysia, 2013

    Monthly average concentration of Particulate Matter in the air, Malaysia, 2013

    114

    1.8 Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut jenis dan punca, Malaysia, 2013

    Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by type and source, Malaysia, 2013

    116

    1.9 Pematuhan dalam penguatkuasaan pelepasan asap hitam mengikut jenis

    kenderaan, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Compliance on enforcement of black smoke emission by type of vehicles, Malaysia,

    2009-2013

    117

    1.10 Bilangan saman yang dikeluarkan bagi pelepasan asap hitam mengikut jenis

    kenderaan, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Number of summonses issued for black smoke emission by type of vehicles, Malaysia,

    2009-2013

    117

    1.11 Status pematuhan oleh industri terhadap Peraturan-Peraturan Kualiti Alam

    Sekitar (Udara Bersih) 1978, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Compliance status by industries of Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978,

    Malaysia, 2009-2013

    118

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    Bab 2:

    Chapter 2:

    Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Darat

    Water/Aquatic Environment: Inland

    2.1 Rekabentuk kapasiti loji rawatan air mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Water treatment plants design capacity by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    119

    2.2 Jumlah pengeluaran air yang dibekalkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Total production of water supplied by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    120

    2.3 Peratusan penduduk yang dibekalkan dengan air paip mengikut negeri dan

    kawasan, Malaysia, 2010-2013

    Percentage of population supplied with piped water by state and areas, Malaysia,

    2010-2013

    121

    2.4 Bilangan dan peratusan lembangan sungai yang diawasi mengikut kategori,

    Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Number and percentage of river basins monitored by category, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    122

    2.5 Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar utama, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Status of river water quality based on main pollutants, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    122

    2.6 Purata tahunan kepekatan logam berat di sungai, Malaysia, 2009-2013Annual average concentration of heavy metals in river, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    123

    2.7a Bekalan air mentah yang diambil terus dari sungai mengikut negeri, Malaysia,

    2009-2013

    Supply of raw water extracted directly from rivers by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    124

    2.7b Bekalan air mentah yang diambil dari empangan mengikut negeri, Malaysia,

    2009-2013

    Supply of raw water from storage dams by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    125

    2.7c Bekalan air mentah bawah tanah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Supply of raw groundwater by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    126

    2.8 Penggunaan air bermeter mengikut sektor dan negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Metered water consumption by sector and state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    127

    2.9 Bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar, Malaysia, 2010-2014

    Number, area and production of freshwater aquaculture, Malaysia, 2010-2014

    128

    2.10 Pengeluaran dan import baja, Malaysia, 2010-2014

    Production and import of fertilisers, Malaysia, 2010-2014

    129

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    2.11 Pengeluaran racun herba, Malaysia, 2010-2014Production of herbicides, Malaysia, 2010-2014

    129

    2.12 Bilangan kejadian banjir yang dilaporkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Number of flood incident reported by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    130

    2.13 Pendakwaan kesalahan bagi pencemaran air, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Offences prosecuted for water pollution, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    131

    Bab 3:

    Chapter 3:

    Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Marin

    Water/Aquatic Environment: Marine

    3.1 Bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran daripada akuakultur air payau/masin,

    Malaysia, 2010-2014

    Number, area and production from brackishwater/marine aquaculture, Malaysia,

    2010-2014

    132

    3.2a Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air

    Marin, Malaysia, 2011-2013

    Marine water quality status at coastal areas based on Marine Water Quality Index,

    Malaysia, 2011-2013

    133

    3.2b Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,

    Malaysia, 2011-2013

    Marine water quality status at estuary areas based on Marine Water Quality Index,

    Malaysia, 2011-2013

    134

    3.2c Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air

    Marin, Malaysia, 2011-2013

    Marine water quality status at island areas based on Marine Water Quality Index,

    Malaysia, 2011-2013

    135

    3.3 Insiden tumpahan minyak di laut, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Oil spill incidents at sea, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    136

    3.4 Bilangan kes tumpahan minyak mengikut punca dan sebab, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Number of oil spill incidents by source and cause, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    136

    3.5 Pendaratan tahunan ikan marin mengikut kumpulan peralatan menangkap ikan,

    Malaysia, 2010-2014

    Annual landings of marine fish by fishing gear group, Malaysia, 2010-2014

    137

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    3.6 Jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan mengikut pelabuhan, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013Total cargo throughput by ports, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013

    138

    3.7 Taburan kawasan hakisan pantai di Malaysia, 2012

    Distribution of coastal erosion areas in Malaysia, 2012

    140

    3.8 Bilangan stesen pemantauan kualiti air marin, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Number of marine water quality monitoring stations, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    141

    Bab 4:

    Chapter 4:

    Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial

    Land/Terrestrial Environment

    4.1 Jumlah keluasan tanah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2013

    Total land area by state, Malaysia, 2013

    142

    4.2 Keluasan hutan paya gambut mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Area of peat swamp forest by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    143

    4.3 Keluasan hutan paya laut mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Area of mangrove forest by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    144

    4.4a Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2012Gazetted protected area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2012

    145

    4.4b Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Sabah, 2012

    Gazetted protected area, Sabah, 2012

    148

    4.4c Kawasan perlindungan sepenuhnya, Sarawak, 2012

    Totally protected area, Sarawak, 2012

    149

    4.4d Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet di bawah taman laut, Malaysia, 2012

    Gazetted protected area of marine park, Malaysia, 2012

    151

    4.5 Kawasan berhutan dan tidak berhutan, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Forested and non-forested areas, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    153

    4.6 Keluasan hutan simpanan kekal, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Area of permanent reserved forest, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    156

    4.7 Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Production of major timber products by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    157

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    4.8 Keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan mengikut negeri,

    Malaysia, 2009-2013Forest area licensed for harvesting by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    159

    4.9 Keluasan bertanam bagi tanaman utama, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Planted area of major crops, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    160

    4.10 Pengeluaran tanaman utama, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Production of major crops, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    161

    4.11 Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian, Malaysia, 2010-2013

    Index of Industrial Production, Malaysia, 2010-2013

    161

    4.12 Pengeluaran galian mengikut jenis, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Production of minerals by type, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    162

    4.13 Penjanaan tenaga elektrik mengikut kawasan dan stesen, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Electricity generated by region and station, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    163

    4.14 Tenaga elektrik yang dibekalkan dan digunakan, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Electricity supplied and consumed, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    164

    4.15 Jalan raya mengikut jenis dan bidang kuasa, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Roads by surface type and jurisdiction, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    165

    4.16 Peruntukan dan perbelanjaan pembangunan hutan, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Forest development allocation and expenditure, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    166

    4.17 Pembangunan sumber hutan dan pemeliharaan/pemuliharaan alam sekitar,

    Semenanjung Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Forest resource development and environmental conservation/rehabilitation, Peninsular

    Malaysia, 2009-2013

    167

    4.18 Pembangunan sumber hutan, Sabah, 2009-2013

    Forest resource development, Sabah, 2009-2013

    168

    4.19 Pembangunan sumber hutan, Sarawak, 2009-2013

    Forest resource development, Sarawak, 2009-2013

    168

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    Bab 5:

    Chapter5:

    Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk

    Urban Environment/Human Settlements

    5.1 Anggaran penduduk pertengahan tahun, Malaysia, 2010-2014

    Mid-year population estimates, Malaysia, 2010-2014

    169

    5.2 Kepadatan penduduk mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Population density by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    170

    5.3 Bilangan penduduk mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2013

    The number of population by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2013

    171

    5.4 Nisbah personel perubatan terlatih-penduduk, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Trained medical personnel-population ratio, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    171

    5.5 Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan mengikut industri, 2009-2013

    Quantity of scheduled wastes generated by industry, 2009-2013

    172

    5.6 Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untuk pemusnahan di insinerator

    mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction at incinerators by state, Malaysia,

    2009-2013

    173

    5.7 Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya dan kecederaan yang dilaporkan mengikut

    negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Number of road accidents and reported casualties by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    174

    5.8 Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air, Malaysia,

    2009-2013

    Number of cases and incidence rate of Food and Water Borne Diseases, Malaysia,

    2009-2013

    176

    5.9 Kadar kejadian keracunan makanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Incidence rate for food poisoning by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    176

    5.10 Kadar kejadian kolera mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Incidence rate for cholera by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    177

    5.11 Kadar kejadian tifoid mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Incidence rate for typhoid by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    177

    5.12a Bilangan kes demam denggi mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Number of cases of dengue fever by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    178

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    5.12b Bilangan kes demam denggi berdarah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Number of cases of dengue haemorrhagic fever by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    178

    5.13 Bilangan kes malaria mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Number of cases of malaria by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    179

    5.14 Bilangan kematian mengikut jenis penyakit, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Number of deaths by type of diseases, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    179

    5.15 Bilangan kenderaan bermotor yang berdaftar mengikut jenis, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Number of motor vehicles registered by type, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    180

    5.16 Ketibaan dan pelepasan kapal laut yang terlibat dalam perdagangan luar negeri

    di pelabuhan terpilih, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Arrivals and departures of ocean-going vessel engaged in foreign trade at selected ports,

    Malaysia, 2009-2013

    181

    5.17 Perangkaan kereta api, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Railway statistics, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    182

    5.18 Jumlah penumpang yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Total number of passengers handled at airports, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    182

    5.19 Jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Total cargo handled at airports, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    183

    5.20 Buangan terjadual yang diuruskan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    Scheduled waste managed by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    184

    5.21 Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dieksport mengikut jenis buangan, Malaysia,

    2009-2013

    Quantity of scheduled waste exported by type of waste, Malaysia, 2009-2013

    185

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    SENARAI LAMPIRAN

    LIST OF APPENDICES

    Lampiran

    Appendix

    Muka Surat

    Page

    1 Model Rangka Kerja Tekanan-Keadaan-Tindak Balas

    Pressure-State-Response Framework Model

    193

    2 Senarai Ahli JAAMPAS

    List of IACES Members

    194

    3 Perbandingan nilai IPU dengan tahap pencemaran dan kawalan kesihatan

    Comparison of API values with level of pollution and health measures

    195

    4 Punca dan kesan bahan pencemar udara kepada manusia dan tumbuhan

    Sources and effects of air pollutants on human and plants

    196

    5 Klasifikasi kualiti air berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti AirWater quality classification based on Water Quality Index

    197

    6 Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air dan kelas air dan kegunaan

    Water Quality Index classification and water class and uses

    198

    7 Kriteria standard dan kualiti air marin

    Marine water quality criteria and standards

    199

    8A Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Bersih yang diawasi, Malaysia,

    2012 dan 2013

    Water quality status within Clean rivers basin monitored, Malaysia, 2012 and 2013

    200

    8B Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Sederhana Tercemar yang diawasi,

    Malaysia, 2012 dan 2013

    Water quality status within Slightly Polluted basin monitored, Malaysia, 2012 and 2013

    207

    8C Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Tercemar yang diawasi, Malaysia,

    2012 dan 2013

    Water quality status within Polluted river basins monitored, Malaysia, 2012 and 2013

    212

    9A Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pantai, Malaysia, 2011-2013

    Marine Water Quality Index for Coastal Water Status, Malaysia, 2011-2013

    213

    9B Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Kuala, Malaysia, 2011-2013Marine Water Quality Index for Estuary Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2011-2013

    219

    9C Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pulau, Malaysia, 2011-2013

    Marine Water Quality Index for Island Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2011- 2013

    222

    10 Nota dan Simbol

    Notes and Symbols

    226

    11 Rujukan

    References

    228

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    PENUNJUK PENTINGKEY INDICATORS

    2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

    1.

    Udara/AtmosferaAir/Atmosphere

    a. Purata suhu (oC)aMean temperature (

    oC)

    - MaksimumMaximum

    32.0 31.7 31.9 32.2 32.9b

    - Minimum 24.3 24.1 24.2 24.5 24.7b

    b. Jumlah hujan (mm)a

    Total rainfall (mm)2,264.8 1,632.4 2,271.4 1,623.5 701.0

    b

    c. Purata kelembapan relatif (%)a

    Mean relative humidity (%)83.4 83.6 82.1 78.9 74.2

    b

    d. Bacaan minimum dan maksimum Indeks Pencemaran Udara (IPU) bagi stesen terpilih

    Minimum and maximum Air Pollutant Index (API) readings for selected stations

    Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.

    - Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 26 169 11 150 4 155 22 186 - -

    - Larkin, Johor Bahru 15 111 3 84 2 137 17 226 - -

    - Bandaraya Melaka 22 139 12 97 3 83 16 415 - -

    - Seberang Jaya 28 93 6 98 6 105 27 132 - -

    - Kuching 16 54 4 100 16 93 17 89 - -

    - Miri 17 89 4 96 5 97 18 93 - -

    - Kota Kinabalu 10 68 2 61 1 61 8 90 - -

    e. Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut punca ('000 tan metrik)Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by source ('000 tonnes)

    - Kenderaan bermotorMotor vehicles

    1,829.7 1,905.6 2,024.6 2,025.6 -

    - Punca tetapStationary sources

    733.1 749.9 779.6 787.8 -

    i. IndustriIndustrial

    113.9 116.4 86.4 86.0 -

    ii. Stesen janakuasa

    Power plant619.2 633.5 693.2 701.8 -

    aMerujuk kepada Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur (KLIA)

    Refer to Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA)

    bJanuari hingga JunJanuary to June

    IPU/API Status IPU/API status

    050 Baik/Good

    51100 Sederhana/Moderate

    101200 Tidak Sihat/Unhealthy

    201300 Sangat Tidak Sihat/Very Unhealthy

    >300 Berbahaya/Hazardous

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    PENUNJUK PENTINGKEY INDICATORS

    2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

    2. Alam Sekitar Air/AkuatikWater/Aquatic Environment

    a. DaratInland

    i. Lembangan sungai Bersih yang diawasi (bil.)Clean river basins monitored (no.)

    65 76 74 74 -

    ii. Lembangan sungai Sederhana Tercemaryang diawasi (bil.)Slighty Polluted river basins monitored (no.)

    65 53 54 56 -

    iii. Lembangan sungai Tercemar yang

    diawasi (bil.)Polluted river basins monitored (no.)

    13 11 12 10 -

    iv. Peratusan penduduk yang dibekalkandengan air paipPercentage of population supplied with

    piped water

    94.2 94.4 94.7 95.1 -

    b. MarinMarine

    i. Pendaratan tahunan ikan marin (tan metrik)Annual landings of marine fish (tonnes)

    1,428,882 1,373,107 1,472,240 1,479,800p 1,560,000

    e

    ii. Bilangan stesen pemantauan kualiti air marinNumber of marine water quality monitoringstations

    240 224r 224

    r 231 -

    iii. Tumpahan minyak di laut (bil.)Oil spills at sea (no.)

    16 14 21 13 -

    3. Tanah/Alam Sekitar TerestrialLand/Terrestrial Environment

    a. Jumlah kawasan berhutan (hektar)Total forested area (hectares)

    18,082,098r 17,999,847 18,111,013

    r 18,113,791 -

    b. Keluasan hutan paya gambut (hektar)Area of peat swamp forest (hectares)

    1,068,506 1,067,947 1,067,436 1,079,476 -

    c. Keluasan hutan paya laut (hektar)Area of mangrove forest (hectares)

    539,154r 538,914

    r 544,032 551,333 -

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    PENUNJUK PENTINGKEY INDICATORS

    Sumber: Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Jabatan Bekalan Air, Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia,Jabatan Hutan Sarawak, Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah, Jabatan PerhutananSemenanjung Malaysia, Kementerian Kesihatan, Suruhanjaya PerkhidmatanAir Negara

    Source: Department of Environment, Department of Water Supply, Malaysian MeteorologicalDepartment, Forests Department Sarawak, Sabah Forestry Department,Department of Forestry, Peninsular Malaysia, Ministry of Health, National WaterServices Commission

    cTermasuk kolera, tifoid, disenteri, viral hepatitis A dan keracunan makananIncludes cholera, typhoid, dysentry, viral hepatitis A and food poisoning

    d

    Termasuk malaria, demam denggi dan denggi berdarahIncludes Malaria, dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever

    2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

    4. Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan PendudukUrban Environment/Human Settlement

    a. Saiz penduduk ('000)Population size (000)

    28,588.6 29,062.0 29,510.0 29,915.3 30,261.7

    b. Kepadatan penduduk (kilometer persegi)Population density (per sq. km)

    86 88 89 91 92e

    c. Nisbah doktor-pendudukDoctor-population ratio

    1:859 1:791 1:758 1:633 1:633e

    d. Bilangan kenderaan berdaftarNumber of vehicles registered

    20,092,819 21,304,818 22,616,566 23,819,256 -

    e. Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang diuruskan(tan metrik/tahun)Quantity of scheduled waste managed(tonnes/year)

    1,880,929 1,622,032 1,708,708 1,387,861 -

    f. Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untukpemusnahan di insinerator klinikal (tan metrik)Quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction atclinical incinerators (tonnes)

    16,781 17,796 18,055 19,491 -

    g. Bilangan kes Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Airc

    Number of cases of Food and Water Borne Diseases 13,315 17,660 14,233 14,795 -

    h. Bilangan kes penyakit bawaan vektord

    Number of cases of vector borne diseases52,821 25,191 26,625 47,196 -

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    RANGKA KERJA KOMPENDIUMFRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPENDIUM

    Rangka kerja

    Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar (KPAS) adalah

    berdasarkan Framework For The Development ofEnvironment Statistics (FDES), Malaysia 1998 yang

    disesuaikan daripada Framework For The Development

    of Environment Statistics (FDES), United Nations 1984.

    Penyusunan data mengikut empat klasifikasi media alam

    sekitar dan dianalisis berdasarkan model Keadaan-

    Tekanan-Tindak Balas (SPR) yang disesuaikan

    daripada model Tekanan-Keadaan-Tindak Balas (PSR)

    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

    Development (OECD)seperti di Lampiran 1.

    Kompendium ini menerangkan alam sekitar mengikut

    klasifikasi media seperti berikut: Udara/Atmosfera,

    Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik (darat dan marin),

    Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial dan Alam Sekitar

    Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk. Susunan kompendium

    ini adalah seperti berikut: setiap bab mengandungi latar

    belakang alam sekitar diikuti keadaan semasa

    seterusnya menggambarkan bagaimana aktiviti manusia

    memberi tekanan ke atas alam sekitar. Akhirnya tindak

    balasyang sesuai diambil untuk mengurangkan tekanan

    atau impak.

    Punca data

    Perangkaan dalam KPAS ini telah diperoleh menerusi

    sumber data sekunder, rekod pentadbiran dan

    perangkaan yang diterbitkan. Pembekal utama statistik ini

    ialah Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) dan agensi kerajaan

    yang lain, terutamanya ahli-ahli Jawatankuasa Antara

    Agensi mengenai Perangkaan Alam Sekitar (JAAMPAS).

    Senarai penuh ahli JAAMPAS seperti di Lampiran 2.

    Kompendium ini merupakan sebahagian daripada

    rancangan yang berterusan untuk mempersembahkan

    perangkaan alam sekitar yang terpilih. Terdapat ruang

    data yang masih perlu diliputi, terutamanya tentang flora

    dan fauna, dan kepelbagaian biologi. Usaha telah

    dimulakan bagi mengumpul beberapa perangkaan ini

    Framework

    The Compendium of Environment Statistics (CES) is in

    accordance with Framework For The Development ofEnvironment Statistics (FDES), Malaysia 1998 which has

    been adopted from Framework For The Development of

    Environment Statistics (FDES), United Nations 1984. The

    compilation of data according to four environmental media

    classifications and the analyses are based on the model

    State-Pressure-Response(SPR) that has been modified

    from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

    Development (OECD) model that is Pressure-State-

    Responses(PSR) as per Appendix 1.

    This compendium describes the environment according to

    the following media classifications: Air /Atmosphere,

    Water/Aquatic Environment (inland and marine),

    Land/Terrestr ial Environment and Urban

    Environm ent/Human Sett lements. Its layout adopts the

    following approach: each chapter outlines the

    background of the environment, followed by a

    description of the existing state. It thenproceeds to show

    how human activities can put pressure on the

    environment leading to appropriate responses taken to

    minimise these stresses or impacts.

    Data source

    The statistics in the CES were obtained from secondary

    data sources, administrative records and published

    statistics. The main contributors for this statistics are

    Department of Environment (DOE) and other Government

    agencies, particularly, members of the Inter-Agency

    Committee on Environment Statistics (IACES). The full list

    of IACES members is in Appendix 2.

    This compendium is part of an ongoing programme to

    present selected areas of environment statistics. There

    are still data gaps to be covered, especially in the areas

    of flora and fauna, and bio-diversity. Efforts have been

    initiated to collect some of these statistics through regular

    surveys. Some sections of the CES have been enhanced

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    RANGKA KERJA KOMPENDIUMFRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPENDIUM

    melalui penyiasatan tetap. Beberapa seksyen dalam

    kompendium ini telah ditambah baik dengan

    pengumpulan data daripada penyiasatan-penyiasatan ini

    dan juga lain-lain sumber. Penambahan tajuk bagi

    seksyen yang sedia ada adalah berterusan.

    with data collected from these surveys and also other

    sources. The inclusion of new topics within the existing

    sections is expected to continue.

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    1

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    A. LATAR BELAKANG UDARA/ATMOSFERABACKGROUND AIR/ATMOSPHERE

    A.1 Iklim

    Pengenalan

    Malaysia terletak di zon khatulistiwa dan mengalami

    iklim panas dan lembap. Pada amnya, ia mempunyai

    suhu seragam, kelembapan tinggi dan jumlah hujan

    yang banyak.

    Suhu

    Jadual A menunjukkan ringkasan perangkaan iklim di

    stesen meteorologi terpilih pada 2013. Suhu tertinggi

    direkodkan di stesen Chuping (37.5C) dan bacaan

    terendah di stesen Cameron Highlands (13.6C).

    Taburan hujan

    Pada 2013, hujan tahunan tertinggi dan terendah

    masing-masing direkodkan di stesen Kuching

    (4,125.2 mm) dan stesen Melaka (1,389.8 mm).

    [Jadual A]

    A.1 Climate

    Introduct ion

    Malaysia is located in the equatorial zone and

    experience the warm and humid climate. In general, it

    has a uniform temperature, high humidity and abundant

    rainfall.

    Temperature

    Table A shows the summary of climate statistics at

    selected meteorological stations in 2013. The highest

    temperature recorded at Chuping station (37.5C) and

    the lowest recorded at Cameron Highlands station

    (13.6C).

    Rainfall distr ibut ion

    In 2013, the yearly highest and lowest rainfall were

    recorded at Kuching station (4,125.2 mm) and Melaka

    station (1,389.8 mm) respectively. [Table A]

    Jadual A: Ringkasan perangkaan iklim di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Malaysia, 2013Table A: Summary of climate statistics at selected meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2013

    IklimClimate

    RekodRecord

    StesenStation

    SuhuTemperature

    Suhu tertinggi (C)Highest temperature

    37.5 Chuping

    Suhu terendah (C)Lowest temperature

    13.6 Cameron Highlands

    HujanRainfall

    Hujan tahunan tertinggi (mm)Yearly highest rainfall

    4,125.2 Kuching

    Hujan tahunan terendah (mm)Yearly lowest rainfall

    1,389.8 Melaka

    Purata kelembapan relatifMean relative humidity

    Purata kelembapan relatif tertinggi (%)Highest mean relative humidity

    89.6 Cameron Highlands

    Purata kelembapan relatif terendah (%)Lowest mean relative humidity

    76.2 Petaling Jaya

    Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi MalaysiaSource: Malaysian Meteorological Department

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    A. LATAR BELAKANG UDARA/ATMOSFERABACKGROUND AIR/ATMOSPHERE

    Jumlah hujan tahunan bagi 34 stesen meteorologi

    terpilih menurun daripada 95.9 ribu mm pada 2009

    kepada 89.0 ribu mm pada 2013. Bagi tempoh enam

    bulan pertama 2013 dan 2014, jumlah hujan juga

    menurun daripada 37.9 ribu mm kepada 29.3 ribu mm.

    [Carta 1.1]

    Total annual rainfall for 34 selected meteorological

    stations decreased from 95.9 thousand mm in 2009 to

    89.0 thousand mm in 2013. Similarly, during the first six

    months of 2013 and 2014, total rainfall also decreased

    from 37.9 thousand mm to 29.3 thousand mm.

    [Chart 1.1]

    Carta 1.1: Jumlah hujan di 34 stesen meteorologi terpilih, Malaysia, 2009-2014Chart 1.1: Total rainfall at 34 selected meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2009-2014

    1Januari-Jun Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi MalaysiaJanuary-June Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department

    0.0

    20.0

    40.0

    60.0

    80.0

    100.0

    120.0

    95.9

    87.3

    101.4

    91.7 89.0

    37.9

    29.3

    2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2013 2014

    Jumlah hujan (000mm)Total rainfall

    TahunYear

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    A. LATAR BELAKANG UDARA/ATMOSFERABACKGROUND AIR/ATMOSPHERE

    Di Semenanjung Malaysia, bilangan hari hujan tertinggi

    dicatatkan di Cameron Highlands iaitu 243 hari pada

    2013. Sementara itu, Chuping mencatatkan bilangan

    hari hujan terendah iaitu 156 hari. [Carta 1.2a]

    In Peninsular Malaysia, the highest number of rainy

    days was recorded in Cameron Highlands with 243

    days in 2013. Meanwhile, Chuping recorded the lowest

    number of rainy days with 156 days. [Chart 1.2a]

    Carta 1.2a: Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013Chart 1.2a: Total number ofrainy days at selected meteorological stations, Peninsular Malaysia, 2009 and 2013

    Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi MalaysiaSource: Malaysian Meteorological Department

    Pada 2013, di Sabah, bilangan hari hujan terendah

    dicatatkan di Kudat iaitu 194 hari manakala bilangan

    hari hujan tertinggi dicatatkan di Sandakan iaitu 202

    hari. [Carta 1.2b]

    Di Sarawak, bilangan hari hujan terendah dicatatkan di

    Miri iaitu 198 hari manakala bilangan hari hujan

    tertinggi dicatatkan di Kuching iaitu 258 hari.

    [Carta 1.2c]

    In 2013, for Sabah, the lowest number of rainy days

    was recorded in Kudat at 194 days while the highest

    number of rainy days was recorded in Sandakan at 202

    days. [Chart 1.2b]

    In Sarawak, the lowest number of rainy days was

    recorded in Miri at 198 days while the highest number

    of rainy days was recorded in Kuching at 258 days.

    [Chart 1.2c]

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    CameronHighlands

    Senai

    W.P.

    Labuan

    PetalingJaya

    Subang

    BatuPahat

    KualaKrai

    BayanLepas

    Ipoh

    Temerloh

    BatuEmbun,

    Jerantut

    LubokMerbau,

    KualaKangsar

    KualaTerengganu

    Kuantan

    Sitiawan

    Mersing

    Kluang

    PulauLangkawi

    MuadzamShah

    Butterworth

    Melaka

    AlorSetar

    KLIASepang

    KotaBharu

    Chuping

    242

    173 19

    0 207

    2

    00

    177 1

    82 187

    217

    167

    187

    19

    1

    178 19

    1

    176

    166

    161

    167

    166 19

    0

    163 1

    73

    168

    176

    165

    243

    210

    2

    09

    2

    03

    196

    192

    186

    186

    184

    182

    181

    181

    180

    177

    177

    176

    175

    170

    166

    162

    162

    161

    160

    159

    156

    2009 2013Jumlah hari hujanTotal rainy days

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    A. LATAR BELAKANG UDARA/ATMOSFERABACKGROUND AIR/ATMOSPHERE

    Carta 1.2b:Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi Carta 1.2c: Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologiterpilih, Sabah, 2009 dan 2013 terpilih, Sarawak, 2009 dan 2013

    Chart 1.2b: Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological Chart 1.2c: Total number of rainy days at selected meteorologicalstations, Sabah,2009 and 2013 stations, Sarawak,2009 and 2013

    Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi MalaysiaSource: Malaysian Meteorological Department Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department

    Purata kelembapan relatif

    Pada 2013, purata kelembapan relatif bagi

    Semenanjung Malaysia berada di antara 76.2 peratus

    (Petaling Jaya) dan 89.6 peratus (Cameron Highlands).

    Purata kelembapan relatif di Sabah berada di antara

    80.9 peratus (Kota Kinabalu) dan 83.4 peratus (Kudat)

    manakala di Sarawak berada di antara 83.4 peratus

    (Kuching) dan 86.2 peratus (Sri Aman). [Jadual 1.1]

    Mean relat ive hum idi ty

    In 2013, the mean relative humidity for Peninsular

    Malaysia was between 76.2 per cent (Petaling Jaya)

    and 89.6 per cent (Cameron Highlands). The mean

    relative humidity in Sabah was between 80.9 per cent

    (Kota Kinabalu) and 83.4 per cent (Kudat) while in

    Sarawak was between 83.4 per cent (Kuching) and

    86.2 per cent (Sri Aman). [Table 1.1]

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    Sandakan Kota

    Kinabalu

    Tawau Kudat

    209

    175 1

    97

    1862

    02

    200

    196

    194

    2009 2013

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    Kuching Sri

    Aman

    Bintulu Sibu Miri

    238

    219

    218 2

    34

    191

    258

    227

    218

    217

    198

    2009 2013Jumlah hari hujanTotal rainy days

    Jumlah hari hujanTotal rainy days

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    B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE

    B.1 Status kualiti udara

    Pengenalan

    Udara terdiri daripada komposisi gas termasuk nitrogen

    (lebih kurang 78.0 peratus), oksigen (lebih kurang

    21.0 peratus) dan gas-gas lain (lebih kurang

    1.0 peratus). Kesemua komponen ini memainkan

    peranan penting dalam mengekalkan kehidupan.

    Indeks Pencemaran Udara

    Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) telah membangunkan

    sistem indeks kualiti udara yang pertama dikenalisebagai Indeks Kualiti Udara Malaysia (IKUM) pada

    1993. Sistem indeks memainkan peranan penting

    untuk memaklumkan status kualiti udara sekeliling,

    yang terdiri daripada Baik sehingga Berbahaya. Indeks

    Pencemaran Udara (IPU) telah diperkenalkan setelah

    JAS mengkaji semula sistem indeks ini pada 1996.

    Bahan pencemar udara yang diambil kira untuk

    mengira IPU adalah Ozon (O3), Karbon Monoksida

    (CO), Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2), Sulfur Dioksida (SO2)

    dan Habuk Halus bersaiz kurang dari 10 mikron (PM10).

    Pencemar udara yang dominan dengan kepekatan

    tertinggi diambil kira sebagai pencemar yang akan

    menentukan nilai IPU. Pada lazimnya, kepekatan

    Habuk Halus (PM10) adalah yang tertinggi berbanding

    dengan pencemar yang lain dan ini menentukan

    bacaan IPU.

    IPU dikategorikan sebagai Baik, Sederhana, TidakSihat, Sangat Tidak Sihat dan Berbahaya [Lampiran 3]

    seperti berikut:

    B.1 Air qual i ty status

    Introduct ion

    Air consists of composition of gases including nitrogen

    (about 78.0 per cent), oxygen (about 21.0 per cent) and

    other gases (about 1.0 per cent). All these components

    play an important role in sustaining lives.

    Air Pol lutant Index

    The Department of Environment (DOE) has developed

    its first air quality index system, known as the MalaysianAir Quality Index (MAQI) in 1993. An index system

    plays an important role in conveying the status of

    ambient air quality, ranging from Good to Hazardous.

    The Air Pollutant Index (API) was introduced when

    DOE revised its index system in 1996.

    The air pollutants which were counted in computing the

    API are Ground Level Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide

    (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

    and Particulate Matter of less than 10 microns in size

    (PM10). Dominant of air pollutant with the highest

    concentrations of pollutants are accounted for as that

    will determine the value of API. In general,

    concentrations of Particulate Matter (PM10) are the

    highest as compared to other concentrations and this

    determines the API readings.

    The API is categorised as Good, Moderate, Unhealthy,Very Unhealthy and Hazardous [Appendix 3] as

    follows:

    Status Indeks Pencemaran Udara (IPU)Air Pollutant Index (API) status

    IPU/API Status IPU/API status

    050 Baik/Good

    51100 Sederhana/Moderate

    101200 Tidak Sihat/Unhealthy

    201300 Sangat Tidak Sihat/Very Unhealthy

    >300 Berbahaya/Hazardous

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    B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE

    Carta 1.3 (a hingga m) menunjukkan keseluruhan

    status kualiti udara mengikut negeri. Berdasarkan

    status IPU, keseluruhan kualiti udara pada 2013

    menunjukkan status Baik dan Sederhana pada

    kebanyakan masa. Daripada 52 stesen yang dipantau,

    35 stesen mencatatkan status Tidak Sihat. Stesen

    Tawau mencatatkan hari status Baik terbanyak (352)

    manakala stesen Cheras, Kuala Lumpur mencatatkan

    30 hari status Tidak Sihat.

    Chart 1.3 (a to m) shows the overall air quality status

    by state. Based on API status, the overall air quality in

    2013 was between Good and Moderate for most of the

    time. Of the 52 stations monitored, 35 stations recorded

    Unhealthy status. Tawau station recorded the most

    number of Good days (352) while Cheras, Kuala

    Lumpur station recorded 30 Unhealthy days.

    Carta 1.3a: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Johor, 2013

    Chart 1.3a: Air quality status by station, Johor, 2013

    Carta 1.3b: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Kedah dan Perlis, 2013

    Chart 1.3b: Air quality status by station, Kedah and Perlis, 2013

    1Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarAir quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment

    Nota: Stesen yang tidak mencukupi 365 hari adalah disebabkan masalah teknikalNote: Stations with inadequate 365 days is due to technical problems

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    Kota Tinggi Larkin Muar Pasir Gudang

    201213

    193

    160153143

    160

    194

    9 7 8 82 2 2 12 2

    Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat Sangat Tidak Sihat Berbahaya

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    350

    Alor Setar Langkawi Sungai Petani Kangar

    292303

    141

    241

    7362

    223

    124

    1

    Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat

    Bilangan hari

    Number of days

    Good Moderate Unhealthy Very Unhealthy Hazardous

    (0-50) (51-100) (101-200) (201-300) (>300)

    Bilangan hariNumber of days

    Good Moderate Unhealthy

    (0-50) (51-100) (101-200)

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    B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE

    Carta 1.3c: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Kelantan, 2013

    Chart 1.3c: Air quality status by station, Kelantan, 2013

    Carta 1.3d: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Melaka, 2013

    Chart 1.3d: Air quality status by station, Melaka, 2013

    Carta 1.3e: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Negeri Sembilan, 2013

    Chart 1.3e: Air quality status by station, Negeri Sembilan, 2013

    1Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam Sekitar

    Air quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment

    Nota: Stesen yang tidak mencukupi 365 hari adalah disebabkan masalah teknikalNote: Stations with inadequate 365 days is due to technical problems

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    Kota Bharu Tanah Merah

    263

    122100

    242

    2 1

    Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    350

    Bandaraya Melaka Bukit Rambai

    114

    21

    222

    325

    9 152 42

    Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat Sangat Tidak Sihat Berbahaya

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    Nilai Port Dickson Seremban

    100114 111

    256237 236

    9 11 18

    Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat

    Good Moderate Unhealthy

    (0-50) (51-100) (101-200)

    Bilangan hariNumber of days

    Good Moderate Unhealthy Very Unhealthy Hazardous

    (0-50) (51-100) (101-200) (201-300) (>300)Bilangan hariNumber of days

    Good Moderate Unhealthy

    (0-50) (51-100) (101-200)

    Bilangan hari

    Number of days

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    B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE

    Carta 1.3f: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Pahang, 2013

    Chart 1.3f: Air quality status by station, Pahang, 2013

    Carta 1.3g: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Perak, 2013

    Chart 1.3g: Air quality status by station, Perak, 2013

    Carta 1.3h: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Pulau Pinang, 2013

    Chart 1.3h: Air quality status by station, Pulau Pinang, 2013

    1

    Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarAir quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment

    Nota: Stesen yang tidak mencukupi 365 hari adalah disebabkan masalah teknikalNote: Stations with inadequate 365 days is due to technical problems

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    350

    Balok Baru Jerantut Kuantan

    244

    342

    242

    115

    23

    118

    6 5

    Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    350

    Pegoh, Ipoh Seri Manjung Taiping Tanjung Malim Tasek, Ipoh

    58

    251

    284

    222

    142

    302

    10578

    127

    219

    4 5 316

    41

    Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat Berbahaya

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    Perai Seberang Jaya USM

    216

    155

    127147

    206

    236

    2 4 2

    Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat

    Good Moderate Unhealthy

    (0-50) (51-100) (101-200)Bilangan hariNumber of days

    Good Moderate Unhealthy Hazardous

    (0-50) (51-100) (101-200) (>300)

    Bilangan hariNumber of days

    Good Moderate Unhealthy

    (0-50) (51-100) (101-200)Bilangan hariNumber of days

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    B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE

    Carta 1.3i: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Sabah, 2013

    Chart 1.3i: Air quality status by station, Sabah, 2013

    Carta 1.3j: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Sarawak, 2013

    Chart 1.3j: Air quality status by station, Sarawak, 2013

    Carta 1.3k: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Selangor, 2013

    Chart 1.3k: Air quality status by station, Selangor, 2013

    1Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarAir quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment

    Nota: Stesen yang tidak mencukupi 365 hari adalah disebabkan masalah teknikalNote: Stations with inadequate 365 days is due to technical problems

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    350

    400

    Keningau Kota Kinabalu Sandakan Tawau

    331308

    342 352

    3357

    23131

    Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat

    0

    100

    200

    300

    400

    241

    342310 293

    337 326

    260230

    316 324

    124

    2348

    72

    24 39102

    134

    48 401

    Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    Banting Klang Kuala Selangor Petaling Jaya Shah Alam

    5768

    275

    134122

    288 286

    85

    222 228

    187 2 6

    132 2 2 12 1

    Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat Sangat Tidak Sihat Berbahaya

    Good Moderate Unhealthy

    (0-50) (51-100) (101-200)Bilangan hariNumber of days

    Good Moderate Unhealthy

    (0-50) (51-100) (101-200)Bilangan hariNumber of days

    Good Moderate Unhealthy Very Unhealthy Hazardous

    (0-50) (51-100) (101-200) (201-300) (>300)Bilangan hariNumber of days

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    B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE

    Carta 1.3l: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Terengganu, 2013

    Chart 1.3l: Air quality status by station, Terengganu, 2013

    Carta 1.3m: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Wilayah Persekutuan, 2013

    Chart 1.3m: Air quality status by station, Wilayah Persekutuan, 2013

    1Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarAir quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment

    Nota: Stesen yang tidak mencukupi 365 hari adalah disebabkan masalah teknikalNote: Stations with inadequate 365 days is due to technical problems

    Carta 1.4menunjukkan bilangan hari bagi status kualiti

    udara Tidak Sihat mengikut stesen pemantauan JAS

    pada 2013. Stesen Cheras, Kuala Lumpur

    mencatatkan bilangan hari Tidak Sihat terbanyak (30).

    Stesen Keningau, Sibu, Sungai Petani dan Tanah

    Merah masing-masing mencatatkan satu hari status

    Tidak Sihat.

    Chart 1.4shows the number of days for Unhealthy air

    quality status by DOE monitoring station in 2013.

    Cheras, Kuala Lumpur station recorded the most

    number of Unhealthy days (30). Keningau, Sibu, Sungai

    Petani and Tanah Merah stations recorded one day

    Unhealthy status respectively.

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    350

    Kemaman Kuala Terengganu Paka

    139120

    315

    219243

    47

    6 2 31

    Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat Sangat Tidak Sihat

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    350

    Batu Muda,Kuala Lumpur

    Cheras, KualaLumpur

    Labuan Putrajaya

    9675

    334

    119

    248 260

    31

    237

    21 309

    Baik Sederhana Tidak Sihat

    Good Moderate Unhealthy Very Unhealthy

    (0-50) (51-100) (101-200) (201-300)Bilangan hari

    Number of days

    Good Moderate Unhealthy

    (0-50) (51-100) (101-200)Bilangan hariNumber of days

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    B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE

    Carta 1.4: Bilangan hari bagi status kualiti udara1Tidak Sihat mengikut stesen pemantauan,

    Malaysia, 2013Chart 1.4: Number of days for Unhealthy air quality status by monitoring station, Malaysia, 2013

    1Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarAir quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment

    B.2 Bahan pencemar udara

    Bahan pencemar udara merupakan bahan kimia di

    udara yang boleh membahayakan manusia dan alam

    sekitar. Bahan pencemar boleh berbentuk partikel,

    titisan cecair atau gas.

    Terdapat enam bahan pencemar utama iaitu O3,

    Plumbum (Pb), CO, SO2, NO2 dan PM10. Pencemaran

    udara berlaku apabila bahan pencemar ini hadir di

    atmosfera. Punca dan kesan bahan pencemar udara

    kepada manusia dan tumbuhan ditunjukkan seperti di

    Lampiran 4.

    B.2 Air pol lutant

    Air pollutant is a substance in the air that can be

    harmful to human beings and the environment.

    Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid

    droplets or gases.

    There are six main pollutants namely O3, Plumbum

    (Pb), CO, SO2, NO2 and PM10. Air pollution occurs when

    these pollutants are present in the atmosphere. The

    sources and effects of air pollutants on human and

    plants are shown in App endix 4.

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    6

    7

    8

    9

    11

    13

    15

    16

    18

    21

    30

    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

    Keningau, Sibu, Sungai Petani, Tanah Merah

    Kota Bharu, Kuala Selangor, Kuala Terengganu, Perai, USM

    Paka, Taiping

    Pegoh, Seberang Jaya, Tasek

    Kuantan, Seri Manjung

    Balok Baru, Kemaman, Petaling Jaya

    Klang, Larkin

    Muar, Pasir Gudang

    Kota Tinggi, Melaka, Nilai, Putrajaya

    Port Dickson

    Shah Alam

    Bukit Rambai

    Tanjung Malim

    Banting, Seremban

    Batu Muda, Kuala Lumpur

    Cheras, Kuala Lumpur

    Bilangan hariNumber of days

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    B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE

    Ozon

    Ozon (O3) merupakan gas yang mengeluarkan bau

    yang tidak menyenangkan, tidak berwarna dan

    bertoksik. Pada lewat tengahari atau awal petang,

    lazimnya kepekatan O3adalah tinggi dan mendominasi

    bacaan IPU di sesetengah kawasan. Di bawah

    pengaruh cahaya matahari, Nitrogen Oksida (NOx) dan

    Sebatian Organik Meruap (VOC) yang dilepaskan dari

    ekzos kenderaan bermotor dan industri akan

    bertindakbalas bagi membentuk O3 di permukaan

    bumi.

    Kepekatan tertinggi bagi O3 dicatatkan di kawasan

    bandar iaitu sebanyak 0.046 ppm diikuti oleh kawasan

    industri, 0.042 ppm dan kawasan subbandar

    0.037 ppm. Kepekatan di kawasan backgroundadalah

    0.034 ppm. [Carta 1.5]

    Ground Level Ozone

    Ground Level Ozone (O3) is a pungent, colourless and

    toxic gas. By the late afternoon or early evening, O3

    concentrations are typically high and dominates the API

    readings in some areas. Under the influence of sunlight,

    Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and Volatile Organic Compounds

    (VOCs) emitted from motor vehicle exhaust and

    industry react to form O3in the earth's surface.

    The highest concentration of O3 recorded at urban area

    at 0.046 ppm followed by industrial area, 0.042 ppm

    and suburban area, 0.037 ppm. Background area

    recorded concentration at 0.034 ppm. [Chart 1.5]

    Carta 1.5: Purata tahunan kepekatan Ozon mengikut l and use, Malaysia, 2013Chart 1.5: Average annual concentration of Ground Level Ozone by land use, Malaysia, 2013

    Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarSource: Department of Environment

    0.000

    0.005

    0.010

    0.015

    0.020

    0.025

    0.030

    0.035

    0.040

    0.045

    0.050

    Kawasan Industri Bandar Subbandar

    0.042

    0.046

    0.037

    0.034

    BackgroundIndustrial area Urban Suburban

    ppm

    Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: O3 tidak melebihi 0.1 ppm

    Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: O3not exceeding 0.1 ppm

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    B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE

    Plumbum

    Plumbum (Pb) adalah bahan pencemar yang wujud

    dalam bentuk wap atau partikel halus. Ia hadir secarasemula jadi di alam sekitar. Bagaimanapun,

    kebanyakan kepekatan Pb yang ditemui di persekitaran

    adalah hasil daripada aktiviti manusia.

    Stesen IPD Butterworth mencatatkan kepekatan Pb

    tertinggi iaitu 0.0252 g/m3 pada 2013 diikuti oleh

    stesen Dewan Bandaraya dan Pudu masing-masing

    dengan 0.0171 g/m3dan 0.0025 g/m

    3. [Carta 1.6]

    Lead

    Lead (Pb) is a pollutant which exists in the form of

    vapour or particles. It occurs naturally in theenvironment. However, most Pb concentrations that are

    found in the environment are a result of human

    activities.

    IPD Butterworth station recorded the highest

    concentration of Pb at 0.0252 g/m3in 2013 followed by

    City Hall and Pudu station at 0.0171 g/m3and 0.0025

    g/m3respectively. [Chart 1.6]

    Carta 1.6: Purata tahunan kepekatan Plumbum di udara, W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan Pulau Pinang, 2009-2013Chart 1.6: Annual average concentration of Lead in the air, W.P. Kuala Lumpur and Pulau Pinang, 2009-2013

    Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: Pb tidak melebihi 1.5 g/m3 Sumber: Jabatan Alam Sekitar

    Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: Pbnot exceeding 1.5 g/m3 Source: Department of Environment

    0.0613 0.06100.0583

    0.0405

    0.0025

    0.02250.0263

    0.0207

    0.0118 0.0171

    0.0610 0.06100.0580

    0.0286 0.0252

    0.0000

    0.0100

    0.0200

    0.0300

    0.0400

    0.0500

    0.0600

    0.0700

    2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

    Pudu Dewan Bandaraya IPD Butterworth

    TahunYear

    g/m City Hall

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    B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE

    Karbon Monoksida

    Karbon Monoksida (CO) merupakan gas yang tidak

    berwarna dan tidak berbau, tidak merengsa tetapi amat

    beracun. Kepekatan semula jadi CO di udara adalah

    sekitar 0.2 ppm, dan jumlah itu adalah tidak berbahaya

    kepada manusia. Pelepasan daripada ekzos

    kenderaan, proses industri dan aktiviti pembakaran

    terbuka merupakan sumber utama CO di kawasan

    bandar.

    Kawasan industri mencatatkan kepekatan CO tertinggi

    iaitu 0.767 ppm. Ini diikuti oleh kawasan bandar

    (0.742 ppm) dan kawasan subbandar (0.601 ppm).Bagi kawasan background, kepekatan yang dicatatkan

    adalah 0.290 ppm. [Carta 1.7]

    Carbon Monoxide

    Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colourless and odourless,

    non-irritating but very poisonous gas. The natural

    concentration of CO in air is around 0.2 ppm, and that

    amount is not harmful to humans. Emissions from motor

    vehicle exhausts, industrial process and open burning

    activities are the main sources of CO in urban areas.

    Industrial area recorded the highest level of CO

    concentration at 0.767 ppm, followed by urban areas

    (0.742 ppm) and suburban areas (0.601 ppm). For

    background area, the concentration recorded was at

    0.290 ppm. [Chart 1.7]

    Carta 1.7: Purata tahunan kepekatan Karbon Monoksida mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2013Chart 1.7: Average annual concentration of Carbon Monoxide by land use, Malaysia, 2013

    Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarSource: Department of Environment

    0.000

    0.100

    0.200

    0.300

    0.400

    0.500

    0.600

    0.700

    0.800

    0.900

    Kawasan Industri Bandar Subbandar

    0.7670.742

    0.601

    0.290

    BackgroundIndustrial area Urban Suburban

    ppm

    Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: COtidak melebihi 9 ppmNote: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: CO not exceeding 9 ppm

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    B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE

    Sulfur Dioksida

    Sulfur Dioksida (SO2) adalah sejenis gas reaktif yang

    tidak berwarna, mempunyai bau yang tajam, merengsa

    serta mudah larut dalam air. Sumber utama SO2 di

    udara ialah aktiviti industri yang memproses bahan

    yang mengandungi sulfur, contohnya penjanaan

    elektrik daripada arang batu, minyak atau gas yang

    mengandungi sulfur.

    Kepekatan tertinggi SO2 direkodkan di kawasan industri

    iaitu 0.0022 ppm diikuti oleh kawasan bandar

    (0.0020 ppm) dan subbandar (0.0013 ppm). Kawasan

    backgroundmencatatkan kepekatan pada 0.0005 ppm.[Carta 1.8]

    Sulphur Dioxide

    Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) is a colourless, pungent, irritating

    and water-soluble reactive gas. The main source of SO2

    in the air is industrial activity that processes materials

    that contain sulphur, e.g the generation of electricity

    from coal, oil or gas that contains sulphur.

    The highest level of SO2 concentration recorded at

    industrial area which accounted for 0.0022 ppm

    followed by urban areas (0.0020 ppm) and suburban

    areas (0.0013 ppm). Background area recordedconcentration at 0.0005 ppm. [Chart 1.8]

    Carta 1.8: Purata tahunan kepekatan Sulfur Dioksida mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2013Chart 1.8: Average annual concentration of Sulphur Dioxide by land use, Malaysia, 2013

    Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarSource: Department of Environment

    Nitrogen Dioksida

    Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2) terbentuk di persekitaran

    udara melalui pengoksidaan Nitrogen Monoksida (NO).

    Gas bertoksik berwarna merah keperangan inimempunyai bau yang kuat dan tajam.

    Nitrogen Dioxide

    Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is formed in the ambient air

    through the oxidation of Nitrogen Monoxide (NO). This

    reddish brown toxic gas has a sharp and pungentodour.

    0.0000

    0.0005

    0.0010

    0.0015

    0.0020

    0.0025

    Kawasan Industri Bandar Subbandar

    0.0022

    0.0020

    0.0013

    0.0005

    BackgroundIndustrial area Urban Suburban

    ppm

    Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: SO2tidak melebihi 0.04 ppmNote: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: SO2not exceeding 0.04 ppm

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    B. KEADAAN UDARA/ATMOSFERASTATE AIR/ATMOSPHERE

    Carta 1.9 menunjukkan bacaan purata tahunan

    kepekatan NO2mengikut land usepada 2013. Purata

    kepekatan bagi kawasan industri merupakan yang

    tertinggi iaitu 0.011 ppm. Sementara itu, kawasanbandar dan subbandar masing-masing mencatatkan

    purata kepekatan pada 0.010 ppm dan 0.008 ppm.

    Purata tahunan kepekatan di kawasan background

    adalah 0.002 ppm.

    Chart 1.9 shows the reading of average annual

    concentration of NO2by land use in 2013. The average

    concentration for industrial areas was the highest

    at 0.011 ppm. Meanwhile, urban area and suburbanarea recorded average concentration at 0.010 ppm and

    0.008 ppm respectively. The average annual

    concentration at background area was 0.002 ppm.

    Carta 1.9: Purata tahunan kepekatan Nitrogen Dioksida mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2013Chart 1.9: Average annual concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide by land use, Malaysia, 2013

    Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarSource: Department of Environment

    Habuk Halus

    Habuk Halus (PM10) adalah istilah yang digunakan bagi

    partikel terampai berukuran kurang daripada diameter

    10 mikron. PM10 boleh berbentuk pepejal atau cecair

    dan ia termasuk aerosol, debu, asap dan debunga.

    Partikel ini berpunca daripada stesen janakuasa, proses

    industr