Discussion

texts

BSE : 3.6/4.6/6/3.6

Subject:

English Literature XII

SEMESTER

SIX

Time allocation

10 X 45 minutes

Basic Competence

3.6. membedakan fungsi sosial, struktur teks,dan unsur kebahasaanbeberapa teks pembahasan i lmiah (discussion)l isan dan tulis dengan memberi dan memintainformasi terkait pembahasan isu kontrovesialdan aktual dari beberapa (minimal dua) sudutpandang, sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya 4.6. teks pembahasan i lmiah (discussion) 4.6.1. menangkap makna secara kontekstualterkait fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsurkebahasaan teks pembahasan i lmiah (discussion)l isan dan tulis, terkait isu kontroversial danaktual 4.6.2. menyusun pembahasan i lmiah (discussion)l isan dan tulis, terkait isu kontroversial danaktual, dengan memperhatikan fungsi sosial,struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan, secarabenar dan sesuai konteks

Which statement can raise two opposite opinions?

1. Foreign culture gives bad inf luence.

2. The government should encourage teachers to

increase their competence.

3. I t ’s quite important for teacher to teach contextually.

4. The easiness of information technology causes

teenagers to be lazy.

5. Due to the abundant information in the internet,

teachers are not needed anymore.

Learning purpose

In this chapter, you will learn about

Discussion texts. Surely, you will have to

know the proper grammatical structure

used to write meaningful sentences.

Practicing writ ing a Discussion text is

needed to enhance your understanding on

its social function and text structure.

Before learning

You will use one of the answers for theissue of your essay later.

Read the text carefully, and do some instructions below!

Corona virus has been threatening the world since i t occurred in

December 2019. The number of the infected people is more and more

increasing, and reaches around 73.92 mill ion people. Scientists

throughout the world are collaborating in researching the vaccines in a

quite great rush. They have been working for about eight months. Some

vaccines have been through with some phases and already been

approved to be used. I t seems that people ’s hope comes true. They have

been t ired of not only being threatened by the virus but also getting their

economy fal l down into the lowest level . Despite the great hope of the

invention of the vaccines, some people sti l l doubt about i ts effectiveness

for some reasons and therefore think that being vaccinated is not the only

way to f ight the corona virus.

These people argue that the process of making vaccine is too

short when compared to other vaccines which took 10 to 20 years of

researching to be safe enough to use. To be used safely, Vaccines have to

pass some steps to develop – pre -clinical tr ials, three phases of clinical

tr ials. Surely i t needs a long t ime as each phase takes some months to get

the accurate result . Forced by the need of stopping the viral contagion,

some countries even accelerated the speed of the vaccines development

by skipping the preclinical tr ial that is quite important to guarantee the

safety when applied to human. Some experts say that assessing the

vaccines cannot be done in rush. They need accurate data and proper

steps. The ineffective or unsafe vaccine will be useless and i t is possible

to be harmful. Byram Bridle, University of Guelph, Canada says, “How long

would i t take to determine i f a vaccine can confer immunological memory

for one year? Of ourse, i t would take at least one year.” The vaccine

developers are asked to ensure that there won ’t be ADE (Antibody -

Development Enhancement) – immune reaction where vaccination makessubsequent exposure to the virus more dangerous. The second reason isthat the potential side effect for the long term cannot be measured yet.

Some vaccine platforms – WHO used to take one platform to be the

international standard - can bring about the r isks. The body mechanism

and metabolism can be troubled by those some different platforms. What

is faced is the same virus, but the effect can be different. Furthermore, we

lack of the knowledge on coronaviruses.

Whilst learning

Activity One

We need to answer these questions: Can our antibodies protect us

well? Can the immunity last for a long t ime? or Is there a problem due to

the post long covid19 for the people who had had covid19?

Unfortunately, we cannot answer those questions for sure. "The r isk of

the speedy development," says Bridle, " is that poor -quality vaccines

could potential ly turn people into asymptomatic carriers that spread the

virus." The other reason is that the eff icacy of some vaccines which are

not developed properly are sti l l doubted, especially when i t deals with

genetic matter that inf luences individual immunity. Obesity, for

example, can cause other diseases such as diabetes or hypertension

that lower the immunity. This can reduce the effectiveness of the

vaccine. The effectiveness of vaccines can be seen by how vaccination

triggers the antibody -making and how good is the response from the T -

cells after the vaccination.

On contrary, some people believe that vaccination is the most

proper way to f ight the coronavirus which has kil led a lot of people and

is sti l l spreading faster and faster. The f i rst reason is that scientists have

found the new technology of mRNA vaccine (messenger RNA) which

doesn ’t need a long process to make i t . This type of vaccine teaches our

body how to make spike protein that will tr igger the immune system to

produce antibodies. Viral protein is not easy to manufacture during the

biochemistry protein synthesis, but mRNA is able to represent the

complicated information or system in a simple way. In fact, the process

of manufacturing the protein is molecularly the same from a

manufacturing standpoint. In addition, this vaccine can be developed in

any laboratory having the available materials. Therefore, when there is

information on coronavirus, the researchers begin to design the mRNA

instructions for the cells to build the unique spike protein into a mRNA

vaccine. Surely, the process of making vaccines can be standardized

and importantly doesn ’t take a long t ime. People should know that

despite the short t ime of making the vaccines, researchers included a

lot of people in the study to validate the safety and eff icacy, such as

70,000 people injected during the phase of clinical tr ials, and found

them safe. This is such a huge safety data to ensure that the vaccines

are safe. To answer the people ’s doubt about the long effect of the

vaccine, mRNA Vaccine is transient, temporary. This is RNA, i t ’s only

message and does i ts work only in cytoplasm, so i t doesn ’t inf luence our

body or becomes part of the body. The last reason is that this vaccine

has great eff icacy. The covid19 mRNA vaccines give instructions to the

cells to make spike protein, then the cells display the protein to be

recognized by the immune system. When the system says that the

protein doesn ’t belong there, the antibodies are made. At last , the

immune memory remembers i t and our body learns how to protect i tself

against the future infection.

The most important target of making vaccines is to make the antibodies

able to be against the protein on the surface of the virus. Those antibodies

covering the protein of the virus stop the virus from doing anything.

Researches realize that antibodies are sometimes not able to cover all

viruses, so our body needs the response of T cells. I f the T cells can

recognize the spike protein, then i t will be pretty easier to kick on the

viruses. According to Professor Shane Crotty, PhD ’s research, the immune

memory in people having had the covid19 can remember the virus pretty

well . Similarly, after vaccination, not only are the antibodies formed well ,

but the response of the T cells is high also. The advantage of this vaccine is

that everyone vaccinated won ’t get a r isk of getting sick with coronavirus.

In conclusion, vaccines are badly needed to make the herd

immunity. I t is hoped that when 70% of the population in the world get the

immunity, the spread for the virus can be stopped. However, surely i t needs

time as the production cannot cover the large number of people in a short

t ime. While waiting for the production, people are asked to obey the health

protocol. This can help slow the rapid spread.

(Written by Hedwig Maria)

a . W e n e e d t o c o m p a r e t h e v a c c i n e - m a k i n g p r o c e s s n o w t o t h a to f t h e p r e v i o u s o n e .b . W h a t b e c o m e s t h e m a t t e r i s t h e s h o r t v a c c i n e - m a k i n gp r o c e s s .c . T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e v a c c i n e s d e p e n d s o n t h e n u m b e r o fp h a s e s t h e y p a s s .d . T h e l o n g t e r m e f f e c t o f v a c c i n e i s u n c e r t a i n .e . W H O d o e s n ’ t d e t e r m i n e w h i c h p l a t f o r m s h o u l d b e u s e d .f . T h e s h o r t a g e o f k n o w l e d g e o n c o r o n a v i r u s c l o s e s t h e c h a n c et o f i n d o u t t h e a n s w e r o n s o m e q u e s t i o n s a b o u t i t .g . T h e i m p r o p e r v a c c i n e d e v e l o p m e n t l e a d s t o p e o p l e ’ s d o u b to n i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s .

1 . F i n d o u t t h e i s s u e o f t h e t e x t .2 . F i n d o u t t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e f i r s t p a r a g r a p h .3 . F i n d o u t h o w t h e s e c o n d p a r a g r a p h c o n n e c t s t o t h e f i r s t o n e .4 . C h o o s e t h e a r g u m e n t s b e l o w w h i c h y o u c a n f i n d i n t h e s e c o n dp a r a g r a p h .

5 . F i n d o u t t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e w o r d “ O n c o n t r a r y ” i n t h e t h i r dp a r a g r a p h .

A . T h e i n v e n t i o n o f t h e m R N A v a c c i n e sB . T h e t r a n s i e n c e o f m R N A .C . T h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e m R N A v a c c i n e s

- m R N A ’ s a b i l i t y t o e n c o d e t h e d i f f e r e n t s e q u e n c e i s h i g h .- T h e s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n i s i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e n e w t e c h n o l o g y .- T h e t e m p o r a r y e x i s t e n c e o f t h e R N A d o e s n ’ t g i v e a n y e f f e c t t ot h e b o d y .- T h e i m m u n e s y s t e m c a n d e t e c t t h e s p i k e p r o t e i n m a d e b y t h ec e l l a s i n s t r u c t e d b y t h e v a c c i n e .- A n t i b o d i e s a n d T c e l l s h a v e i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n t h e i m m u n es y s t e m .

6 . M a t c h e a c h a r g u m e n t i n p a r a g r a p h t h r e e t o i t s e x p l a n a t i o n .T h e a r g u m e n t s :

T h e e x p l a n a t i o n :

7 . F i n d o u t t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e l a s t p a r a g r a p h .8 . F i n d o u t t h e t e x t s t r u c t u r e o f t h i s t e x t .

Activity Two

Having done activity one, share your answers to the class!

Activity Three

Understanding some words can improve your vocabulary. Do

the exercise below!

Fil l in the gap with the proper word in the box!

trigger, genetic, collaborate, efficacy,accelerate, approved, recognize, mechanism,transient, vaccinated, viral, immunity,manufacture, validate, potentially

Activity Four

Learning from the discussion, now i t ’s t ime to practice

writ ing a discussion text! Here are the steps you should do.

1. Choose the issue in the Before Learning part.

2. From the issue, make an outl ine. Use the generic

structure of the text to ease your making the outl ine.

Remember to have the simple sentences for the main ideas

in the outl ine.

3. Develop the outl ine into an essay of about 500 words.

1. The people in the world have been connected through internet, so i t ’s

easy for them to … to invent new technology.

2. Since the authority has … the use of some vaccines, people cast their

doubt on the vaccine safety.

3. When some food … the allergy on your body, avoid i t not to get i t

worse.

4. Being … means asking the cells to produce antibodies to protect the

body against the virus.

5. There has been technology enabling the doctor to detect the … defect

in the growing fetus.

6. I f T cells can … the viruses well , they will be able to kil l them and we

won ’t get sick.

7. People ’s … can drop to the low level and endanger them when they

are in great stressed.

8. This virus is … the deadliest in the world as unti l now i t has kil led

thousands of people.

9. In spite of the great …, the researchers are asked to review the effect

of the vaccine after injecting i t to people for two months.

10. We should keep the … in our body run well by having regular

exercise.

11. The l iver is the most important organ that … protein.

12. Is i t possible that … attack of the virus causes the severe damage on

the body organs?

13. You had better … your data before you use them to determine the

next process to get the most accurate result .

14. People are worried about getting the … disease which comes from

the deadly virus.

15. To … vaccine development, the researchers are reviewing each

phase in detail .

Closing

When you have finished writing the essay, presentit to the class, and let the teacher and your friendsevaluate it.

Activity Five

TO REVIEW ALL MATERIALS,

1. Mention the social function of Discussion text.2. Mention the generic structure of a Discussion text.3. Mention the adverbs used to connect the paragraphcontaining pro arguments to the contra one.

References:

COVID 19 Vaccine Deep Dive: Safety, Immunity, RNAProduction, w Shane Crotty, PhD (Pfizer / Moderna) -YouTubehttps://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.htmlhttps://www.chemistryworld.com/news/what-are-the-risks-of-fast-tracking-a-covid-19-vaccine/4012130.articlehttps://www.chemistryworld.com/news/what-are-the-risks-of-fast-tracking-a-covid-19-vaccine/4012130.articleIntisari , November 2020 page 8 - 50Kompas, Kamis 17 Desember 2020Kompas, Jumat 18 Deseber 2020