3. metlit p.jarnawi pertemuan ke-3 (masalah dalam riset)

7/24/2019 3. Metlit P.jarnawi Pertemuan Ke-3 (Masalah Dalam Riset)

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Pertemuan 3

Research Problems


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Closed-Loop Conceptualizationof the Research Process


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The Research Question

The foundation of the researchprocess

It all begins with a question


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Finding the topic toinvestigate

Tryoutnewmethodortechniques

1

Toindulgetheinvestigators curiosity

Toestablishthee!istenceof

behavioralphenomena

"Toe!ploretheconditionunder

whichcertainoccur

#


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Finding a Research Question

From where $$$$$$$ %uriosity

Information &aps

%ontroversy

Replication

'iterature Review

(ther People

)))$$$


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*eorang peneliti tida+ selalu dapat merumus+an

masalahnya secara sederhana, -elas, dan leng+aphal yang lumrah sebagai ciri +omple+sitas daripenelitian ilmiah

PRI.*IP /0*0R 2i+a +ita henda+ memecah+an

masalah, +ita harus secara umum mengetahui apamasalahnya)

Tida+ ada satu cara tunggal pun yg benar untu+menyata+an suatu masalah, ciri3ciri ttt darimasalah dan pernyataan suatu masalah, dapatdipela-ari dan diguna+an sehingga menghasil+anmanfaat yg menguntung+an)


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4asalah Penelitian

*ebuah 5alimat Tanya 0tau Pernyataan6ang 4enanya+an

7898.&0. 0P0507 60.& T:R/0P0T0.T0R0 /80 ;0RI09:' 0T08 ':9I7$


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Asal Masalah Penelitian

- 4asalah merupa+an suatu +esulitanyang harus dihadapi yangmemerlu+an penyelesaian atau

pemecahan)

- Hati-Hati! 9iasanya sulitmembeda+an antara masalah dan

fenomena)


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%ontoh

7ubungan antara +ebiasaan mero+o+ dengangangguan pernafasan pada saat ini tida+ perludipermasalah+an lagi, sehingga tida+ perluditeliti) /emi+ian pula fa+ta bahwa rata3rata+adar hemoglobin ibu hamil lebih rendah daripada ibu yang tida+ hamil apa+ah pemberian +onstrat protein

disamping tablet besi dan asam folat dapatmening+at+an +adar hemoglobin ibu hamil$>merupa+an permasalahan yang dapat diteliti)


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5RIT:RI0 40*0'07

1) 7arus mengung+ap+an suatu hubunganantara dua variabel atau lebih) :)g) 0pa+ah0 ter+ait dengan 9$, 9agaimana+ah 0 dan 9

ter+ait dengan %$, 9agaimana+ah 0 ter+aitdengan 9 dalam +ondisi % dan +ondisi /$

) 4asalah harus dinyata+an secara -elas dantida+ ambigu dalam bentu+ pertanyaan)

2angan membuat pertanyaan seperti?masalahnya adalah @))> atau ?ma+sud+a-ian ini adalah @)>


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") 4asalah dan pernyataan masalah harusdirumus+an dengan cara ttt yg menyirat+anadanya pengu-ian empiris)

%ontoh pertanyaan yg penting tp tida+ dapatAsulitdiu-i secara ilmiah

1) Pertanyaan epistemologis ?9agaimana+ah +itatahu ttg sesuatu$>

) Pertanyaan metaBsis ?0pa+ah pendidi+an ygdemo+ratis mening+at+an proses bela-arpemuda$>, 0pa+ah proses pengelompo++anbai+ bagi ana+3ana+$>


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/escriptive Question

*ee+s to describe phenomena or characteristicsof a particular group of sub-ects being studied

0nswers the question ?what is> 0s+ing questions of the research participants

Testing or measuring their performance

*urvey research

:!ample

Chat are the attitudes of rural parents toward theinclusion of se!uality education in the schoolcurriculum$


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Relationship Question

Investigates the degree to which two or morevariables are associated with each other /oes not establish ?cause3and3eect>

(nly identiBes e!tent of relationship betweenvariables

:!ample

Is there an association between self3esteem andeating behaviors among collegiate femaleswimmers$


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/ierence Question

*ee+s to ma+e comparisons between orwithin groups of interest (ften associated with e!perimental research

Is there a dierence between the control group and

the e!perimental group$ %omparison of one group to another on the

basis of e!isting characteristics

:!ample /oes participation in *pecial (lympics aect the

self3esteem of adults with mental retardation$


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T6P: of Question in :du


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RELA%&SHP #$ES%& relationshipquestions explore the degree to which two ormore phenomena relate or ary together) :)g)

penelitian tentang hubungan antara

intelegensia dengan +emampuanmatemati+a) ?!s intelligence aries" what

tends to happen to math scores$> lebihspesiB+ ?2i+a intelegensia tinggi, 0pa+ah s+or

matemati+a cenderung tinggi atau turun,atau tida+ ada +ecenderungan yangsistematis$


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%riteria for *electing aProblem

Interest 4ost important

*igniBcanceTheoretical value

Practical value

Timeliness

:!ternal review 4anageability

:!pertise, time, resources

Free from personal bias


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T7: R:*:0R%7 76P(T7:*I* ;* R:*:0R%7Q8:*TI(.

Research #uestion

he Research

H(pothesis

0 predicted outcomebased on theory orunderstanding, often

stated as if 0, then 9) Itmay also be stated as aforeshadowed question inqualitative)

This form if 0, then 9 ishelpful for distinguishingcause from eect, but itoften produces aw+wardsynta!)

The purpose of researchstated in the form of aquestion)

8sually


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*ource of 7ypothesis

7ipotesis penelitian biasanya


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Is The 7ypothesis (r QuestionResearchable$

R:*:0R%709': 0 researchhypothesis


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%ontoh pertanyaan yang ?.on3researchable>

7ow did public education get li+ethis$

*hould all children wear uniforms inpublic school$

Chat is the best way to teachreading$


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%ontoh pertanyaan yang?researchable>

Is the adequate yearly progress


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Is the Research 'egal or :thical$

Established guidelines that encourage responsible research

practices and assure the protection of human research participants

Clarify that participant in a research study is voluntary, no coercion

of any kind should be tolerated; participants may freely withdraw at

any time. Obtain informed consent from participants; all aspects which might

affect the decision to participate must be explained, including all

risk

Avoid deception, cause no harm, and avoid invasion privacy


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aintain confidentiality and integrity of data; maintain anonymity

of participants

!ebrief participants and provide information or explanation about

research "enefits should outweigh risk after careful consideration


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Is the 7ypothesis or Question4eaningful$

4eaningful research Research conductedwith clear value, which is often assessedin terms of positive impact in areas such

as social and educational inHuence) It mayalso change ways of thin+ing or suggestnew direction for research and theory)


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%ontoh

Cill classroom practices designed to increasemotivation also reduce discipline problems$

Chat are eects of cooperative learning strategieson achievement and attitude$

/oes a model of teaching based on cognitive scienceresult in better comprehension and longer retentionthan traditional instruction$

Cill portfolio assessments result in better

achievement that traditional assessment$ Cill teaching strategies based on students learning

style result in stronger motivation and higherachievement$


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Replicate and :!tend

R:P'I%0TI(. suggest that the research isbasically a ?repeat> of earlier wor+3essentiallythe same hypothesis is tested or the sameresearch question is as+ed but with designthat provides for an additional piece ofinformation)

Replicate and e!tend 0 model of research

favoring the repetition of an earlier study withan additional feature that enhances isgeneraliation


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7as it 0lready 9een0nswered$

Pertanyaan di atas di-awaban dengan istilahyang disebut R:;I:C (F 'IT:R0T8R:)

Review of 'iterature 0 summary of past andcurrent research and thin+ing on a speciBc

researchable topic, (r 0 term referring to a description of the prior

research that is related to the study


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Chat type of data willanswer it$ There are many dierent types of educational data and

many dierent methods used to gather such data)

There are outcomes beyond those measured by*tandardied test, and they may be assessed with

questionnaires, essay test, oral interviews, behavioralobservations, portfolios, performance measures, andmany other)

These assessments may be used to measuredattitudes, motivation, persistence, creativity, optimism,

emotional ad-ustment, ability to form an argument oralthough some may not ?measure up> to standardsusing the criteria of reliability and validity)


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Types of educational4easure %ognitive measures :ducational tests that

measure mental abilities and schoolachievement)

0ective measures are targeted toward traits,feelings, values, attitudes, interests, beliefs, andperceptions) These may be self3directed


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/elimitations

/elimitations deBne the scope of the study)That is, they set the boundaries of the study

.ormally under control of the researcher

:!amples include number and +inds of sub-ects

treatment conditions

tests, measures, instruments used

type of equipment

location, environmental setting

type of training


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'imitations

'imitations are very similar todelimitations, but they tend to focus onpotential wea+nesses of the study

:!amples include

sampling problems


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'imitations continued

Possible shortcomings of the study ) )) usually cannot be controlled by theresearcher the researcher will, of course, try to

eliminate e!tremely serious wea+nessesbefore the study is commenced

4ay be a result of assumptions notbeing met

.o study is perfectJ the researcher

recognies the wea+nesses


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T8&0*

9uat atau susun pertanyaan penelitianmasing3masing " buah dari

1) /es+riptif

) Perbandingan

") 0sosiatif

9eri+an alasan mengapa pertanyaan3pertanyaan tersebut merupa+anpertanyaan penelitian yang -awabanyamemerlu+an metode ilmiahK

3. metlit p.jarnawi pertemuan ke-3 (masalah dalam riset)

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