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    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department

    University of Indonesia

    Semester Genap 2013-2014

    Introduction to CastingProcess

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bambang SuharnoKuliah Pembentukan Logam

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    University of

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    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    Produk barang-barang manufaktur

    (casting)

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    Casting (Pengecoran Logam)

    proses pembentukan

    logam (ferrous dan

    non ferrous) dengan

    cara memasukanlogam cair kedalam

    cetakan berongga

    dan dilanjutkan

    dengan prosespembekuan

    (pendinginan) logam

    tersebut

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    Principle of mold filling

    quick& quiet

    airmetal

    air entrap

    oxidation

    turbulence

    solidification

    gravityLogam Cair

    Cetakan

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    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    Keuntungan Casting

    bentuk produk (sederhana rumit dan berongga)

    tingkat presisi (longgar sangat ketat)

    jumlah produk (satuan massal)

    berat produk (beberapa gram ton) proses pengerjaan akhir dapat minimum

    mengurangi biaya dan waktu proses

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    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    Kelemahan Casting

    Kekuatan (strength) kurang, karena terbentuk struktur

    dendrit pada metal cor (ferrous dan non ferrous)

    Cacat lubang halus (pin hole, shrinkage, dll) dapat

    berpengaruh besar pada sifat mekanis. Beberapa diperlukan proses Heat Treatment untuk

    memperbaiki sifat mekanis

    Perlu ketrampilan khusus pada proses foundry untuk

    mendapatkan benda cor yang baik dengan variabel : temperatur,

    komposisi,

    kondisi cetakan dan cairan logam

    casting design.

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    Indonesia

    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    Struktur Dendrite dan Cacat Porositas

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    University of

    Indonesia

    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    Klasifikasi Metode Casting

    Berdasarkan material cetakan

    Cetakan pasir,

    Cetakan Keramik

    Cetakan logam Berdasarkan tekanan (pressure) yang diberikan pada

    saat logam cair mengisi cetakan

    gaya gravitasi (gravity casting),

    tekanan rendah (low pressure die casting) < 20 MPa tekanan tinggi (high pressure die casting) 2080 MPa

    gaya setrifugal (centrifugal casting),

    Vakum

    Cari di web video atau animasi metode-metode casting

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    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    Klasifikasi Metode Casting

    Cetakan permanen atau cetakan logam

    untuk pengecoran gravitasi dan pengecoran

    dengan tekanan (pressure die casting)

    dipakai berulang-ulang produksi massal Pada proses dengan cetakan expendable

    cetakan pasir, cetakan kulit (shell moulding)

    dan cetakan invesment/keramik (investment

    mold) sekali pakai

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    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

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    Summary of Casting Processes

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    Characteristics of Casting

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    Indonesia

    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    Pengecoran Logam Skala Industri

    4 proses teknologi pengecoran logam yang sangat

    populer yakni:

    pengecoran cetakan pasir (sand casting)dan

    pengecoran invesment (investment casting)

    untukproses pengecoran logam ferrous seperti besi cor

    (cast iron) dan berbagai baja cor paduan (alloy steel

    casting).

    pengecoran gravitasi (gravity casting)dan

    pengecoran dengan tekanan (pressure die casting)

    yang banyak dipergunakan untuk logam non ferrous

    dengan titik lebur relatif rendah terutama paduan

    aluminium dan magnesium

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    Proses Pengecoran Skala Industri

    Baca: http://www.diecasting.org/faq/

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    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    Produk Pengecoran Logam

    Komponen industri otomotif

    Komponen Industri elektronik dan rumah tangga

    Component or Spare Part for industries:

    Mining

    Oil and Gas

    Metal Treatment

    Cement

    Petrochemical

    Power Plant Steel Mill

    Fertilizer

    Pulp and Paper

    Glass and Rubber

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    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    Typical Cast Parts

    Figure 11.1 (a) Typical gray-iron castings used in automobiles, including the transmission

    valve body (left) and the hub rotor with disk-brake cylinder (front). Source: Courtesy of

    Central Foundry Division of General Motors Corporation. (b) A cast transmission housing.

    (c) The Polaroid PDC-2000 digital camera with a AZ191D die-cast high-purity magnesium

    case. (d) A two-piece Polaroid camera case made by the hot-chamber die-casting process.

    Source: Courtesy of Polaroid Corporation and Chicago White Metal Casting, Inc.

    (a)

    (b)

    (c)

    (d)

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    Examples of cast parts

    Metal: Aluminum

    Process: Die Cast

    Weight: 14.6 lbs

    Size: Large(over 12X12)

    Market: Automotive

    Description: Transmission Gear Case

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    Metal: Magnesium

    Process: Die Cast

    Weight: 90 gramsSize: Medium(3X3 to 12X12)

    Market: Computer/Electronics

    Description: Military Hand Held Radio Housing

    Examples of cast parts

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    Metal: Zinc

    Process: Die Cast

    Weight: 0.39 lbsSize: Medium(3X3 to 12X12)

    Market: Automotive

    Description: Police/Commercial Spot Light Hsng.

    Examples of cast parts

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    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    Metal: Aluminum

    Process: Die Cast

    Weight: 19 lbs

    Size: Large(over 12X12)

    Market: Automotive

    Description: Lower crankcase

    Examples of cast parts

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    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    Metal: Zinc

    Process: Die Cast

    Weight: 0.244 oz

    Size: Very Small(1X1)

    Market: Computer/Electronics

    Description: A shielded cable header for

    housing electrical connector pins

    Examples of cast parts

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    Metal: Aluminum

    Process: Die CastWeight: xx

    Size: Medium(3X3 to 12X12)

    Market: Sports/Recreation

    Description: wankel snowmobile engine rotor housing

    Examples of cast parts

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    Indonesia

    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    Product : automotive component for domestic

    and regional market

    ADC12, AC2B,AC4B, AC8H

    Cylinder Head, PistonCrankcase,Plate Oil SeparateCylinder ComShock Breaker

    All St l C ti I d t

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    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    Alloy Steel Casting Industry

    Product

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    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department

    University of Indonesia

    Semester Genap 2013-2014

    Cetakan (Mold)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bambang Suharno

    Kuliah Pembentukan Logam

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    Cetakan

    Fungsi : memberikan bentuk dan

    dimensipada benda yang akan diproduksi.

    Tidak ada hasil benda cor yang lebih baik dari

    kondisi cetakannya. Untuk mendapatkan benda cor yang baik,

    maka cetakan harus lebih baik lagi.

    Cacat pada benda hasil cor yang terjaditerutama diakibatkan kondisi cetakan yang

    kurang sempurna (bermasalah).

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    University of

    Indonesia

    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    1. Cetakan Pasir (Sand Mold)

    Pasir (silika, chromit, zircon dll)

    Murah (silika)

    Dapat dipergunakan kembali

    Bersifat isolator, pendinginan lambat(hasil butir kasar dibandingkan dengancetakan logam)

    Hasil permukaan : kasar mulus

    Sifat produksi : satuan masal

    Dimensi kurang akurat, harus finishingseperti machining (bubut, frais, bor dll)

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    Indonesia

    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    Syarat Pasir Cetak

    Memiliki sifat mampu bentuk dan mampu menahan

    logam cair waktu dituang kedalamnya

    Permeabilitas yang cocok agar gas atau udara yang

    terjadi dalam cetakan waktu penuangan, dapat keluar

    dan tidak masuk kedalam logam cair/produk

    Distribusi besar butir pasir yang cocok, butir halus

    akan memperhalus permukaan namun dapat

    menghambat gas keluar sehingga berakibat cacat

    Tahan panas terhadap temperatur logam yang

    dituang (perlu komposisi kimia dan senyawa ikutan

    yang cocok)

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    Indonesia

    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    Pasir silika

    Berasal dari : Bangka, Tuban

    atau Sukabumi.

    Umumnya berwarna putih

    dengan kandungan clay

    yang rendah. Lokasi bisa

    dipantai, gunung, kali dll.

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    Indonesia

    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    Bahan Pengikat (Binder)

    bentonit (clay: secarafisik)

    furan atau pep-set(secara kimia)

    Ada juga menggunakanpasir silika denganresin (resin coated

    sand) yang digunakansebagai cetakan kulit(shell moulding) ataupasir inti (core).

    Bahan pengikat bentoni t

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    Production Steps in Sand-Casting

    Figure 11.2 Outline of production steps in a typical sand-casting operation.

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    Sand Casting

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    Sequence of

    Operationsfor

    Sand-

    Casting

    Figure 11.8 Schematic illustration of the sequence of operations for sand casting. (a) A

    mechanical drawing of the part is used to generate a design for the pattern. Considerations suchas part shrinkage and draft must be built into the drawing. (b-c) Patterns have been mounted on

    plates equipped with pins for alignment. Note the presence of core prints designed to hold the core

    in place. (d-e) Core boxes produce core halves, which are pasted together. The cores will be

    used to produce the hollow area of the part shown in (a). (f) The cope half of the mold is

    assembled by securing the cope pattern plate to the flask with aligning pins and attaching inserts to

    form the sprue and risers. Continued on next slide.

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    Sequence of

    Operations

    for Sand-

    Casting,

    Cont.

    (g) The flask is rammed with sand and rthe plate and inserts are removed. (h) The drag half is

    produced in a similar manner with the pattern inserted. A bottom board is placed below the drag

    and aligned with pins. (i) The pattern , flask, and bottom board are inverted; and the pattern iswithdrawn, leaving the appropriate imprint. (j) The core is set in place within the drag cavity. (k)

    The mold is closed by placing the cope on top of the drag and securing the assembly with pins.

    The flasks the are subjected to pressure to counteract buoyant forces in the liquid, which might lift

    the cope. (l) After the metal solidifies, the casting is removed from the mold. (m) The sprue and

    risers are cut off and recycled, and the casting is cleaned, inspected, and heat treated (when

    necessary). Source: Courtesy of Steel Founders Society of America

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    Sand Casting

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    Vertical Flaskless Molding

    Figure 11.7 Vertical flaskless molding. (a) Sand is squeezed between two

    halves of the pattern. (b) Assembled molds pass along an assembly line

    for pouring. (c) A photograph of a vertical flaskless molding line. Source:

    Courtesy of American Foundry Society.

    (c)

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    Cetakan Pasir

    Cetakan pasir menggunakanmoulding machine dengan

    ukuran yang besar, meng

    gunakan tenaga hidrolik.Cetakan ini digunakan dalam

    jumlah yang besar (mass pro-

    duction) yang menggunakan

    pola dari logam (aluminium)

    agar tidak cepat rusak.

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    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    Pattern atau Pola untuk Cetakan Pasir

    Pola Kayu Pola Stereform

    E d bl M ld C ti

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    Expendable Mold Casting -

    Expanded Polystrene Mold

    Pattern made from Polystrene and vaporized when in contact withmolten metal. The pattern can include the sprue and runner. No cope /drag is needed.

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    2.Cetakan Keramik

    Agak relatif lebih mahal (bahan import misalpasir Zirkon)

    Tidak dapat direklamasi

    Bersifat isolator Permukaan : mulushalus

    Sifat produksi : massal

    Untuk benda cor yang cukup rumit

    Methode: investment/precision casting

    I C i

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    Investment Casting

    Mould for wax patterns Wax patterns Mould, dewaxedand fired

    Pouring Casting as-demoulded, withsprue and runners

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    Investment Casting Process

    Figure 11.13 Schematic illustration of investment casting (lost-wax) process.

    Castings by this method can be made with very fine detail and from a variety

    of metals. Source: Courtesy of Steel Founders Society of America.

    3 C t k L

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    3. Cetakan Logam Logam (baja, besi tuang, kuningan dll)

    Mahal (terutama pembuatan dan design).

    Bersifat non isolator, pendinginan cepat: menghasilkan

    struktur yang halus meningkat sifat mekanis

    Permukaan : halus sangat halus.

    Sifat produksi : harus massal.

    Menggunakan coating (pelapis) agar permukaan cetakan

    retak atau tererosi.

    Coating juga berfungsi sebagai isolator sehinggapermukaan cetakan tidak overheating

    Pendinginan cepat menghasilkan struktur yang halus

    meningkat sifat mekanis.

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    Cetakan Logam

    1. Preheat mold and spray-coating

    2. Insert core and close mold

    3. Pour molten metal

    4. Finished part

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    Cetakan Logam

    Benda hasil corberupa manifold

    dikeluarkan dari

    cetakan, secara

    Manual (bantuantangan).

    Benda cor dengan

    pertolongan pin

    keluar dari

    cetakan.

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    High Pressure Die Casting

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    Hot-Chamber Die-Casting

    Figure 11.17 Schematic illustration of the hot-chamber die-casting process.

    C ld Ch b Di C ti

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    Cold-Chamber Die-Casting

    Figure 11.18 Schematic illustration of the cold-chamber die-casting process.

    These machines are large compared to the size of the casting, because high

    forces are required to keep the two halves of the dies closed under pressure.

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    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department

    University of Indonesia

    Semester Genap 2013-2014

    Dapur Peleburan

    (Furnace)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bambang SuharnoKuliah Pembentukan Logam

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    Reverberatory

    (Hearth Furnace) misal peleburan Aluminium

    Reverberatory

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    Reverberatory

    (Hearth Furnace)

    Jenis dapur tertua Menggunakan sistem pembakaran langsung

    melalui burner ke arah umpan hingga umpanmeleleh

    Umpan (bahan baku) diletakkan di bagianbawah, sumber api berapa di atas kemudianpanasnya dapat diteruskan melalui konveksiataupun radiasi ke arah umpan

    Effesiensi panasnya rendah

    Kapasitasnya bervariasi umumnya besar danoperasi non-stop untuk menekan biaya bahanbakar (panas sesudahnya dapat digunakankembali)

    Plant ie

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    Plant viewPlant view

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    Rotation Reverberatory

    Circular moving

    Horizontal moving

    Plant view

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    Plant view

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    Crucible Furnace

    Menggunakan krusibel atau kowi dari bahan

    refraktori (batu tahan api) ataupun logam

    sebagai penampung umpan dan logam cair

    Sumber panasnya bisa dari bahan bakar(internal atau external) ataupun energi listrik

    Panas dari sumber panas sebagian besar

    dialirkan dengan cara konveksi melalui krusible

    Kapasitasnya sangat bervariasi dari beberapagram sampai ukuran ton

    Effisiensinya panasnya cukup baik

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    Crucible Furnace

    Simple, external, fixed, coke or coal firedcrucible furnace

    Melting Proses

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    Melting ProsesDapur Krusibel

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    Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

    Fixed type

    Tilting and moving type

    I d ti C ibl F

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    Induction Crucible Furnace

    Melting Proses

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    Melting ProsesDapur Induction

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    Holding Furnace

    Digunakan :

    Menahan temperatur logam cair

    Proses Alloying

    Proses Degassing, dll

    Biasanya digunakan dapur induksi ataupun

    dapur pemanas listrik yang menggunakan

    elemen Dapat juga dilakukan di dalam ladle yang

    menggunakan pemanas baik berupa burner

    ataupun elemen

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    Degassing furnace

    Fixed holdingfurnace

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    Arc Furnace

    Horizontal Arc Furnace Vertical Arc Furnace

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    Kupola

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