1.pendahuluan 2
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Geologi Geologi
Statistika Statistika
the present is the key to the past (hari ini adalah kunci hari kemarin),
the present is the key to the future.
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Thinking ChallengeThinking Challenge
In its 1994 annual In its 1994 annual survey, the American survey, the American Council on Education Council on Education reported that 12.5% of reported that 12.5% of college students college students smoke. In this class, smoke. In this class, what is the % of what is the % of students who smoke? students who smoke? What must you do to What must you do to answer this question?answer this question?
AloneAlone GroupGroup Class Class
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Thinking ChallengeThinking Challenge
1. Apakah ada beda signifikan pada 1. Apakah ada beda signifikan pada komposisi dua contoh granit yang komposisi dua contoh granit yang berasal berasal dari dua intrusi?; dari dua intrusi?;
2. Apakah ada sifat siklusitas yang teratur 2. Apakah ada sifat siklusitas yang teratur pada perulangan pada perulangan lapisan-lapisan tipis batu lapisan-lapisan tipis batu gamping?gamping?
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Introduction to Introduction to StatisticsStatistics
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
What Is Statistics?What Is Statistics?
1.1. The science of dataThe science of data
2.2. Involves:Involves: CollectingCollecting ClassifyingClassifying SummarizingSummarizing OrganizingOrganizing AnalyzingAnalyzing InterpretingInterpreting
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
What Is Statistics?What Is Statistics?
Why?Why?1.1. The science of dataThe science of data
2.2. Involves:Involves: CollectingCollecting ClassifyingClassifying SummarizingSummarizing OrganizingOrganizing AnalyzingAnalyzing InterpretingInterpreting
PurposesPurposesPurposesPurposes
UnderstandingUnderstanding
© 1984-1994 T/Maker Co.
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
What Is Statistics?What Is Statistics?
Why?Why?1.1. The science of dataThe science of data
2.2. Involves:Involves: CollectingCollecting ClassifyingClassifying SummarizingSummarizing OrganizingOrganizing AnalyzingAnalyzing InterpretingInterpreting
PurposesPurposesPurposesPurposes
UnderstandingUnderstanding
Decision-Decision-MakingMaking
© 1984-1994 T/Maker Co.
© 1984-1994 T/Maker Co.
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Examples of UsesExamples of Uses
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Examples of UsesExamples of Uses
AccountingAccounting AuditingAuditing CostingCosting
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Examples of UsesExamples of Uses
AccountingAccounting AuditingAuditing CostingCosting
ManagementManagement Describe employeesDescribe employees Quality improvementQuality improvement
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Examples of UsesExamples of Uses
AccountingAccounting AuditingAuditing CostingCosting
ManagementManagement Describe employeesDescribe employees Quality improvementQuality improvement
FinanceFinance Financial trendsFinancial trends ForecastingForecasting
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Examples of UsesExamples of Uses
AccountingAccounting AuditingAuditing CostingCosting
ManagementManagement Describe employeesDescribe employees Quality improvementQuality improvement
FinanceFinance Financial trendsFinancial trends ForecastingForecasting
MarketingMarketing Consumer Consumer
preferencespreferences Marketing mix effectsMarketing mix effects
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Types of Types of Statistical ApplicationsStatistical Applications
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Types of Types of Statistical Statistical
ApplicationsApplications
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Types of Types of Statistical Statistical
ApplicationsApplications
StatisticalMethods
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Types of Types of Statistical Statistical
ApplicationsApplications
StatisticalMethods
DescriptiveStatistics
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Types of Types of Statistical Statistical
ApplicationsApplications
StatisticalMethods
DescriptiveStatistics
InferentialStatistics
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Descriptive Descriptive StatisticsStatistics
1.1. InvolvesInvolves Collecting dataCollecting data Presenting dataPresenting data Characterizing Characterizing
datadata
2.2. PurposePurpose Describe dataDescribe data
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Descriptive Descriptive StatisticsStatistics
1.1. InvolvesInvolves Collecting dataCollecting data Presenting dataPresenting data Characterizing Characterizing
datadata
2.2. PurposePurpose Describe dataDescribe data X = 30.5 SX = 30.5 S22 = 113 = 113
00
2525
5050
Q1Q1 Q2Q2 Q3Q3 Q4Q4
$$
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Inferential StatisticsInferential Statistics
1.1. InvolvesInvolves EstimationEstimation Hypothesis Hypothesis
testingtesting
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Inferential StatisticsInferential Statistics
1.1. InvolvesInvolves EstimationEstimation Hypothesis Hypothesis
testingtesting
Population?Population?
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Inferential StatisticsInferential Statistics
1.1. InvolvesInvolves EstimationEstimation Hypothesis Hypothesis
testingtesting
2.2. PurposePurpose Make decisions Make decisions
about population about population characteristicscharacteristics
Population?Population?
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Fundamental ElementsFundamental Elements
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Fundamental Fundamental ElementsElements
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Fundamental Fundamental ElementsElements
1.1. PopulationPopulation: All items : All items of interestof interest
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Fundamental Fundamental ElementsElements
1.1. PopulationPopulation: All items : All items of interestof interest PopulationPopulation
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Fundamental Fundamental ElementsElements
1.1. PopulationPopulation: All items : All items of interestof interest
2.2. VariableVariable: Population : Population characteristiccharacteristic
PopulationPopulation
2119
20
1819
18
20 2018
AgeAge
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Fundamental Fundamental ElementsElements
1.1. PopulationPopulation: All items : All items of interestof interest
2.2. VariableVariable: Population : Population characteristic characteristic
3.3. SampleSample: Portion of : Portion of populationpopulation
PopulationPopulation
2119
20
1819
18
20 2018
AgeAge
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Fundamental Fundamental ElementsElements
1.1. PopulationPopulation: All items : All items of interestof interest
2.2. VariableVariable: Population : Population characteristiccharacteristic
3.3. SampleSample: Portion of : Portion of populationpopulation
PopulationPopulation
SampleSample
21211919
20
1819
18
20 2018
AgeAge
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Fundamental Fundamental ElementsElements
1.1. PopulationPopulation: All items : All items of interestof interest
2.2. VariableVariable: Population : Population characteristiccharacteristic
3.3. SampleSample: Portion of : Portion of populationpopulation
4.4. ParameterParameter: Summary : Summary measure about measure about populationpopulation
Population Population mean age, mean age, , is 19.2, is 19.2
PopulationPopulation
SampleSample
21211919
20
1819
18
20 2018
AgeAge
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Fundamental Fundamental ElementsElements
1.1. PopulationPopulation: All items : All items of interestof interest
2.2. VariableVariable: Population : Population characteristiccharacteristic
3.3. SampleSample: Portion of : Portion of populationpopulation
4.4. ParameterParameter: Summary : Summary measure about measure about populationpopulation
5.5. StatisticStatistic: Summary : Summary measure about measure about samplesample
Population Population mean age, mean age, , is 19.2, is 19.2
PopulationPopulation
SampleSample
Sample Sample mean age,mean age, XX, is 20, is 20
21211919
20
1819
18
20 2018
AgeAge
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Types of DataTypes of Data
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Data TypesData Types
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Data TypesData Types
Data
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Data TypesData Types
Data
Quantitative
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Data TypesData Types
Data
Quantitative Qualitative
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Data TypesData Types
Data
Quantitative Qualitative
Interval Ratio
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Data TypesData Types
Data
Quantitative Qualitative
Interval Ratio Nominal Ordinal
Data
Quantitative Qualitative
Interval Ratio Nominal Ordinal
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Data Type ExamplesData Type Examples
QuantitativeQuantitative IntervalInterval
What is the temperature? ___ (° Celsius)What is the temperature? ___ (° Celsius) Ratio Ratio
How tall are you? ___ (Inches)How tall are you? ___ (Inches)
QualitativeQualitative NominalNominal
Do you own savings bonds? __ Yes __ NoDo you own savings bonds? __ Yes __ No OrdinalOrdinal
How do you rate this (excellent, good, bad)? ___How do you rate this (excellent, good, bad)? ___
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Are they quantitative or qualitative? Are they quantitative or qualitative?
Thinking ChallengeThinking Challenge
1.1. GenderGender Male, femaleMale, female
2.2. WeightWeight 123, 140.2 etc.123, 140.2 etc.
3.3. Auto speedAuto speed 78, 64, 45 etc.78, 64, 45 etc.
4.4. TemperatureTemperature 78, 64, 85 etc.78, 64, 85 etc.
5.5. # Siblings# Siblings 0-2, 3-5, 6+0-2, 3-5, 6+
6.6. Letter gradeLetter grade A, B, C etc.A, B, C etc.
AloneAlone GroupGroup Class Class
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Collecting DataCollecting Data
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Data SourcesData Sources
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Data SourcesData Sources
DataSources
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Data SourcesData Sources
DataSources
Primary
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Data SourcesData Sources
DataSources
Primary Secondary
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Data SourcesData Sources
DataSources
Primary Secondary
Experiment
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Data SourcesData Sources
DataSources
Primary Secondary
Experiment Survey
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Data SourcesData Sources
DataSources
Primary Secondary
Experiment Survey Observation
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Data SourcesData Sources
DataSources
Primary Secondary
Experiment Survey Observation Published
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
ConclusionConclusion
1.1. Defined statisticsDefined statistics
2.2. Described the uses of statisticsDescribed the uses of statistics
3.3. Distinguished descriptive & inferential Distinguished descriptive & inferential statisticsstatistics
4.4. Defined population, sample, variable, Defined population, sample, variable, parameter, & statisticparameter, & statistic
5.5. Explained the types of dataExplained the types of data
6.6. Compared the sources of dataCompared the sources of data
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
This Class...This Class...
1.1. What was the most important thing you What was the most important thing you learned in class today?learned in class today?
2.2. What do you still have questions about?What do you still have questions about?
3.3. How can today’s class be improved?How can today’s class be improved?
Please take a moment to answer the following questions in writing:
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© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 1998 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Tuliskan!Tuliskan!
1.1.Apa hal yang paling penting Anda Apa hal yang paling penting Anda pelajari di kelas hari ini? pelajari di kelas hari ini?
2.2.Pertanyaan apa yang diajukan?Pertanyaan apa yang diajukan?
3.3.Apa yang perlu diperbaiki dari Apa yang perlu diperbaiki dari pertemuan hari ini?pertemuan hari ini?
End of Chapter
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