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THE INVESTIGATION INTO QUANTIFYING OMMUM VISCOSITY OF SCC MIX DESIGN
Wilmi Anak Nyokiew
TA Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
439 (Civil Engineering) W742 2006 2006
1ll
SULIT
TERHAD
TIDAK TERHAD
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(T ND (TANGAN PENULIS)
Judul: THE INVESTIGATION INTO QUANTIFYING OPTIMUM VISCOSITY OF SCC MIX DESIGN
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2002 - 2006
Saya WILMI ANAK NYOKIEW (HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia
Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
I. Hakmilik kertas projek adalah di bawah nama penulis melainkan penulisan sebagai projek bersama dan
dibiayai oleh UNIMAS, hakmiliknya adalah kepunyaan UNIMAS. 2. Naskhah salinan di dalam bentuk kertas atau mikro hanya boleh dibuat dengan kebenaran bertulis
daripada penulis. 3. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, UNIMAS dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk pengajian mereka. 4. Kertas projek hanya boleh diterbitkan dengan kebenaran penulis. Bayaran royalti adalah mengikut kadar
yang dipersetujui kelak. 5* Saya membenarkan/tidak membenarkan Perpustakaan membuat salinan kertas projek ini sebagai bahan
pertukaran di antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 6. '" Sila tandakan (v )
II
I
I
j
Disahkan oleh
Alarnat tetap: 74B, Taman Homemart, Jalan Batu Kawa, 93250 Kuching, Sarawak.
P. KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK UNIMAS
III 11NIIYIIIIIII111IIVIIV 1000165983 Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
Kota Samarahan
BORANG PENYERAHAN TESIS
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/ badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
I
Dr. Mohammad Ibrahim Safawi bin Mohammad Zain ( Nama Penyelia )
Turikh:
(ATATAN
(/GS
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I
(TAND)KTANGAN PENYELIA)
Tarikh: ýv/ý /Cl
Potong yang tidak berkenaan. Jika Kertas Projek ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/
organisasi berkenaan dengan menyertakan sekali tempoh kertas projek. Ini perlu dikelaskan
sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
FORM OF ACCEPTANCE
This report entitled "The Investigation into Quantifying Optimum Viscosity of
SCC Mix Design" was written by Wilmi Anak Nyokiew as a partially fulfillment
for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Civil Engineering in UNIMAS
is accepted and certified by:
1A f/r, Dr. MoJ ammad Ibrahim Safawi bin Mohammad Zain Date
(Project Supervisor)
i
DECLARATION
No portion of the work referred to the dissertation has been submitted in support
of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any university of
higher learning.
i (WILMI ANAK NYOKIEW)
11
Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Alcsdemuc UNI VERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK.
Dedicate To
My Beloved Parent, Brothers, Sister, and Fiancee
111
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to express his gratitude and appreciation to his
supervisor, Dr. Mohamad Ibrahim Safawi for his guidance, supervision, advice,
support and encouragement through the completion of this study. The author
thanks him for the help and time spend in comment, suggestion and thoughtful
tips throughout the duration of this study, whish is enable the author to learn a lot
of knowledge and skills in the analysis of the data. A word of thanks also goes to
the staff of the University Malaysia Sarawak and all the individuals who have
involve in helping the author conducting this study.
The author also appreciates the blessings and sacrifices given by the
author's family members and fiancee, Jibby Jinang for their concern, loving,
supports, advices and encouragement directly or indirectly into this study.
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ABSTRACT
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is known for its excellent deformability,
high resistance to segregation and use without applying vibration in congested
reinforced concrete structures. In cases of optimum flowability and viscosity, a
high viscous paste is required to avoid the blockage of coarse aggregate when
concrete flows through obstacle. Paste with high viscosity also prevents localized
increases in the internal stress due to the approach of coarse aggregate particles.
The method for achieving self-compatibility involved resistance to segregation
between aggregate and mortar when the concrete flows. Twelve mixtures with
water-cement ratio between 0.35 to 0.50 and water content 400 kg/m3 to 600
kg/m3 were designed in order to determine the optimum viscosity of SCC. The
methods used in this study are T-500, slump flow and V-funnel flow test. The
optimum viscosity of SCC in this study achieved when proportions of water-
cement ratio is 0.40 to 0.45 and cement content 400 kg/m3 to 500 kg/m3.
Keywords: high fluidity concrete, self-compacting concrete, V-fimmel time,
flow time, viscosity
V
ABSTRAK
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) dikenali dengan sifat rintangan perubahan
bentuk, daya kelikatan yang tinggi dan tanpa bantuan mesin gegar untuk
membolehkan SCC memenuhi ruang di antara tetulang besi. Dalam aspek
kebolehan-aliaran dan kelikatan yang optimum, simen yang cukup likat mampu
mengelak sekatan batuan ketika pengaliran melalui celahan tetulang besi. Simen
yang mempunyai sifat likat yang tinggi juga mengelak daripada tekanan dalaman
akibat daripada batuan yang saling berlanggar antara satu dengan yang lain.
Kaedah untuk memperoleh sifat kebolehpadatan melibatkan rintangan dalam
pengasingan antara batu dan pasir dengan mortar ketika pengaliran konkrit. Sifat
kebolehpadatan konkrit dapat dicapai dengan menghadkan kandungan batu dan
pasir, nisbah air kepada simen yang rendah dan penggunaan superplasticizer. Dua
belas sampel konkrit dengan nisbab air kepada simen antara 0.35 dan 0.50 dan
kandungan simen antara 400 kg/m3 dan 600 kg/m3 telah direka untuk menentukan
kelikatan SCC yang optimum. Kaedah-kaedah yang digunakan dalam kaji selidik
ini ialah T-500, pengaliran kejatuhan dan pengaliran corong-V. SCC yang dicapai
dalam kajian ini diperoleh apabila nisbah air kepada simen di antara 0.40 dan 0.45
dan kandungan simen di antara 400 kg/m3 dan 500 kg/m3.
V1
Pint Khidmat Maktimat AlcadtmI LIMVERSIT1 MALAYSIASARAWAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content
FORM OF ACCEPTANCE
DECLARATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF PHOTOS
NOMENCLATURE
Page
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111
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vii
xi
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xvi
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CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of self-compacting concrete (SCC)
1.3 Objective of study
1.4 Study approach
1.5 Outline of project report
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
2.2 SCC with high viscosity and workability
2.3 Components of concrete
2.3.1 Cement
2.3.2 Water
2.3.3 Coarse aggregate
2.3.4 Fine aggregate
2.3.5 Superplasticizer
2.4 Fresh concrete with superplasticizer
2.5 Types of Superplasticizer
2.6 Flowability SCC
2.7 Effects of Water-cement ratio and cementatious in
workability
2.8 Factors affecting workability
2.8.1 Aggregate
2.8.2 Time and temperature
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2.9 Characteristics and proportions of materials
2.9.1 Okamura's method
2.9.2 Air content
2.9.3 Course aggregate content
2.9.4 Fine aggregate content
2.9.5 Volumetric water-cement ratio
2.9.6 Superplasticizer dosage
2.10 Summary
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 General
3.2 Material used in the experiment
3.2.1 Cement
3.2.2 Water
3.2.3 Coarse aggregate
3.2.4 Fine aggregate
3.2.5 Superplasticizer
3.3 Mix proportion
3.4 Equipment used in the experiment
3.4.1 Mixer machine
3.4.2 V-funnel
3.4.3 Slump flow test apparatus
3.5 Testing of fresh concrete
3.5.1 Concrete flow test (slump test)
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2.5.2 T-500 test
2.5.3 V-funnel test
3.6 Summary
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 General
4.2 Testing viscosity and fresh concrete
4.3 Data analysis
4.4 Parameter in the experiment
4.5 Analysis on viscosity
4.6 Analysis summary
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CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSSION 51
CHAPTER SIX: RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Limitation of the study 53
6.2 Recommendations 53
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A- Photograph of laboratory works
APPENDIX B- Mix proportion of SCC
APPENDIX C- Mixing procedure
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X
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Page
Table 2.1: Main compounds of Portland cement (Neville, 2002) 22
Table 2.2: Main types of Portland cement (Neville, 2002) 23
Table 2.3: Apparent specific gravity of different rock 24
group (Neville, 2002)
Table 2.4: Typical average of compound composition of Portland 25
cements of different types. (A. MNevi le)
Table 4.1: Summarize experiment result. 37
Table 4.2: Results test on three selected sample. 43
Table 4.3: Parameters of the W40-500, W40-C600 and W45-C400.45
R1
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 2.1: Basic requirements for successful casting of SCC 15
Figure 2.2: A Rational mix-design method or self-compacting concrete. 19
Figure 2.3: Okamura's Method. 19
Figure 2.4: Checking the significant of the V-time. 26
Figure 2.5: Variation of SC with V-time. 27
Figure 2.6: Relationship between slump flow and V-time. 27
Figure 3.1: Dimension of cone and V-funnel used in concrete 32
experiments.
Figure 4.1: Comparison between three different cementatious 40
with same w/c (0.45) on slump flow.
Figure 4.2: Comparison between three different cementatious 40
with same w/c (0.45) on T-500 flow time.
Figure 4.3: Comparison between 12 different mixes on T-500 flow time. 41
Figure 4.4: Comparison between 12 different mixes on slump flow. 42
Figure 4.5: Flow of twelve different SCCs. 44
Figure 4.6: The relationship of slump flow of fresh concrete and 46
water-cement ratio at various dosage of cement.
Figure 4.7: Flow time of SCCs measured by V-funnel test. 46
Figure 4.8: Workability windows for three selected SCCs 48
X11
Figure C 1: Dimension V-funnel used in concrete experiments. 78
Figure C2: The slump flow test. 79
X111
LIST OF PHOTOS
Photos Page
Photo 1: Slump Test of W35-C400 showed no flow. 38
Photo 2: Slump Test of W40-C400 showed no flow. 39
Photo 3: Slump Test of W35-C600 with flow diameter 610 mm 58
and T-500 time for the mix is 6.11 seconds.
Photo 4: Slump Test of W35-C500 with flow diameter 490 mm 58
and T-500 time for the mix is 8.2 seconds.
Photo 5: Slump Test of W40-C500 with flow diameter 630 mm 59
and T-500 time for the mix is 5.10 seconds.
Photo 6: Slump Test of W40-C600 with flow diameter 700 mm 59
and T-500 time for the mix is 5.01 seconds.
Photo 7: Slump Test of W45-C400 with flow diameter 600 mm 60
and T-500 time for the mix is 5.39 seconds.
Photo 8: Slump Test of W45-C500 with flow diameter 680 mm 60
and T-500 time for the mix is 3.29 seconds.
Photo 9: Slump Test of W45-C600 with flow diameter 790 mm 61
and T-500 time for the mix is 3.41 seconds.
Photo 10: Slump Test of W50-C400 with flow diameter 700 mm 61
and T-500 time for the mix is 3.37 seconds.
xiv
Photo 11: Slump Test of W50-C500 with flow diameter 800 mm 62
and T-500 time for the mix is 1.92 seconds.
Photo 12: Slump Test of W50-C600 with flow diameter 820 mm 62
and T-500 time for the mix is 1.22 seconds.
Photo 13: Flowability of W45-C400 evaluated using V-funnel. 63
xv
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Page
Table 2.1: Main compounds of Portland cement (Neville, 2002) 22
Table 2.2: Main types of Portland cement (Neville, 2002) 23
Table 2.3: Apparent specific gravity of different rock 24
group (Neville, 2002)
Table 2.4: Typical average of compound composition of Portland 25
cements of different types. (A. M Neville)
Table 4.1: Summarize experiment result. 37
Table 4.2: Results test on three selected sample. 43
Table 4.3: Parameters of the W40-500, W40-C600 and W45-C400.45
R1
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 2.1: Basic requirements for successful casting of SCC 15
Figure 2.2: A Rational mix-design method or self-compacting concrete. 19
Figure 2.3: Okamura's Method. 19
Figure 2.4: Checking the significant of the V-time. 26
Figure 2.5: Variation of SC with V-time. 27
Figure 2.6: Relationship between slump flow and V-time. 27
Figure 3.1: Dimension of cone and V-funnel used in concrete 32
experiments.
Figure 4.1: Comparison between three different cementatious 40
with same w/c (0.45) on slump flow.
Figure 4.2: Comparison between three different cementatious 40
with same w/c (0.45) on T-500 flow time.
Figure 4.3: Comparison between 12 different mixes on T-500 flow time. 41
Figure 4.4: Comparison between 12 different mixes on slump flow. 42
Figure 4.5: Flow of twelve different SCCs. 44
Figure 4.6: The relationship of slump flow of fresh concrete and 46
water-cement ratio at various dosage of cement.
Figure 4.7: Flow time of SCCs measured by V-funnel test. 46
Figure 4.8: Workability windows for three selected SCCs 48
X11
Figure C 1: Dimension V-funnel used in concrete experiments. 78
Figure C2: The slump flow test. 79
X111
NOMENCLATURE
A
C
D
G
Gmu
HRWR
Aggregate
Cement (OPC)
Diamater
Coarse aggregate
Maximum size of aggregate
High range water reducer
M- Mortar
MSA - Maximum size of coarse aggregate
Rc
S
scc
SP
SSD
T500
va
vc VEA
um
vs W
W/C
Relative funnel speed
Fine aggregate (sand)
Self-compacting concrete
Superplasticizer
Self-saturated dry
Time taken in second to reach slump flow 500 mm
Volume of aggregate
Volume of cement
Viscosity enhancement admixture
Volume of mortar
Volume of sand
Water
Water-cement ratio
xvi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
Self-compacting or self-consolidating concrete (SCC) can be regarded as a
high-performance concrete that exhibits a low resistance to flows under its own
weight over a long distance without the need of using vibrators, and a moderate
viscosity to maintain a homogeneous deformation through restricted sections
while keeping the coarse aggregate homogenous in the mix. SCC is used to
improve the productivity of casting congested sections and ensure the proper
filling of restricted area with minimum or no consolidation.
Workability may describe as that property of the plastic concrete mixes
which defines ease with which it can be placed and degree to which it resist
segregation. There are five factors that may affect the workability of the SCC,
which are consistency, amount of cement, properties of sand and coarse
aggregate, and time and temperature. Workability requirements necessary to
ensure self-compaction and the principles involved in proportioning such highly
flowable concrete are discussed in Chapter Four. Field oriented test useful in
evaluating the deformability and stability of SCC are presented. The performance
of concrete mixes proportioned according to two main approaches needed to
1
ensure high deformability, low risk of blockage during flow and proper stability
are compared.
In this study, the condition of high fluidity fresh mix concrete is
characterized by three criteria: slump flow, T-500 and V-funnel time (V-time).
Twelve SCC proportions were prepared with varying w/c and cement constituent
in order to achieve the target of optimum viscosity of fresh SCC properties. The
suggested mixes with 1.5% of Type F SP satisfies the requirement of fresh
properties of SCC will require 35 %, 40 %, 45 % and 50 % of water cement and
cement constituent of 400 kg/m3,500 kg/m3 and 600 kg/ m3. mixes with both
approaches were evaluated. The performance of each concrete was compared to
that of a flowable concrete with 600 to 700 mm slump corresponding to 5 and 10
seconds of T-500 and V-funnel flow tests respectively.
1.2 History of Self-Compacting Concrete
SCC also called self-consolidating concrete and abbreviated as SCC is
defined as concrete with ability that can be placed in all comers of the formwork
causing no segregation without need for consolidating. SCC was pioneered in
Japan approximately 20 years ago. Since then, the researches have been rapidly
spreading into other areas of Asia, Europe, the South-Pacific region, and North
America. SCC has been used in a number of precast component as well as cast-in
place structures in many countries around the world.
The development of SCC is considered as a milestone achievement in
concrete technology due to the following advantages; high performance in its
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fresh and hardened state (super flowability, high segregation resistance, excellent
applicability for components and structures even with complicated shape and
dense reinforcement, good interface zone, low permeability, and high strength and
durability); economic efficiency (increased casting speed and reduced labor,
energy, and cost of equipment); improved working and living environment (high
consumption of industrial by-products and reduced noise and heath hazards); and
enhancement towards automation of construction process.
Due to the possibility of producing a flowable yet viscous mix, a high
performance self-compacting concrete was founded in Japan in the late 1980s.
Since then, investigations on SCC have been carried out and self compacting
concrete has been used in practical structures mainly by large scale construction
companies. Investigations for establishing rational mix-design method and self
compatibility testing methods have also been carried out from the view point of
making SCC standard one. The methods used in this study are T-500, slump flow
and V-funnel flow test.
1.3 Objective of Study
The objectives of this study are outlined as below:
i. To show and investigate the different proportion of different quantity of
cementatious and water -cement ratio (w/c).
ii. To examine the best mix proportion of SCC based on the workability test.
iii. To find out the difference in workability of SCC with Ordinary Portland
Cement (OPC) concrete.
3