sedimenti i sedimentne stijene - rgn.hrrgn.hr/~dpavelic/og-web-pdf/og07 - sedimenti i sedimentne...
TRANSCRIPT
66
SEDIMENTI I SEDIMENTNE STIJENE
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Procesi sedimentnog ciklusa
• trošenje• erozija• transport• taloženje (sedimentacija)• zatrpavanje• dijageneza
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Stupnjevi taloženja u stijenskom ciklusu
1. trošenje i erozija
2. transport i taloženje
3. zatrpavanje i dijageneza
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
67
Sedimentne stijene
• detritične ili klastične
• kemijske
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Sedimentne stijene
• 5% volumena gornje kore• 75% kontinentalnih prostora
• često jedina zabilješka geoloških događaja
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Transport i taloženje klastičnih
sedimenata
• prijenos sedimenta vjetrom, ledom i vodom
• način transporta proizvodi različite taloge
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
68
Način djelovanja transporta na sediment
Sortiranost– varijacije u rasponu veličine zrna u
klastičnoj stijeni ili sedimentu
• dobra sortiranost
• loša sortiranost
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Sortiranost
dobra sortiranost loša sortiranost
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Način djelovanja transporta na sediment
Zaobljenost
Sferičnost
• sortiranost, zaobljenost i sferičnost se povećavaju s duljinom transporta
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
69
Zaobljenost i sferičnost
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Vrste klastičnih stijenaTemeljene na veličini zrna koja
mogu biti izgrađena od različitog materijala.
• konglomerat• breča• pješčenjak• siltit• glina (šejl)• lapor
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Sedimentne teksture
• pojedinačne teksture nam mogu dati informacije o taložnom okolišu
• teksture nam pokazuju je li sloj u normalnom položaju
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
70
Sedimentne teksture
stratifikacija = uslojenost
• proizvedena uslijed različite:1. veličine zrna2. vrste zrna
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Gradacijska slojevitost
mjerilo može biti od mm do m
d
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Turbulentne struje
• suspenzija vode, pijeska i mulja • brzina turbulentnih struja prvi put
saznana 1920.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
71
Ostali pokazatelji taloženja
• kosa slojevitost• riplovi• pukotine isušivanja• otisci kišnih kapi• fosili
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Činjenice za interpretaciju taložnog
okoliša
• sedimentne teksture• sortiranost, zaobljenost,
sferičnost• slijed slojeva
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Vrste kemijskih taložnih stijena
• vapnenac• rožnjak• sol• gips• ugljen
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
72
Kemijski okoliši: karbonati
• bistra voda
• topla voda
• organski
• anorganski
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Kemijski okoliši: evaporiti
ograničeni okoliši
• minerali se precipitiraju u skladu s njihovom topivošću
gips halit50% 90%
CaSO4•2H2O NaCl
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Model postanka evaporita
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
73
Od sedimenta do sedimentne
stijene (litifikacija)
• kompakcija
• cementacija
• rekristalizacija
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Diskordancija
• zatrpana površina erozije
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Glavni taložni okoliši
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
74
Postanak kose slojevitosti
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
mulj, glina šejl
pijesak pješčenjak
šljunak konglomerat
vapnoviti mulj vapnenac i dolomit
Produkti litifikacije
sediment sedimentna stijena(nevezan) (vezana)
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
75
Kompakcija (prvenstveno mulja)
Precipitacija novih minerala ili prirast na stare minerale
gubitak vode
cementacija
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Otapanje lakše topivih minerala
Rekristalizacija nestabilnih minerala
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Relativna zastupljenost sedimentnih stijena.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
76
Četiri glavne skupine
pješčenjaka
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Kvarcni arenit: čisti kvarc
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Arkoza: bogata feldspatima
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
77
Litični pješčenjak: bogat fragmentima stijena
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Grauvaka: bogata matriksom
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________