1. 1 (Author, 2014) Menara Putrajaya Holdings (Lot 2C2) Design architect Cox Architect Consultant architect Jafri Merican Architects Client Putrajaya Holdings Sdn Bhd Builder Putra Perdana Construction Sdn Bhd Consultants Kemasepakat Sdn Bhd, Meinhardt Faade Technology (S) Pte Ltd, Norman Disney Young Sdn Bhd Building introduction Location Lot 2C2, Precinct 2, 62100, W.P. Putrajaya Start date: 28 January 2010 Completion date: 30 June 2012 12 Storey Office Tower 4 Storey Podium Office + 2 Level Basement Carpark

2. 2 Map of Putrajaya Precincts [Map]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lcct.com.my/help/faqs/how-to-go-to-putrajaya-from- lcct Situated linearly along the waterway, Precinct1 to Precinct 5 serves as the Core Area defining the identity of Putrajaya, the federal administration centre for Malaysia. According to (Jafri Merican Architect, 2009), Lot 2C2 originally got its name from the abbreviation Precinct 2, commercial building, parcel 2. Being 25 kilometers South to Kuala Lumpur, it is an office building with a garden by the side, locating next to a waterfront sited at Precinct 2 Putrajaya. Built on a slope, Lot 2C2 has a high foyer space connecting two main building parts while functions as a main circulation path for the building. 3. 3 Primary views Secondary views (Author, 2014) Putrajaya Seri Wawasan Bridge (Author, 2014) Putra Mosque Primary view Secondary view (Author, 2014) Ministry of Finance building (Author, 2014) National Space Agency building 4. 4 Site Map of Lot 2C2 Floor plans LEVEL 1: Level of the main front entrance LEVEL 3: Office floor level A B B A 5. 5 LEVEL 4: Roofs of the 4 stories office podium LEVEL 12: Level containing the rain water tanks ROOF PLAN: Roof designed for rainwater harvesting 6. 6 Sections Section A-A Section B-B Passive design features 1. Building envelope- Sun shading louvers 2. Building orientation Building form Solar Wind 7. 7 Certifications 1. PAM Awards 2013 Silver (Category 11: Commercial High rise office) 2. Green Building Index Gold Green features:- Solar renewable energy Grey water recycling system Light colored interior surfaces with appropriate office layouts Multiple shading building envelope design Natural ventilation Rain water harvesting Optimal building orientation Site layout to reduce vehicles carbon emissions 8. 8 Optimal building orientation Multiple shading building envelope design Site layout to reduce vehicles carbon emissions Natural ventilation Rain water harvesting Grey water recycling system 9. 9 Light colored interior surfaces with appropriate office layouts Solar renewable energy 10. 10 Putrajaya, Malaysias Climate The graph displaying the temperature varies throughout the year and as an obvious point of metric system for the building to consider regarding its passive heating and cooling design. Malaysia being in the tropical rainforest climate, having the average temperature ranges between 24 degree Celsius and 32 degree Celsius. With an eight degree Celsius differences between the maximum and minimum temperatures. The average amount of sunshine hours mostly depends on the monsoon season which determined the amount of rainfall annually. For Malaysia, the average hour of sunshine is 8 hours. 34 35 35 35 36 35 34 35 35 35 34 35 30 31 32 33 32 32 31 31 31 32 32 31 25 25 25 23 26 26 26 26 26 24 24 25 23 23 21 22 23 21 22 22 23 23 23 22 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Temperatures: Average and Extreme Absolute Max Average Max Average Min Absolute Min 6 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER SUNSHINE HOURS IN PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA Hours Source: http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/Malaysia/Putrajaya/climate-profile.aspx Source: http://www.holiday-weather.com/kuala_lumpur/averages/#chart-humidity 11. 11 The rainfall each year ranges from 1500 mm to 3000 mm depending on the location. The months with the most rainfall in Putrajaya are from November to February, which is during the Northeast Monsoon season. As from May to September, the amount of rainfall declines due to the Southwest Monsoon season. The level of humidity is similar for both Malaysia and Singapore, where in the morning hours, the humidity percentage are high and then it began to drop as it reaches the afternoon but continues to hike once the sun begins to set. For Malaysia, the average humidity level is 79.5% which is lower compared to Singapore. 230 200 260 240 190 160 150 160 200 280 290 250 AVERAGE RAINFALL mm 78 76 77 80 79 78 78 78 79 81 83 81 HUMIDITY Percentage Source: http://www.holiday-weather.com/kuala_lumpur/averages/#chart-humidity Source: http://www.holiday-weather.com/kuala_lumpur/averages/#chart-humidity 12. 12 In Putrajaya, the wind speed is relatively low as to compare with the site in Singapore. The maximum wind speed in Putrajaya is 74km/h which is comparatively high when measured with the other months. The range for the average wind speed in Putrajaya is 2m/s to 3.6m/s which falls on 2 in the Beaufort Scale, which the strength are desired as it does not cause irritant to the human yet able to allow ventilation. 11 12 8 5 7 8 9 9 8 7 6 10 39 37 37 43 37 74 43 35 31 50 35 43 WIND SPEED [KM/H] Average Maximum Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Year round Wind direction SSW SSW SSW NNE NNW NNW NNW NNW NNW ESE SE SSW NNE Average Wind speed (m/s) 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 3.1 3.1 2.6 2.6 2 2.6 2.6 Average Air temperature (C) 29 30 29 30 30 30 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 Source: http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/Malaysia/Putrajaya/climate-profile.aspx 13. 13 Thermal comfort The thermal comfort range for Malaysia is 22 to 32 degree Celcius for temperature and 70% to 80% for relative humidity. Source: http://www.windfinder.com/windstatistics/morib_kuala_lumpur?fspot=putrajaya_lake 14. 14 Passive feature 1: Building Orientation and Form Image source: (http://www.world-architects.com/en/projects/41019_Putrajaya_Lot_2C2) 15. 15 Below shows the effect of building form on environmental control strategies. Figure 1.1 ( Stein, B., Reynolds, J., & McGuinness, W. J. (1992). Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings. New York: J. Wiley & Sons.) a) Solar Analysis Figure 1.2 Menara PjH Lot 2C2 office building is built up in thin combo building design. As compared to a thick building which requires more artificial lighting, thinner building allows most of its interior spaces to be exposed to daylighting especially in the core of the block. This is because spaces in thin combo building are closer to its outer shell. The usage of the shading devices as part of the control systems to allow appropriate amount of sunlight and heat gain to ensure thermal comfort can also be seen in Menara PjH. THIN COMBO BUILDING Daylighting Ventilation Complete daylighting for most spaces Natural ventilation is easily accomplished 16. 16 Figure 1.3 The longer sides of Lot 2C2 building which is the A tower is positioned between east and west. East and west direction is the most critical position where the sun has maximum exposure to the tower. Therefore, the solution is to corporate sun shading devices on the faades. Even so, this taller A tower provides shading for the lower B,C,D office podiums especially during the afternoon while still allowing certain amount of natural sunlight to penetrate through the entire building. Figure 1.4 Besides that, there are three parts of the building which are extended towards east. These 3 office podiums provide shading to each other and the pedestrian areas in the between the blocks when the sun faces west as shown in the diagram. A B C D 17. 17 b) Wind Analysis Figure 1.5 According to the wind rose diagram, the overall wind direction comes from every direction, there is not one point where wind is not received. In order to obtain maximum wind exposure, the direction to face is the South-southeast direction, where there is a 9% of wind distributed annually. Direction where wind is least obtainable would be the North and East- southeast direction which just 3% from each direction. 18. 18 Figure 1.6 With wind coming from all direction at any possible period, the architect has to coordinate the building in an orientation that serves the wind while providing proper ventilation to host the user. Constructing a building form of a W allows air to be deflected along its current, a passive way of forcing the wind in motion, to provide a cooling effect for the occupants, exterior wise, based on Figure 1.6. This provides thermal comfort in the outdoor for the users and indirectly encourages the user to walk to surrounding places instead of using a vehicle which is not an environmental alternative. Using the wind rose diagram, forming the connection between the winds distributed from the South-southeast and Northeast direction and the building form, optimum air can be manipulated to cool down the building. Warm air could be replaced by cooler air. The lake next to the site also could be used to cool down the warmer breeze during hot days. Next, the supply of outdoor air that flow through building from the left structure (shown by the black arrow) allows hot air and cool air to interchange, creating a circulation of air flow within the structure. According to (Yeang, 1996), when internal wind speed has improved, the rate of fresh air in structure improved for micro-climate cooling and healthier internal environment. Cool air Warm air South-southeast wind Northeast wind 19. 19 Due to form of the building in a shape of W, the building form is thinner and ventilation is achieved easily. On the other hand, if the form of structure is a singular block, it would be harder to ventilate the building as there would be too many partitions among the interior space obstructing the air ventilation. Heat from the building can also be transferred easily outwards with the separated blocks form. Moreover, due to the building form, more wind could be brought into the spaces between the blocks allowing more heat to be taken away compared to a single block building and thus interior heat could be taken away by the wind in a faster rate. Figure 1.7 When constructing a lower structure in front of a taller building, the wind forces impact on the taller building would be much reduced, enhancing stability of the structure from the wind load. Analysis from the wind speed has shown that the maximum wind speed could range up to 74km/h and there are not many tall buildings adjacent around Menara PjH to share and minimize the impact. Hence this step is taken as a precaution of firmness in a passive way. Impact of the foundation is also minimized, creating lesser stress towards the earth since the live load has been decreased. 20. 20 According to the temperature chart of Putrajaya, the average minimum temperature is 25 degree Celcius while the average maximum temperature is 35 degree Celcius. With building being built out of high thermal mass materials such as concrete, the 10 degree Celcius difference between the day and night might not be able to remove much stored daytime heat during the night time. Therefore a thermally light building should be considered. With Menara PjH Lot 2C2 being built using high amounts of glass and metals for the exteriors, combining the thin combo form with separated blocks, the building has lower thermal mass. This allows much heat to be removed at night. Based on the study by (Kwok & Grondzik, 2009, p. 105), high humidity may be avoided only by sealing and air conditioning buildings. As seen from the humidity graph in page 11, the average humidity in Putrajaya is 79.5% while the thermal comfort level for humidity in Kuala Lumpur is averagely 75%. Besides according to MS1525 (2007), the recommended relative humidity is from 75% to 70%. This explains why Menara PjH is fully sealed in order to avoid high humidity in interior spaces causing thermally discomfort. In MS1525 (2007), the long directional axis of buildings facing North-South is the best orientation for a building in which the structure is orientated to minimize the east-west orientation. This is useful for a structure built in a climatic zone near the equator. But in the case of Menara PjH, the taller office tower is orientated 20 degrees towards the Northwest, with the longitudinal elevations facing east-west while the lower office podiums conform to the orientation guide in MS1525 (2007) with the longer facades facing North-South. Due to the orientation of the office tower, thus many shading devices are installed on it. As a conclusion, with a thin combo building, complete daylighting for most spaces and natural ventilation could be easily proficient (Brown & DeKay, 2001, p. 45). 21. 21 Passive features 2: Building Envelope- Exterior Shading Systems g Image source: Rupajiwa Studio, 2013 22. 22 The facades of Menara PjH (Lot 2C2) consisted mostly of glass making it very prone to high solar heat gain in a tropical country like Malaysia. Therefore sun shading designs are needed in order to minimize the heat gain. In this case, high amount of external shading devices are used in Menara PjH because it is the most thermally efficient as external shading blocked out the solar energy before it enters the building as shown in Figure 2.1 below. Figure 2.1 Analysis on interior and exterior shading Baker, N. (2014). Solar controls and shading [Figure]. Retrieved from http://www.architecture.com/SustainabilityHub/Designstrategies/Fire/1-4-1-6- Solarcontrolsandshading.aspx 23. 23 a) Vertical sun shading louvers The red bold lines in Figure 2.2 are where the vertical sun shading louvres are placed on the 12 storeys office building as can be seen in the picture above. NorthEast 20 West to SouthWest SouthEast Figure 2.2 Placement of vertical sun shading louvers 24. 24 The ratio, R2 (width of vertical projection/ Length of window) is 0.5 for Menara PjH. Shading coefficients for vertical projections According to the table in the Malaysian Standard: 1525 for non-residential buildings, vertical louvres facing Northeast/Southeast orientation will have a 0.77 coefficient, which is the lowest in the 0.5 0.7 ratio, R2 category. Meanwhile the Southwest faade has a coefficient of 0.79. In hot climate, a lower shading coefficient is more suitable because more sunlight and solar heat can be prevented from entering the building. Figure 2.3 Elevation of building with vertical sun shading louvres Width of louvres Length of window Table 2.1 25. 25 Advantages: The vertical louvers can be pre-fixed to the most optimum angle according to the suns position. The vertical louvers used by Menara PjH have a gap in between the louvers and the glass walls. While the louvers act as a barrier between the radiant heat from the sun and the reflective glass, the air in the gap acts as a medium for heat convection from the louvers to the glass. Because of this, the air in the space is heated in the present of the sun. Surrounding air enters the gap and circulates in the spaces between the vertical louvers and the glass surface allowing the hot air in the space to be removed. Besides, heat from the building also transferred outwards and cool down by the circulating air in the gap. This combination of reflective glass and the vertical louvers as the envelope design produces a passive cooling system for the building (The Ambler | Passive Cooling, 2009). Allows daylight to penetrate the building and reduce electricity needed for lighting. Disadvantage: Views are obstructed Surrounding Air Warm Air Removed Gap Heat from Building Figure 2.4 Diagram of air circulation in vertical louvers 26. 26 b) Horizontal overhangs The green bold lines in Figure 2.5 represent the horizontal overhangs located at the 4 storeys office podiums. There are 4 Northeast/ Southeast facades, 3 Northwest facing facades, and 2 East facades. SE NE NW E E NW SE SE NW Figure 2.5 Placement of horizontal overhangs 27. 27 Shading coefficients for horizontal projections According to Table 2.2 above, the Northeast/ Southeast facing horizontal projections with the ratio, R1 0.5- 0.7 has a shading coefficient of 0.69. For the overhangs facing East has the lowest of all, which is 0.68 and for the Northwest facing overhangs is 0.72. 3pm Vernal Equinox [21 March] Table 2.2 28. 28 3pm Summer solstices [22 June] 3pm Autumn Equinox [23 September] 3pm Winter Solstice [22 December] 29. 29 Due to the Northwest facades having the highest shading coefficient, therefore extra shading devices are added at the Northwest faade (red circle). It is also the only facade that is exposed to the sun the most in the afternoon. Advantages: Allows 100% ventilation when windows are opened Views are not obstructed by any louvers Enables daylighting inside the building Reduce sun glare which is suitable for office work Disadvantages: Exterior views being disrupted Figure 2.6 Horizontal louvers added at the Northwest faade View Sunlight Ventilation 30. 30 References Baker, N. (2014). Solar controls and shading [Figure]. Retrieved from http://www.architecture.com/SustainabilityHub/Designstrategies/Fire/1-4-1-6- Solarcontrolsandshading.aspx Brown, G. Z., & DeKay, M. (2001). Sun, wind & light: Architectural design strategies(2nd ed.). NewYork: Wiley. Building orientation. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.architecture.com/SustainabilityHub/Designstrategies/Earth/1-1-3-2 Buildingorientation.aspx Jafri Merican Architect (2010, July 26). Jafri Merican Architect: 2C2 Green Office Building, Putrajaya [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://jafrimericanarchitect.blogspot.com/2010/07/2c2-green-office-building- putrajaya.html Kwok, A. G., & Grondzik, W. (2009). Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, Eleventh Edition. John Wiley & Sons. Maartje :: Sustainable Systems & Designs. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ics.ele.tue.nl/~akash/maartje/getSystemDetail.php?ID=203 Map of Putrajaya Precincts [Map]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lcct.com.my/help/faqs/how-to-go-to-putrajaya-from-lcct Rupajiwa Studio (2013, February 22). Menara PjH [Photography]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151328525872424&set=a.10151328525 332424.463404.139599347423&type=3&theater Stein, B., Reynolds, J., & McGuinness, W. J. (1992). Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. The Ambler | Passive Cooling, A Resort Trend at Work On Isla Palenque | Amble Resorts. (2009).Retrieved from http://amble.com/ambler/2009/08/press release-ambles new-panama-resort-taps-trend-in-passive-cooling/ Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (2007). Malaysian Standard MS 1525:2007. Department of Standards Malaysia. 31. 31 Yeang, K. (1996). The skyscraper bioclimatically considered: A design primer. London: Academy