Pembangunan

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Apa itu

pembangunan

Apa itu pembangunan

Konsep generic - pertumbuhan; kemajuan;

evolusi; dikaitkan dgn modenisasi; industrilisasi;

perbandaran

P'bgnan sebagai satu usaha yg dilakukan secara

sedar oleh negara, kerajaan bersama rakyat utk

tingkat taraf hidup

Satu proses yg terjadi pd tahap atau tingkat

sistem sosial (Rogers (1964)

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Apa itu pembangunan

• World Bank views development as "a

transformation of society, a movement from

traditional relations, traditional ways of

thinking, traditional methods of production, to

more modern ways".

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Apa itu pembangunan

• Stiglitz (1999) argues that a characteristic of

traditional societies is the acceptance of the

world as it is; the modern perspective

recognizes change, it recognises that we, as

individuals and societies, can take actions that,

for instance, reduce mortality, increase life

spans, and increase productivity.

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Apa itu pembangunan

• Development should, then, be viewed as a multi-dimensional process involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes and a national condition of life from unsatisfactory to satisfactory (Servaes 1999:77).

• In this regard, argues Servaes (1999), satisfactory means materially well to do and spiritually happy or content with what one (or country with reference to this study unit) has got.

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Apa itu pembangunan

Kemajuan, pembangunan dan pemodenan

sebagai satu yang sama - peralihan drp

masyarakat tani kpd masyarakat industri

(Tehranian, 1979)

Pembangunan membangkitkan masyarakat di

negara membangunan drp keadaan miskin,

tahap celik huruf yg rendah, penganguran yg

tinggi dam ketidakadilan sosial kpd kead yg

lebih baik (termasuk sosial, eko dan politik)

(Seers, 1969)

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Apa itu pembangunan

Dudley Seers argues that development is about outcomes, that is, development occurs with the reduction and elimination of poverty, inequality, and unemployment within a growing economy

Professor Michael Todaro sees three objectives of development:• Producing more ‘life sustaining’ necessities such as

food, shelter, and health care and broadening their distribution

• Raising standards of living and individual self esteem

• Expanding economic and social choice and reducing fear

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Apa itu pembangunan

• Pembangunan sebagai satu pembebasan;

memerdekakan rakyat drp kongkongan

kebodohan/ kejahilan melalui usaha

menggerakkan komuniti yg berada dilapisan

bawahan sehingga dpt menguasai tindak tanduk

mrk dlm menentukan kehendak ( Freire, 1972)

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The Human Development Index

• The Human Development Index (HDI) is the measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, and standard of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. It is used to determine and indicate whether a country is a developed, developing, or underdeveloped country and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life.

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The Human Development Index (HDI)

• HDI measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development:• A long and healthy life, as measured by life

expectancy at birth.

• Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate

• A decent standard of living, as measured by the log of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) in USD.

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Jenis pembangunan

Pembangunan ekonomi & ciri

Pembangunan sosial & ciri

Pembangunan politik & ciri

Pembangunan insan & ciri

Pembangunan lestari & ciri

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Pembangunan ekonomi

Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants.

From a policy perspective, economic development can be defined as efforts that seek to improve the economic well-being and quality of life for a community by creating and/or retaining jobs and supporting or growing incomes and the tax base.

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Pembangunan ekonomi

Economic development encompasses three major areas:

• 1) Policies that governments undertake to meet broad economic objectives such as price stability, high employment, expanded tax base, and sustainable growth.Such efforts include monetary and fiscal policies, regulation of financial institutions, trade, and tax policies.

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Pembangunan ekonomi

Economic development encompasses three major areas:

• 2) Policies and programs to provide infrastructure and services such as highways, parks, affordable housing, crime prevention, and K-workers

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Pembangunan ekonomi

Economic development encompasses three major areas:

• 3) Policies and programs explicitly directed at job creation and retention through specific efforts in business finance, marketing, neighbourhood development, small business development, business retention and expansion, technology transfer, and real estate development. This third category is a primary focus of economic development professionals.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development

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Ciri-ciri pembangunan ekonomi• Peningkatan dalam kadar KDNK

• kenaikan dalam pendapatan perkapita

• produktiviti juga meningkat bagi memenuhi permintaan

• peningkatan dalam pelaburan berlaku - seperti pembinaan jalanraya dan lebuhraya, sekolah, terusan dan pengairan, klinik dan hospital, penyediaan kemudahan bekalan air dan elektrik, komunikasi, pembukaan pusat kediaman dan bandar baru yang mana dalam jangka panjang dapat menyumbangkan pula kepada pertumbuhan ekonomi negara. Contoh lain - pembinaan jalanraya , sekolah, hospital

• simpanan atau tabungan meningkat (oleh individu, agensi kerajaan, kerajaan/negara)

• Pembangunan ekonomi adalah merupakan sumber kepada pelaburan pembangunan sosial melalui mana peruntukan (modal) dan belanjawan pengurusan dapat disediakan

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Jenis pembangunan

Pembangunan sosial & ciri

the term ‘”social development’” refers to qualitative changes in the structure and functioning of society that help society to better realize its aims and objectives.

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Pembangunan sosial

• sering dikaitkan dengan penyediaan kemudahan awam atau infrastruktur sosial (Kemudahan ini tidak mampu disediakan oleh rakyat) oleh pemerintah dan dimanfaatkan pula oleh rakyat yang tinggal di desa, bandar, mukim,• Antaranya ialah penyediaan kemudahan seperti sekolah, hospital dan

klinik, kediaman, balai polis dan bomba, jalan raya, jambatan, telefon, bekalan air dan elektrik serta balai raya.

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Pembangunan sosial

• Kemudahan sosial memberikan perkhidmatan tertentu iaitu pendidikan, kesihatan, perlindungan, keselamatan, perhubungan, komunikasi, kelengkapan moden dan pusat perkumpulan komuniti.

• Jika dimanfaatkan dengan bijak kemudahn sosial dapat memberi faedah kepada komuniti sehingga mengizinkan perubahan sosial berlaku.

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Pembangunan sosial

• Peningkatan mutu penyediaan perkhidmatan sosial meningkatkan pula kualiti hidup komuniti & meningkatkan kesejahteraan hidup

• Meningkatnya kesejahteraan membolehkan komunti berusaha dan bekerja dengan lebih giat bagi menyumbang kepada peningkatan produktiviti akhirnya menyumbang pula kepada ekonomi negara.

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Jenis pembangunan

Pembangunan politik & ciri

Jelaskan berasaskan penjelasan seperti yg

dibincangkan terdahulu (cari fakta sendiri)

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Jenis pembangunan

Pembangunan insan & ciri

Jelaskan berasaskan penjelasan seperti yg

dibincangkan terdahulu (cari fakta sendiri)

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Jenis pembangunan

Pembangunan lestari & ciri

Jelaskan berasaskan penjelasan seperti yg dibincangkan

terdahulu (cari fakta sendiri)

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Apakah tujuan pembangunan?

Tingkat taraf hidup

Tingkat kualiti hidup

Kesejahteraan hidup

Basmi kemiskinan & pengagihan

Wujudkan keadilan sosial

Perubahan sosial

Tradisi -> moden

Tingkat produktiviti

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Kesimpulan mengenai pembangunan:

• “Development in the new perspective has been referred to as an overall process of transforming men and societies leading to a social order in which every human being can achieve moral and material well being” (FAO)

• “Development has also been referred to as a whole, integrated, value-loaded cultural process encompassing the natural environment, social relations, education, production, consumption and well being” (Dag Hammarskjold Report, 1975)

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