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1. TITLESoap Preparation

2. STARTING EXPERIMENT : Friday, 9th March 2012

3. EXPERIMENT DONE : Friday, 9th March 2012

4. PURPOSEAfter the experiment done, the students are expected to be able to

a) Making procedure for soap preparationb) Predicting the reaction of soap preparationc) Explaining the difference of soap preparation using NaOH base and KOH

base

d) Making soap emulsione) Explaining the form of water-oil emulsion processf) Determining the oil quality based on its peroxide number.

5. THEORYIn chemistry, soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Soaps are mainly used as

surfactants for washing, bathing, and cleaning, but they are also used in textile

spinning and are important components of lubricants. Soaps for cleansing are

obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkaline

solution. Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides: three molecules of fatty

acids attached to a single molecule ofglycerol. The alkaline solution, often called

lye, brings about a chemical reaction known as saponification. In saponification,

the fats are first hydrolyzed into free fatty acids, which then combine with the

alkali to form crude soap. Glycerol, often called glycerine, is liberated and is

either left in or washed out and recovered as a useful by-product according to the

process employed.

Soaps are key components of most lubricating greases, which are usually

emulsions ofcalcium soap or lithium soaps and mineral oil. These calcium- and

lithium-based greases are widely used. Many other metallic soaps are also useful,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_%28chemistry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_stearatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_stearatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_%28lubricant%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_%28lubricant%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_stearatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_stearatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_%28chemistry%29


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including those of aluminium, sodium, and mixtures of them. Such soaps are also

used as thickeners to increase the viscosity of oils. In ancient times, lubricating

greases were made by the addition oflime to olive oil.

Soap is a type of surfactant, made from oil or natural fat that has bipolar

structure. Head part is hydrophilic and tail part is hydrophobic. Because of this

characteristic, soap can release dirt that is usually fat from our body and clothes,

forms emulsion of oil in water.

Soap can be made as saponification by using alkaline is a triglycerides

reaction with alkaline (NaOH atau KOH) that produce soap and glycerine.

C3H5(OOCR)3 + 3 NaOH -> C3H5(OH)3 + 3 NaOOCR

Saponification produces soap as main product and glycerine as side product,

that also has value. Soap with lower mass molecule will be more soluble and has

harder structure. Soap has higher solubility in the water, but soap doesnt dissolve

to smaller particles but in ionic form.

Soap is generally known in two states, liquid and solid soap. Main difference

from those two types is alkaline that is used in saponification. Solid soap uses

NaOH, while liquid soap uses KOH. Types of oil that is used also influences state

of soap. Palm oil will produce harder soap than peanut oil, soybean oil and cotton

seed oil.

Fat/oil

Oil/fat is a lipid that has ester from glycerol. Vegetable oil or animal fat is

used. Difference between oil and fat is their state in room condition. Oil is in

liquid state in room temperature ( 28C), while fat in solid state. They are

triglyceride compounds. Triglyceride that is used as mateial of soap preparationhas fatty acid chain length between 12 until 18. If it is less than 12 it will irritate

skin, but if it is more than 18, soap will be hard and difficult to dissolve in water.

Unsaturated fatty acid which is too much such as oleic acid, linoleic and others

will cause soap is easy to oxidize in atmospheric condition so it will be rancid.

Amount of oil or fat used in soap making process should be limited for

various reasons, such as economic feasibility, product specifications (soap is not
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_%28material%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_%28material%29


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easily oxidized, easy foaming, and easily soluble), and others. Several types of

oils or fats commonly used in soap making process include:

1. Palm Oil (palm oil). Palm oil is commonly used instead of tallow. Palm oilcan be obtained from oil palm fruit ripening. Palm oil is reddish orange in

color because of carotenoid pigments, so if you want to use as a raw material

for making soap should be paled first. Soap which is made from 100% palm

oil will be hard and difficult foaming. Therefore, if used as raw material for

soap, palm oil should be mixed with other ingredients.

2. Coconut Oil (coconut oil). Coconut oil is a vegetable oil that is often used insoap making industry. Coconut oil is pale yellow and flesh obtained by

extraction of dried fruit (copra). Coconut oil has a high saturated fatty acid

content, especially lauric acid, so coconut oil is resistant to oxidation leading

to rancidity. Coconut oil also contains fatty acids caproic, caprylic, and

capric.

3. Palm Kernel Oil (palm kernel oil). Palm kernel oil is from palm kernel. Palmkernel oils contain fatty acids that are similar to coconut oil so it can be used

as a substitute for coconut oil. Palm kernel oils contain higher unsaturated

fatty acids and lower short-chain fatty acids than coconut oil

4. Stearine Palm Oil (palm oil stearin). Palm oil stearin is the extraction of oilproduced from fatty acids from palm oil with the solvent acetone and hexane.

Fatty acid content of oil is the largest in stearin.

5. Marine Oil. Marine oil derived from marine mammals (whales) and sea fish.Marine oils have unsaturated fatty acid content is quite high, so it must be

partially hydrogenated before use as raw material.

6.

Castor Oil (castor oil). This oil is derived from jatropha seeds and used tomake transparent soap.

7. Olive oil (olive oil). Extraction of olive oil comes from olives. High-qualityolive oil has a yellowish color. Soap derived from olive oil has the properties

of the firm but gentle to the skin.

8. Mixture of oils and fats. Industrial soap makers making soap is generallyderived from a mixture of different oils and fats. Coconut oil is often mixed

with tallow because it has a complementary nature. Coconut oil contains high


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lauric and myristic acid and can make a soluble soaps and foaming. High

stearate and palmitate of tallow soap will harden the structure.

Alkaline

A common type of alkali used in the saponification process is NaOH, KOH,

Na2CO3, NH4OH, and Ethanolamines. NaOH, or commonly known as caustic

soda in the soap industry, is the most widely used in the manufacture of hard soap.

KOH is widely used in the manufacture of liquid soap because it is easily soluble

in water. Na2CO3 (soda ash / sodium carbonate) is an alkali which is cheap and

can saponify fatty acids, but cant saponify triglycerides (oils or fats).

Ethanolamine is an alcohol amine compound group. Compound can be used

to make soap from fatty acids. The resulting soap is very easily soluble in water,

easily foamed, and can reduce water hardness. Soap made from coconut oil and

ethanolamine showed easy foaming properties but is more commonly used soap

as soap and detergent industry, not as a household soap. Mixing of different alkali

is often done by the soap industry with the aim to get the soap with certain

advantages.

Supporting Materials

The raw materials used to help support the process of perfecting the soap

saponification (making soap and glycerin precipitation) until the soap into

products ready for market.

1) NaCl. NaCl is a key component in the process of making soap. NaCl contentin the finished product is very small due to a too high content of NaCl in the

bar of soap can harden the structure. NaCl is used typically in the form of saltwater (brine) or solids (crystals). NaCl is used to separate products and

glycerin soaps. Glycerin did not experience precipitation in the brine due to

the high solubility, while the soap will precipitate. NaCl must be free of iron,

calcium, and magnesium in order to obtain a quality soap.

2) Additives. Additives are substances added to the soap that aims to enhancethe quality of soap products that attract consumers. Additive materials

include: Builders, inert fillers, anti-oxidants, dyes, and perfumes.


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3) Alcohol 96% or it could be called Ethanol (ethyl alcohol), serves as a solventin the process of making transparent soap since it is easily soluble in water

and fat.

4) 96% alcohol function is to make transparent soap becomes clear / clear.Actually 70% Alcohol (isopropyl alcohol) can also be used, but the end result

of using this soap produces a turbid/cloudy.

5) Olive Oil is the basis of natural soap making, making soap into a durable, softand prevent dry skin. Olive oil contains vitamins, minerals and proteins that

function to prevent the loss of skin's natural moisture.

6) Stearic Acid is used to make natural soap (optional) and transparent soap,soap function is to harden and stabilize the foam.

7) Glycerin is the product of the hydrolysis reaction between vegetable oil withwater to produce fatty acids. Glycerin is a humectant so it can function as a

moisturizer on the skin. Glycerin is a liquid crystal clear, odorless and has a

sweet taste.

6. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTTools and Materials

1. Balancer2. Beaker Glass3. Measuring Glass4. Stirrer5. Pipette6. Test tube7.

Water Bath

8. Palm Oil9. Coconut oil10. Ethanol11. Concentrated KOH solution12. Concentrated NaOH solution13. Glycerin14. Olive Oil


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15. Concentrated NaCl solution16. Concentrated KCl solution

Procedure of Soap Preparation

1.4 gram NaOH

Hot NaOH Solutio

NaOH Solution

Dissolve in 3.3 mL of water

Entered into 10 gram palm / coconut oil

Waited until cool

Soap

1 gram stearic acid

Mixture

Heated until T = 70oC Cooled until T = 50oC Stirred Added by 4 gram glycerin Added by NaOH solution Added by 12 gram alcohol Heated and stirred until the

solution become colorless

Added 1 mL Olive Oil Poured into mould


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Procedure of Soap Emulsion

0.1-0.2 gram of Soap

Soap solution

3 mL aquadest

Emulsion

Time

Diluted in 6-8 mL water

Waited until form 2 layers Not the time needed

Added by 5 drops palm oil Added by 2 mL palm soap

solution

Shake

3 mL aquadest

Emulsion

Time


Added by 5 drops palm oil Added by 2 mL coconut

soap solution

Shake

3 mL aquadest

Emulsion

Time


Added by 5 drops coconutoil

Added by 2 mL palm soapsolution

Shake

3 mL aquadest

Emulsion

Time



Added by 2 mL coconutsoap solution

Shake


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7. DATATreatment Result Hypothesis Conclusion

Dissolved

in 3.3 mL

water

Waited

until cold

NaOH = white

solid.

The color of

NaOH solution is

colorless.

The tube wall

becomes hot.

There is

exothermic

reaction:

NaOH (s) + H2O

(l) NaOH (aq)

The reaction

between crystal

NaOH and water

is an exothermic.

It releases heat, so

the tube wallbecomes hot.

Entered

into 10gram

palm oil

Heated

until T =

70oC

Cooled

until T =

50oC

Stearic Acid =

solid white

granule

Palm Oil : Thick

yellow solution

The mixture of

stearic acid and

palm oil is yellow.

After heated the

stearic acid

dissolves in palm

oil.

Glycerin :

The stearic acid

dissolves in palm

oil at T = 70oC

Alcohol can

dissolve the

mixture of

glycerol and soap.

There is

saponification

reaction:

CH2OCOR +

NaOH

RCOONa +CH2OH

The melting point

of stearic acid is

70oC.

Alcohol is

emulgator of

glycerine and soap

mixture.

The soap that is

made from palm

oil is hard.

3 mL aquadest

Emulsion

Time


Shake


1.4 gram NaOH

1.4 gram NaOH

NaOH Solution

1 g stearic acid

Mixture

3 mL aquadest

Emulsion

Time

Added by 5 drops palm oil Shake



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Added by

NaOH

solution

Stirred

Added by

4 gram

glycerin

Added by

12 gram

alcohol

Heated

and

stirreduntil the

solution

become

colorless

Added 1

mL olive

oil

Poured

into

mould

Colorless thick

(++) solution

Alcohol :

Colorless solution.

After added by

NaOH, glycerin,

and alcohol the

mixture is like a

gel.

After heated

again, the mixture

become solution

and the color is

clear yellow.

Olive Oil : Thick(+) yellow (++)

solution

After added by

olive oil, the color

of solution

becomes thick

yellow (++).

The texture of

soap is hard.

After cooled the

soap becomes

hard.

Entered

into 10

gramcoconut

oil

Heated

until T =

70oC

Cooled

until T =

50o

C

Coconut Oil :

Thick white rather

yellow solution

The mixture ofstearic acid and

coconut oil is pale

white.

After heated the

stearic acid

dissolves in

coconut oil.

After added by

NaOH, glycerin,

and alcohol themixture is like a

The stearic acid

dissolves in palm

oil at T = 70oC

Alcohol candissolve the

mixture of

glycerol and soap.

There is

saponification

reaction:

CH2OCOR +

NaOH

RCOONa +

CH2OH

The melting point

of stearic acid is

70oC.

Alcohol isemulgator of

glycerine and soap

mixture.

The soap that is

made from palm

oil is soft.

Soap

1 g stearic acid

Mixture


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Added by

NaOH

solution

Stirred

Added by

4 gram

glycerin

Added by

12 gram

alcohol

Heated

and

stirreduntil the

solution

become

colorless

Added 1

mL olive

oil

Poured

into

mould

gel.

After heated

again, the mixture

become solution

and the color is

pale white

After added by

olive oil, the color

of solution

becomes pale

yellow.

The texture of

soap is soft.

After cooled the

soap becomes

soft.

Dissolved

in 6-8 mL

of water

Soap Solution :

White turbid

Added by

5 drops

palm oil

Added by2 mL

Oil + Aquadest :

can not mix well

After Shake :

Appear bubble,

the solution

becomehomogeneous

Palm Soap can be

as an emulsifying

agent so, it can

make oil-water

mixture become

homogeneous

Palm Soap is

emulsifying agent.

0.1-0.2 gram of

Soap solution

Soap

3 mL aquadest


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palm

soap

solution

Shake

Waited

until

form 2

Layers

Note the

time

needed

Time to separate

into two layers :

15 second

Added by

5 drops

palm oil

Added by

2 mL

coconut

soap

solution

Shake

Waited

until

form 2

Layers

Note thetime

needed

Oil + Aquadest :

can not mix well

After Shake :

Appear bubble,

the solution

become

homogeneous

Time to separate

into two layers :

40 second

Coconut Soap can

be as an

emulsifying agent

so, it can make

oil-water mixture

become

homogeneous

Coconut Soap is

emulsifying agent

Added by

5 drops

palm oil

Oil + Aquadest :

can not mix well

After Shake : The

solution becomestraight to be

Oil and Aquadest

can not be

emulsion because

there is no

emulsifying agent

Soap is

emulsifying agent,

the mixture of oil

and water can not

mixed perfectly

3 mL aquadest

Emulsion

Time

3 mL aquadest

Emulsion

Time

Emulsion


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Waited

until

form 2

Layers

Note thetime

needed

separate

Time to separate

into two layers : 2

second

Added by

5 drops

coconutoil

Added by

2 mL

palm

soap

solution

Shake

Waited

until

form 2

layers

Note the

time

needed

Oil + Aquadest :

can not mix well

After Shake :

Appear bubble,the solution

become

homogeneous

Time to separate

into two layers :

20 second

Palm Soap can be

as an emulsifying

agent so, it can

make oil-water

mixture becomehomogeneous

Palm Soap is

emulsifying agent.

Added by

5 drops

coconut

oil

Added by

2 mL

coconut

soapsolution

Oil + Aquadest :

can not mix well

After Shake :

Appear bubble,

the solution

become

homogeneous

Time to separate

into two layers :50 second

Coconut Soap can

be as an

emulsifying agent

so, it can make

oil-water mixture

become

homogeneous

Coconut Soap is

emulsifying agent

Time

3 mL aquadest

Emulsion

Time

3 mL aquadest


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Shake

Waiteduntil

form 2

Layers

Note the

time

needed

Added by

5 drops

coconut

oil

Waited

until

form 2

Layers

Note the

time

needed

Oil + Aquadest :can not mix well

After Shake : The

solution is straight

become separate

Time to separate

into two layers : 5

second

Oil and Aquadestcan not be

emulsion because

there is no

emulsifying agent

Soap isemulsifying agent,

the mixture of oil

and water can not

mixed perfectly

8. ANALYSISThe aim of the experiment is to understand the procedure of soap preparation

that made from palm oil. The first done is making NaOH solution from 1.4 gram of

solid NaOH dissolved in 3.3 mL aquadest in the reaction tube. The original form of

NaOH is solid white, while the aqaudest is colorless aqueous. The result of this

reaction is occurring hot temperature in the wall of the reaction tube. The solution is

colorless. The hot temperature occurs because the reaction of NaOH and aquadest is

exothermic reaction. It means that this reaction is releases heat. This NaOH solution

is let until it cooled. The chemical reaction is written :

Emulsion

Time

3 mL aquadest

Emulsion

Time


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NaOH (s) + H2O (l) NaOH (aq)

The next step is by mixing 1 gram of stearic acid with 10 gram palm oil. The

original state of stearic acid is solid white granule, while the palm oil is thick clear

yellow solution. The stearic acid is used to harden and stabilize the foam soap. Than,

this mixture is heated in order the stearic acid will dissolve completely. The heating

process is maintain in 70oC temperature to prevent the completely oxidation of oil

that can make brown color. The result of this step is thick clear yellow solution, This

is closely related to the peroxide value to determine the degrees of damage to the oil

or fat caused by autooxidation.

This mixture is let until the temperature decrease to 50oC. Then, it is added with

NaOH solution that has been made, 4 gram Glycerin, and 12 gram of Alcohol. The

original state of glycerin is thick (++) colorless solution, while the alcohol is

colorless solution. Addition of NaOH solution is to neutralize the acid function as

NaOH is alkaline. If the base point to use is NaOH, the resulting soap will manifest

themselves hard, whereas if the base used is KOH, the resulting soap will manifest

soft. Glycerine is a humectants that can be used as moisturizer for skin. While the

function of alcohol is as solvent in transparently soap preparation because its

characteristic that easy to solve in both water and oil. In the other hand, alcohol here

is used as emulgator. The mixture was formed gel and not became a unity. The

mixture then heating and stirred until form clear yellow solution and dissolve

completely.

The next step is let this soap solution cooled to add the olive oil. The function of

olive oil is as additive compound that can give aroma to the soap. The original state

of olive oil is thick yellow (++) solution. The final result of this solution is thick

yellow (+) solution that poured into mould. After a couple time, the soap is harder.

The second experiments aimed is to understand the procedure of coconut oil

soap preparation. The tool, material and the procedure is same with the palm oil soap

preparation, and just changing palm oil into coconut oil. The original state of

coconut oil is thick white rather yellow solution and become thick clear solution

after mixed with staeric acid, NaOH, Glycerin, and Alcohol. The final result of this

soap solution is yellow solution because of addition of olive oil. The smell of this

solution is not good, and the soap produced is soft. Coconut oil has high quantity of

saturated fatty acid so this oil is resistant to oxidation which can cause rancidity in

oil. The overall reaction of soap preparation is:


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The next experiments is to understand the emulsion characteristic of soap. The

procedure is by mixing 3 mL aquadest with 5 drops of palm oil. This mixture is

divided into three tubes. The first treatment is added by palm soap solution that

makes from 0.1-0.2 gram of soap that has been made with 6-8 mL hot water, the

second treatment is added by coconut soap solution, and the final treatment is added

nothing. The mixture is shake strongly, and let to make separating layer while the

time is recorded. The time recorded to palm soap treatment is 15 second, coconut

soap is 40 second, and without soap treatment is 2 second.

Then, the emulsion is changed into coconut oil with same treatment above. The

time recorded for palm soap treatment is 20 second, coconut soap is 50 second, and

without soap treatment is 5 second.

This is shows that the soap that has been made can emulsifying the water and

the oil, shown from the time for soap treatment is longer than without soap

treatment. And, the coconut soap can emulsifying perfectly than palm soap, shown

from the time for coconut soap treatment is longer than palm soap treatment in both

emulsifying water with palm oil and water with coconut oil.

9. CONCLUSIONThe soap preparation can be done by mixing a base with oil and added with

alcohol as an emulgator. The result of palm oil soap is form hard soap while the

result of coconut oil soap can not make hard soap. The soap that is made can

emulsify the water and oil mixture

The reaction of soap preparation is :

++

Oil Glycerin Soap


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10. ANSWERING QUESTION1) How to make the hard and soft soap?

Hard Soap

Soft Soap

1.4 gr NaOH

Hot NaOH Solution

NaOH Solution

Let until cool


1 gram Stearic Acid

Mixture

Heated and stir until the stearic acid dissolve completely Let until its temperature reach 50oC Stir

Added with NaOH solution, stir Added with 4 gram Glycerin, stir Added with 12 gram Alcohol, stir Heated until form homogenous solution

Added with 10 gram Palm Oil

Soap Solution

Hard Soap

Dried

1.4 gram KOH

Hot KOH Solution

KOH Solution

Let until cool



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2) Write the complete reaction of soap preparation!The reaction of soap preparation is:

3) How to make a soap emulsion?

1 gram Stearic Acid

Mixture

Heated and stir until the stearic acid dissolve completely Let until its temperature reach 50oC Stir Added with KOH solution, stir Added with 4 gram Glycerin, stir Added with 12 gram Alcohol, stir Heated until form homogenous solution

Added with 10 gram Palm Oil

Soap Solution

Hard Soap

Dried

0.1 - 0.2 gram soap that has been made

Soap Solution

Dissolve in 6-8 mL hot water


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4) Explain the process of soap emulsion!Emulsion, in physical chemistry, mixture of two or more liquids in

which one is present as droplets, of microscopic or ultramicroscopic size,

distributed throughout the other. Emulsions are formed from the component

liquids either spontaneously or, more often, by mechanical means, such as

agitation, provided that the liquids that are mixed have no (or a very limited)

mutual solubility. Emulsions are stabilized by agents that form films at the

surface of the droplets (e.g., soap molecules) or that impart to them a

mechanical stability (e.g., colloidal carbon or bentonite).

Soaps are sodium or potassium fatty acids salts, produced from the

hydrolysis of fats in a chemical reaction called saponification. Each soap

molecule has a long hydrocarbon chain, sometimes called its 'tail', with a

carboxylate 'head'. In water, the sodium or potassium ions float free, leaving a

negatively-charged head.

Soap is an excellent cleanser because of its ability to act as an

emulsifying agent. An emulsifier is capable of dispersing one liquid into

another immiscible liquid. This means that while oil (which attracts dirt)

doesn't naturally mix with water, soap can suspend oil/dirt in such a way that it

can be removed.

The organic part of a natural soap is a negatively-charged, polar

molecule. Its hydrophilic (water-loving) carboxylate group (-CO2) interacts

with water molecules via ion-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding. The

hydrophobic (water-fearing) part of a soap molecule, its long, nonpolar

3 mL Water

Added with 5 drops ofoil

Oil separating layer

Mixture

Shaked strongly Let it for a while

3 mL Water

Added with 5 drops ofoil

Added with soap
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458647/physical-chemistryhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/386481/mixturehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/575004/surfacehttp://chemistry.about.com/library/glossary/bldef825.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/library/glossary/bldef825.htmhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/575004/surfacehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/386481/mixturehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458647/physical-chemistry


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hydrocarbon chain, does not interact with water molecules. The hydrocarbon

chains are attracted to each other by dispersion forces and cluster together,

forming structures called micelles. In these micelles, the carboxylate groups

form a negatively-charged spherical surface, with the hydrocarbon chains

inside the sphere. Because they are negatively charged, soap micelles repel

each other and remain dispersed in water.

Grease and oil are nonpolar and insoluble in water. When soap and

soiling oils are mixed, the nonpolar hydrocarbon portion of the micelles break

up the nonpolar oil molecules. A different type of micelle then forms, with

nonpolar soiling molecules in the center. Thus, grease and oil and the 'dirt'

attached to them are caught inside the micelle and can be rinsed away.

5) Explain the difference between soap using NaOH and KOH as a base!Soaps are water-soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. Soaps

are made of fats and oils, or their fatty acids, by treating them chemically with

a strong alkali. These fatty acids are weak acids composed of two parts: A

carboxylic acid group consisting of one hydrogen atom, two oxygen atoms,

and one carbon atom, plus a hydrocarbon chain attached to the carboxylic acid

group. The common alkalis used in soap making are sodium hydroxide also

called caustic soda, and potassium hydroxide also called caustic potash.

Saponification of fats and oils is the most widely used soap making

process. This method involves heating fats and oils and reacting them with a

liquid alkali to produce soap and water plus glycerine.

When the alkali is sodium hydroxide, a sodium soap is formed. Sodium

soaps are "hard soaps". When the alkali is potassium hydroxide, a potassium

soap is formed. Potassium soaps are softer and are found in some liquid hand

soaps and shaving creams.


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11. REFERENCES

Anonym. 2012. Soap. en.wikipedia.org/Soap.htm (accessed at 13th

March 2012)

Anonym. 2011. Komponen Pembuatan Sabun. www.sabuncair.com/2011/10/komponen-

pembuatan-sabun.html (accessed on 12th

March 2012)

Helmenstine, Anne Marie.How Soap Cleans.

http://chemistry.about.com/od/cleanerchemistry/a/how-soap-cleans.htm (accessed on

Thursday, 15th March 2012 at 8.42 pm)

Rohman, Saepul. 2009.Bahan Pembuatan Sabun.

http://majarimagazine.com/2009/07/bahan-pembuatan-sabun/ (accessed at 12th

March 2012)

Spurlock, D. 2012. Synthesis of Soap Course Notes.

http://homepages.ius.edu/Dspurloc/c122/soap.htm (accessed on Thursday, 15th

March 2012 at 8.42 pm)
http://chemistry.about.com/od/cleanerchemistry/a/how-soap-cleans.htmhttp://homepages.ius.edu/Dspurloc/c122/soap.htmhttp://homepages.ius.edu/Dspurloc/c122/soap.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/cleanerchemistry/a/how-soap-cleans.htm


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12. ATTACHMENT

Solid NaOH NaOH Solution

Glycerin Mixture of Oil and NaOH

after heating process

Olive Oil

Palm Oil soap solution

before adding Olive Oil

Coconut Oil soap solution

before adding Olive Oil

Palm Oil soap solution

after adding Olive Oil

Coconut Oil soap solution

after adding Olive Oil

laporan sabun

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