jurnal.usuluddin.10.1999-04.suhaimi.maqamat

7/24/2019 Jurnal.Usuluddin.10.1999-04.Suhaimi.Maqamat

1/12

K O N S E P M Q M T N H W L S U I

S U T U P E N I L I N

O l e h

W a n

S u h a i m i W a n

A b d u l l a h

A b s t r a c t

T h e

c o n c e p t

m a q a m d t

a n d

a h w d l

o n e o f m o s t i m p o r t a n t

s u f i s m

d o c t r i n e

I s l a m

w h i c h

p l a y e d a n

e f f i c i e n t r o l e s s u f i s

s p i r i t u a l j o u r n e y . I t i s s t i l l r e m a i n

a n

e f f e c t i v e

s t e p s

s u f i s t o

r e a c h t h e i r s p i r i t u a l d e s t i n a t i o n . B u t i s t h i s s p i r i t u a l n e e d

o n l y

a s p e c t

t h a t t h e

c o n c e p t w o r k e d o r

t h e r e

a

p o s i b i l i t y

w i t h

s u c h

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

m a k e a n e f f e c t i v e m e t h o d n o n - s p i r i t u a l

j o u r n e y h u m a n d e v e l o p m e n t ? T h i s a r t i c l e a n a t t e m p t i o n a n

s w e r t h i s q u e s t i o n

a n d

t r i e s t o p r o p o s e s o m e p o i n t o f v i e w

a b o u t

P E N H U L U N

T a s a w u f

a d a l a h s a l a h s a t u d i s i p l i n i l m u a t a u b i d a n g p e m i k i r a n I s l a m y a n g a g a k

m e n d a p a t

p e r h a t i a n s e j a k k e b e l a k a n g a n i n i ; s a m a d a d a r i k a l a n g a n p e n d o k o n g d a n

p e m i n a t n y a

y a n g

s e m e s t i n y a b e r u s a h a

m e m p e r j e l a s k a n

h a k i k a t n y a

k e p a d a

m a s y a r a k a t

s e r t a

m e n j a w a b

b a n t a h a n

a t a u

t o h m a h a n

y a n g

d i l e m p a r k a n k e p a d a n y a a t a u

d a r i

k a l a n g a n y a n g m e n o l a k t a s a w u f a t a u s e k u r a n g - k u r a n g n y a m e n i d a k k a n k e p e n t i n g a n

d a n k e b e r k e s a n a n n y a d a l a m d u n i a

k i n i .

A n t a r a a s p e k u t a m a y a n g

m e n j a d i t u m p u a n

t o h m a h a n i a l a h k o n s e p - k o n s e p

a t a u d o k t r i n - d o k t r i n

y a n g s e r i n g

d i k a i t k a n d e n g a n t a s a w u f . A s p e k - a s p e k n e g a t i f a t a u

y a n g s e a k a n

n e g a t i f

t e n t a n g

s e s u a t u

k o n s e p

t a s a w u f

b i a s a n y a d i t a m p i l k a n d a l a m

u s a h a

m e m b u k t i k a n k e k o s o n g a n t a s a w u f . d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n m e n g e m u k a k a n t a f s i r a n -

t a f s i r a n n e g a t i f t e r h a d a p s e s u a t u k o n s e p t a s a w u f s a m a d a s e c a r a s e n g a j a a t a u p u n h a s i l

d a r i p a d a

s i l a p

f a h a m

t e r h a d a p

k o n s e p - k o n s e p

t e r s e b u t .

T a f s i r a n - t a f s i r a n n e g a t i f

y a n g

d i m a k s u d k a n s i n i

a n t a r a n y a

i a l a h t a f s i r a n

y a n g

d i b u a t b e r d a s a r k a n f a h a m a n y a n g t e r l a l u t e r i k a t d e n g a n p e n d e k a t a n u n g k a p a n d a n

p e m i k i r a n t o k o h - t o k o h s u f i y a n g

s e m e m a n g n y a

t e r l a l u a b s t r a k

d a n

s u k a r u n t u k

d i f a h a m i o l e h g o l o n g a n y a n g b e l u m

m e n c a p a i t a h a p

a t a u t i n g k a t y a n g s a m a . H a s i l n y a

t a f s i r a n d a n k o n s e p d i l i h a t o l e h p e n d o k o n g s e b a g a i s u a t u y a n g

t e r l a l u

t i n g g i d i l u a r

P e n s y a r a h J a b a t a n

A k i d a h

P e m i k i r a n

I s l a m

A k a d e m i P e n g a j i a n I s l a m

U n i v e r s i t i

M a

l a y a K u a l a

L u m p u r


2/12

J u r n a l

U s u l u d d i n

j a n g k a u a n , t i d a k

m a m p u d i c a p a i d a n

t i d a k

d a p a t

d i m a n f a a t k a n . M a n a k a l a p e n e n t a n g

p u l a , m e n g a n g g a p

t i d a k p r a k t i k a l d a n

k h a y a l a n , s e t e r u s n y a

m e n o l a k n y a a t a u

m e n i d a k k a n

p e r a n a n n y a .

A r t i k e l

b e r t u j u a n

m e n g e m u k a k a n

s u a t u

p e r c u b a a n u n t u k

m e n g e m b a l i k a n

s i n a r

d a n p e r a n a n

s a l a h

s a t u

k o n s e p p e n t i n g d a l a m t a s a w u f

i a i t u k o n s e p m a q a m a t

d a n

a h w d l d e n g a n

m e n d e k a t k a n

f a h a m a n m a s y a r a k a t t e n t a n g b a g a i m a n a k o n s e p

b e r p e r a n a n d a l a m p e r j a l a n a n

s u f i

s e c a r a k h u s u s d a n t e n t a n g

b a g a i m a n a

m u n g k i n

b e r p e r a n a n

d a l a m

k e h i d u p a n m a s y a r a k a t u m u m

d a l a m

a k t i v i t i d a n

p e m b a n g u n a n n y a .

s e k u r a n g - k u r a n g n y a

d a p a t

m e m b e r i

s u a t u

m o t i v a s i k e p a d a

p e n d o k o n g

t a s a w u f a t a u

s e t i d a k - t i d a k n y a m e n d e d a h k a n s a t u l a g i a s p e k p o s i t i f d a l a m t a s a w u f b a g i k a l a n g a n

p e n e n t a n g .

D E F I N I S I

M Q M T

N

H W L

S e b e l u m

d i b e n t a n g k a n

l e b i h

l a n j u t m e n g e n a i

k o n s e p

m a q a m a t d a n

a h w d l ,

p e r l u d i l i h a t

t e r l e b i h d a h u l u

d e f i n i s i n y a

d a r i

s u d u t

b a h a s a d a n

t e r m i n o l o g i

t a s a w u f

a g a r

j e l a s

p e n g e r t i a n d a n

m a k s u d n y a .

D e f i n i s i M a q a m a n H a l D a r i

S e g i B a h a s a

P e r k a t a a n

M a q d m a t a u

k a t a

j a m a n y a M a q d m d t d a l a m

B a h a s a A r a b

m e m b a w a

b e b e r a p a m a k s u d a n t a r a n y a b e r m a k s u d t e m p a t b e r d i r i s e p e r t i M a q d m I b r a h i m .

j u g a

m e m b a w a

m a k s u d

k e d u d u k a n

a t a u

d a r j a t

s e b a g a i m a n a y a n g

d i s e b u t o l e h

o r a n g A r a b :

s e o r a n g

y a n g m e m p u n y a i

m a q d m ( d z u m a q d m ) k a l a n g a n

k a u m n y a . P e r k a t a a n m a q d m j u g a

m e m b a w a

e r t i

s e m p e n a a t a u

k e s e s u a i a n

( m u n d s a b a h ) s e p e r t i d a l a m

u n g k a p a n

k u l l i m a q d m

m a q d l

y a n g b e r m a k s u d p a d a

s e t i a p s u a s a n a

a t a u k e a d a a n

k a t a - k a t a

a t a u p e n d e k a t a n y a n g

s e s u a i

d e n g a n n y a .

M a k n a - m a k n a l a i n b a g i p e r k a t a a n i a l a h m a j l i s , k u m p u l a n m a n u s i a d a n k u b u r .

P e r k a t a a n j u g a d i s e b u t s e b a g a i

M u q d m y a n g

m e m b a w a m a k s u d p e n e t a p a n

( i q a m a h ) a t a u t e m p a t

m e n e t a p

a t a u m a s a n y a .

P e r k a t a a n H a l p u l a

b e r m a k s u d m a s a

m a n a

k i t a

b e r a d a .

j u g a

m e m b a w a

m a k n a

k e a d a a n

a t a u

k e d u d u k a n

s e s u a t u .

U n g k a p a n

a l - s y a i ( h a l

s e s u a t u )

d a l a m

B a h a s a

A r a b

b e r m a k s u d ;

s i f a t n y a , m a n a k a l a

u n g k a p a n

a l - i n s d n ( h a l

m a n u s i a )

b e r m a k n a ;

a p a y a n g k h u s u s

b a g i n y a

d a r i p e r k a r a - p e r k a r a y a n g b e r u b a h - u b a h s a m a d a

y a n g b e r s i f a t z a h i r

a t a u p u n b a t i n .

K a t a j a m a n y a i a l a h A h w d l . 2

B e r d a s a r k a n m a k s u d d a n p e n g e r t i a n b a h a s a d a p a t d i p e r h a t i k a n b e b e r a p a

L i h a l a l - M u j a m a U W a s i t , M a j m a a l - L u g h a t a l - A r a b i y a h , M e s i r , E d i s i K e t i g a , 1 9 8 5 d a n a / -

M u j a m

a l - A r a b i a l - A s a s i ,

J a m i a t

a l - D u w a l a l - A r a b i y a h .

I b i d .

5 2


3/12

K o n s e p

M a q a n i a t

A h w a l

S u f i : S u a t u P e n i l a i a n

p e r k a r a . C o n t o h n y a p e r k a t a a n m q d m a t a u m a q a n i a t m e n g g a m b a r k a n s u a t u y a n g t e t a p

d a n l e b i h b e r s i f a t f i z i k a l ,

m a n a k a l a p e r k a t a a n

a t a u a h w d l p u l a m e n g g a m b a r k a n

s u a t u

y a n g s e r i n g b e r u b a h - u b a h , t i d a k t e t a p

d a n

l e b i h b e r s i f a t m a n a w i . W a l a u

b a g a i m a n a p u n h a n y a l a h

s u a t u

p e m e r h a t i a n

a w a l b e r d a s a r k a n

p e n g e r t i a n

b a h a s a .

D e f m i s i D a r i S e g i I s t i l a h T a s a w u f

A l - K a s y a n f

m e n d e f i n i s i k a n i s t i l a h m a q d m s e b a g a i :

m e n y e m p u r n a k a n h a k - h a k

y a n g

s e p a t u t n y a . S e s u n g g u h n y a s e s i a p a

y a n g

t i d a k m e n u n a i k a n h a k - h a k y a n g s e p a t u t n y a

d i t u n a i k a n p e r i n g k a t n y a i t u , m a k a t i d a k b a g i n y a u n t u k m e n a i k i p e r i n g k a t

s e t e r u s n y a s e b a g a i m a n a c o n t o h n y a m e r e k a y a n g

t i d a k

m e n c a p a i t a h a p d a n s i f a t

r e d h a d e n g a n p e m b e r i a n ( q a n a a h )

t i d a k

b a g i n y a m a q d m t a w a k k a l

d a n m e r e k a

y a n g b e l u m

m e n c a p a i

t a h a p t a w a k k a l

t i d a k

s a h

b a g i n y a

m a q d m t a s l i m d a n

b e g i t u l a h s e t e r u s n y a

A l - Q u s y a i r i m e n j e l a s k a n

l a g i

d e f i n i s i

d e n g a n m e n g a t a k a n

b a h a w a

m q d m

i a l a h

s u a t u

a d a b a t a u

a k h l a k y a n g

d i c a p a i o l e h s e s e o r a n g h a m b a m e l a l u i

u s a h a

g i g i h

y a n g

d i l a k u k a n n y a

p e r i n g k a t - p e r i n g k a t y a n g d i l a l u i . J a d i , m a q d m

s e s e o r a n g i a l a h

t e m p a t m a n a b e r a d a k e t i k a d a n

b e r u s a h a

b e i m u j a h a d a h u n t u k n y a . 4

B e l i a u

s e t e r u s n y a m e n a m b a h

b a h a w a s e s e o r a n g

t i d a k b o l e h b e r p i n d a h

d a r i

s u a t u

m a q d m

k e

m a q d m

y a n g

l a i n

s e b e l u m

m e n y e m p u r n a k a n

h u k u r n - h u k u m

m a q d m

t e r s e b u t . 5

J a d i , m a q d m a d a l a h p e r i n g k a t - p e r i n g k a t a t a u b o l e h

d i u m p a m a k a n

s e b a g a i s t e s e n -

s t e s e n y a n g d i l a l u i o l e h s e o r a n g s d l i k

u n t u k

m e n c a p a i p e n g h u j u n g p e r j a l a n a n

k e r o h a n i a n n y a . s e b a g a i m a n a k a t a a l - T u s i a d a l a h t e m p a t ( m a q d m ) s e s e o r a n g

h a m b a

s i s i A l l a h

s . w . t ,

m a n a d i s i t u l a h m e n d i r i k a n i b a d a t ,

m u j a h a d a h ,

l a t i h a n

d a n

t u m p u a n ( i n q i t d ) k e p a d a A l l a h s . w . t . 6

H a l a t a u A h w d l

p u l a

d i d e f i n i s i k a n s e b a g a i : A p a

y a n g m e n e m p a t i h a t i

a t a u y a n g

d i t e m p a t k a n

p a d a h a t i [ h a s i l ] d a r i k e j e r n i h a n z i k i r - z i k i r . 7 a d a l a h s u a t u m a k n a y a n g

l a h i r p a d a h a t i t a n p a d i s e n g a j a k a n

o l e h

m e r e k a ( p a r a s u f i ) d a n m e r e k a t i d a k m a m p u

m e n a r i k

a t a u

m e n g u s a h a k a n [ p e r k a r a i n i ] ; s e p e r t i t e n a n g , s e d i h d a n

l a p a n g . 8

L i h a t a l - K a s y a n l

( 1 9 8 4 ) ,

I s t i t a h a t

a l - S u f i y a h

A b d

a l - K h a l i q

M a h n i u d ,

K a h e r a h ,

D a r

a l - M a a r i f .

L i h a t a l - Q u s y a i r ~ i

( 1 9 7 4 ) ,

a l - R i s a l a h a l - Q u s y a i r i y y a h , E d . A b d

a l - H a l i m M a h m u d

d a n

h m u d a l - S y a r i f , K a h e r a h , D a r a l - K u t u b a l - H a d i t h a h ,

h i m .

2 0 4 .

I b i d .

a l - T u s i

( t . t ) ,

a l - L u m a ,

A b d

a l - H a l i m

M a h m u d T a h a

a l - B a q i S u r u r ,

K a h e r a h ,

M a t b a a h

a l - S a a d a h , h i m .

I b i d .

a l - Q u s y a i r T ( 1 9 7 4 ) , < i W ? a Z a / i , h i m . 2 0 6 .

5 3


4/12

J u r n a l U s u l u d d i n

B e r d a s a r k a n

d e f i n i s i

i n i , H a l

a t a u

A h w d l m e r u p a k a n s u a t u y a n g

m e n d a t a n g

y a n g

m u n c u l d a n

d i a l a m i o l e h

s e s e o r a n g

s a l i k

s e m a s a m u j a h a d a h

d a n s u l u k n y a .

m e n g i k u t

s e t e n g a h

p e n g k a j i s e u m p a m a a p a y a n g d i h a d a p i d a n d i l a l u i o l e h

p a r a

p e n g e m b a r a d a l a m p e n g e m b a r a a n n y a . j e l a s k e r a n a s e b a g a i m a n a

p a r a m u s a f i r d a l a m

p e n g e m b a r a a n n y a s e r i n g t e r d e d a h k e p a d a

p e l b a g a i

k e a d a a n

d a n

p e r i s t i w a y a n g

m e n d a t a n g d a n d i l u a r k a w a l a n d a n p i l i h a n n y a , b e g i t u j u g a p a r a s a l i k d a l a m p e r j a l a n a n

k e r o h a n i a n n y a

s e r i n g t e r d e d a h

k e p a d a

p e r k a r a - p e r k a r a

k e r o h a n i a n

y a n g s i l i h b e r g a n t i . 9

D e m i k i a n s e c a r a

r i n g k a s

d e f i n i s i m a q a m d a n h a l .

D e f i n i s i

a d a l a h s u a t u

d e f i n i s i y a n g b o l e h

d i k a t a k a n

d i t e r i m a

u m u m o l e h p a r a s u f i

s e k u r a n g - k u r a n g n y a d a r i

a s p e k

p e n g e r t i a n d a n

m a f h u m n y a ,

w a l a u p u n m u n g k i n a n t a r a m e r e k a

b e r b e z a

d a r i

s e g i

u n g k a p a n d a n l a f a z . m i a k a n l e b i h j e l a s a p a b i l a d i b e n t a n g k a n c i r i - c i r i d a n p e r b e z a a n

a n t a r a m a q a m d a n

n a n t i .

C I R I - C I R I

M Q M T D N H W L D N P E R E Z N N Y

P a r a

u l a m a '

t i d a k s e p e n d a p a t t e n t a n g p e r b e z a a n a n t a r a

m a q a m

d a n h a l ,

b a h k a n

a n t a r a t o k o h s u f i

s e p e r t i

A b u S u l a i m a n a l - D a r a n f

y a n g

t i d a k

m e m b e z a k a n

a n t a r a n y a . 1 0 u m u m n y a d i s e b a b k a n p e r c a n g g a h a n a n t a r a m e r e k a b u k a n s a h a j a

d a l a m m e n e n t u k a n

c i r i - c i r i

k h u s u s m a q a m d a n h a l , b a h k a n d a l a m m e m b e z a k a n

a n t a r a m a q a m d a n h a l . M a s a l a h t i m b u l , m e n g i k u t a l - S u h r a w a r d i , k e r a n a

u n s u r -

u n s u r

p e r s a m a a n d a n

k e k e l i r u a n p a d a m a q a m d a n

s e h i n g g a k a n

s u s a h

u n t u k

m e m b e z a k a n a n t a r a n y a . 1 1

W a l a u

b a g a i m a n a p u n , p e n u l i s a k a n c u b a

u n t u k

m e n j e l a s k a n

c i r i - c i r i

u m u m

m a q a m

d a n

h a l ,

s e t e r u s n y a

m e n g e m u k a k a n

a s p e k

p e r b e z a a n a n t a r a n y a .

P e r k a r a

p e r t a m a

y a n g

d a p a t d i p e r h a t i k a n t e n t a n g

c i r i - c i r i m a q a m d a n h a l a d a l a h

d a r i a s p e k j a l a n

a t a u c a r a

b a g a i m a n a s e s u a t u m a q a m

a t a u d i c a p a i ;

i a i t u s a m a d a

d e n g a n c a r a u s a h a a t a u i k h t i a r a t a u p u n

s e c a r a

k u r n i a a t a u p e m b e r i a n . B e r d a s a r k a n

d e f i n i s i - d e f i n i s i y a n g t e l a h d i k e m u k a k a n s e b e l u m i n i , j e l a s k e p a d a k i t a b a h a w a s e s u a t u

m a q a m

d i c a p a i d e n g a n

c a r a m u j a h a d a h d a n a d a l a h s u a t u y a n g b o l e h

d i u s a h a k a n

( m u k t a s a b ) .

M a n a k a l a h a l

p u l a s e b a l i k n y a a d a l a h

s u a t u y a n g d i k u r n i a k a n ( m a u h i b a h )

d a n t i d a k b o l e h d i u s a h a k a n . D a l a m a l - T u s i m e n y e b u t :

D a n

[ d i p e r o l e h i ]

b u k a n d e n g a n c a r a m u j a h a d a h , i b a d a t d a n

l a t i h a n s e b a g a i m a n a

m a q a m d t . 1 2

L i h a t ' A b d a l - F a t t a h A b d u l l a h B a r a k a t ( 1 9 8 9 ) , F J c d - T a s a w w u f w a a l - A k h q D i r a s a t w a

N u s u s , K a h e r a h , A l a m

a l - F i k r ,

h i m .

1 4 4 .

L i h a t N a s y s y a r , A . S a m i ( 1 9 8 0 ) , N a s y ' a t a l - F i k r a l - F a h a f i f i a l - I s t a m , K a h e r a h , D a r

M a ' a r i f . j . h i m .

3 1 2 .

L i h a t S u h r a w a r d i 1 9 7 3 ) ,

A w d r i f

a U M a a r i f , K a h e r a h , M a k t a b a h a l - Q a h i r a h , h i m . 4 2 3 .

A L L u m a ,

h i m .

5 4


5/12

K o n s e p M a q a m a t

A h w a l S u f i : S u a t u P e n i l a i a n

A l - Q u s y a i r i

j u g a ,

m e n u r u t

B a s y u n i , t e l a h m e n g e m u k a k a n s u a t u

p e r b i n c a n g a n

y a n g m e n a r i k

t e n t a n g

p e r s o a l a n a p a k a h

m a q a m d a n

h a l m u k t a s a b a h a t a u p u n

m a u h i b a h .

B e l i a u

d a l a m

h a l m e n g a m b i l

k i r a

a s p e k - a s p e k b a h a s a

A r a b

d a n

p e n g e r t i a n

a t a u

f a h a m a n a h l i

s u f i . T a f s i r a n b e l i a u

b a h a w a p e r k a t a a n m a q a m b e r a s a l

d a r i

p e r k a t a a n

a q a m a y a n g

b e r m a k s u d

b e r a d a s e s u a t u

t e m p a t ) m i s a l n y a

b e r t e p a t a n

d e n g a n p a n d a n g a n n y a

b a h a w a m a q a m a d a l a h

s u a t u

g e r a k

u s a h a y a n g

d i l a k s a n a k a n o l e h s e s e o r a n g h a m b a d a n b e r i l t i z a m d e n g n n y B e g i t u j u g a

t a f s i r a n n y a t e r h a d a p

p e r k a t a a n y a n g

m e n y e b u t b a h a w a b e r a s a l d a r i k a t a k e r j a

h o l l a

( m e n e m p a t i ) b e r t e p a t a n d e n g a n p a n d a n g a n b e l i a u y a n g m e n g a t a k a n b a h a w a

h a l

a d a l a h s u a t u y a n g d i k u r n i a k a n o l e h A l l a h s . w . t . d a r i

s i s i N y a

k e p a d a s e s e o r a n g h a m b a

t a n p a a p a - a p a u s a h a a t a u i k h t i a r d a r i n y a

( h a m b a ) . 1 3

P a n d a n g a n s e t e r u s n y a

d i s o k o n g o l e h a l - H u j w i r i .

B e l i a u

m e n y e b u t b a h a w a

m a q a m

u m p a m a

j a l a n

s e o r a n g

p e n u n t u t

d a n t e m p a t m a n a

b e r a d a s e m a s a

m u j a h a d a h n y a . D a r j a t d a n p e r i n g k a t n y a b e r d a s a r k a n k a d a r u s a h a d a n p e n c a p a i a n n y a

s i s i A l l a h s . w . t .

M a n a k a l a

p u l a

a d a l a h

k e m u l i a a n d a n

k e r a h m a t a n

A l l a h s . w . t y a n g

d i k u r n i a k a n k e p a d a s e s e o r a n g h a m b a d a n t i a d a k a i t a n

d e n g a n

m u j a h a d a h a t a u p u n

u s a h a h a m b a

t e r s e b u t . I n i , m e n u r u t

b e l i a u a d a l a h k e r a n a m a q a m

a d a l a h

d a r i

k a t e g o r i

a m a l a n a t a u k e r j a a m a l ) d a n b o l e h

d i u s a h a k a n ( a l - m a k a s i b ) .

M a n a k a l a p u l a

a d a l a h d a r i k a t e g o r i

k e m u l i a a n

a t a u k e l e b i h a n ( a l - a f d h d l ) d a n b e r b e n t u k p e m b e r i a n

( a l - m a w a h i b ) . B e r d a s a r k a n

f a k t a

i n i , s e s e o r a n g y a n g b e t m a q a m ( s a h i b a l - m a q a m )

m e l a k s a n a k a n m u j a h a d a h n y a ,

m a n a k a l a

y a n g b e x h a l

( s a h i b

a l - h d l f a n a d a r i d i r i n y a

d a n b e r a d a

d a l a m h a l y a n g d i k u r n i a k a n

o l e h A l l a h s . w . t .

b a g i n y a . 1 4

A s p e k s e t e r u s n y a y a n g b e r k a i t a n d e n g a n c i r i - c i r i m a q a m

d a n

h a l i a l a h

b e r k e n a a n

d e n g a n s a m a d a k e k a l a t a u b e r u b a h - u b a h . P a r a u l a m a b e r s e l i s i h p e n d a p a t

t e n t a n g p e r s o a l a n

i n i ,

a d a y a n g b e r p e n d a p a t b a h a w a h a l k e k a l d a n a d a

y a n g

b e r p e n d a p a t s e b a l i k n y a .

G o l o n g a n y a n g

b e r p e n d a p a t

b a h a w a k e k a l

m e n g a t a k a n

j i k a

t i d a k k e k a l d a n t i d a k b e r t e r u s a n , s e b e n a r n y a a d a l a h s u a t u l i n t a s a n

m a k n a

( l a w a i h ) , d a n b e l u m l a g i m e n c a p a i t a h a p a h w a l . k e r a n a s e s u a t u s i f a t a t a u k e a d a a n

b i l a m a n a

t e t a p

d a n b e r t e r u s a n

b a r u l a h

b o l e h

d i s e b u t

s e b a g a i

h a l . 1 5

A l - M u h a s i b i

d a l a m

m e n y e b u t

S e k i r a n y a k e b e r t e r u s a n n y a

t i d a k h a r u s m a k a s e s u a t u y a n g

d i c i n t a i

( a l - m u h i b ) t i d a k d i c i n t a i d a n

s e s u a t u

y a n g d i i d a m k a n

L i h a t j u g a I b r a h i m B a s y u n i ( 1 9 1 2 ) , a l - I m a m a l - Q u s y a i r l S i r a t u h u w a A t h a r u h u w a

M a d z h a b u h u a l - T a s a w w u f , K a h e r a h ,

M a j m a

a l - B u h u t h a l - I s l a m i y a h , h i m . 2 3 5 .

L i h a t a l - H u j w l r i ( 1 9 7 4 ) , K a s y f a l - M a h j u b , t e r j .

A r a b

o l e h I s a d a l - H a d i Q a n d i l ,

K a h e r a h ,

M a j l i s

a l - A l a a l - S y u u n

a l - I s l a m i y a h , h i m . 4 0 9 . P a n d a n g a n

j u g a d i s o k o n g

o l e h

a l - S u h r a w a r d l , l i h a t

A w a r i f u l a U M a a r i f , h i m .

4 2 4 .

L i h a t

a l - Q u s y a i r i , a l - R i s a l a h , h i m . 2 0 7 .


6/12


( a l - m u s y t d q ) t i d a k d i i m p i k a n . 1 6

P a n d a n g a n

l a i n ,

s e b a l i k n y a b e r p e n d a p a t b a h a w a

t i d a k k e k a l a t a u b e r t e r u s a n .

d a p a t d i f a h a m i d a r i k a t a - k a t a a l - J u n a i d y a n g

m e n y e b u t :

A h w a l a d a l a h s e p e r t i

k i l a t ,

s e k i r a n y a

k e k a l

[ s e b e n a r n y a ] a d a l a h b i s i k a n

j i w a

( h a d f t h

n a f s ) . 1 1

K a t a - k a t a

i n i ,

s e b a g a i m a n a y a n g d i j e l a s k a n o l e h p a r a s u f i b e r m a k s u d ; a h w a l

s e b a g a i m a n a

n a m a n y a ,

y a k n i s e b a g a i m a n a m e n e m p a t i

p a d a h a d t a n p a

d i d u g a , j u g a

h i l a n g s e r t a

m e r t a . 1 8

D e m i k i a n l a h

p a n d a n g a n

p a r a

s u f i

d a l a m

m a s a l a h

i n i .

W a l a u

b a g a i m a n a p u n

y a n g

b o l e h

d i s i m p u l k a n s i n i i a l a h , s e b a g a i m a n a

k a t a

a l - Q u s y a i r f :

S e s u n g g u h n y a

b e n a r [ j u g a ] k a t a - k a t a m e r e k a

y a n g


b a h a w a a h w a l k e k a l , k e r a n a k a d a n g - k a d a n g s e s u a t u m a k n a

b e r t u k a r

m e n j a d i m a q a m b a g i s e s e o r a n g , m a k a

t e r d i d i k

p a d a n y a .

A k a n

t e t a p i ,

o r a n g

m e m p u n y a i

a h w a l

[ l a i n ] ;

a d a l a h

a h w a l

y a n g m e n d a t a n g y a n g t i d a k k e k a l b e r t e r u s a n a t a s a h w a l y a n g

t e l a h

b e r t u k a r

m e n j a d i m a q d m n y a ,

a p a b i l a k e k a l a h w a l y a n g

m e n d a t a n g

s e b a g a i m a n a k e k a l n y a

a h w a l y a n g s e b e i u m n y a ,

a k a n m e n i n g k a t a h w a l l a i n

y a n g

l e b i h

t i n g g i

d a n l e b i h u n i k

( a l t a f ) ,

m a k a a k a n

s e n t i a s a

d a l a m p e n i n g k a t a n . 1 9

P a n d a n g a n

d i d o k o n g

j u g a o l e h a l - S u h r a w a r d i

y a n g

m e n y e b u t b a h a w a

w a l a u p u n

s e s u a t u

d i n a m a k a n

h d l

k e r a n a

s i f a t n y a y a n g s e n t i a s a

b e r u b a h d a n

m a q a m d i n a m a k a n m a q a m k e r a n a s i f a t n y a y a n g t e t a p d a n k e k a l , n a m u n k a d a n g k a l a

s e s u a t u

t e r t e n t u

b o l e h

b e r t u k a r

m e n j a d i

m a q a m ? 0

D e m i k i a n d a p a t l a h

d i p e r h a t i k a n

s i n i

s a t u

l a g i

c i r i - c i r i

m a q a m d a n

y a n g

m e m b e z a k a n a n t a r a k e d u a n y a . J a d i ,

b e r d a s a r k a n

k e d u a - d u a

c i r i - c i r i

k h u s u s m a q a m

d a n h d l , i a i t u c i r i u s a h a d a n k u r n i a

d a n

c i r i t e t a p

d a n

b e r u b a h , d a p a t l a h d i j e l a s k a n

p e r b e z a a n d i a n t a r a

m a q a m

d a n h a l . P e r b e z a a n i n i , y a n g d i a n g g a p o l e h A b d

H a l i m M a h m u d s e b a g a i p e r b e z a a n

y a n g

d i t e r i m a u m u m i a l a h ; m a q a m m e r u p a k a n

s u a t u p e r i n g k a t y a n g l e b i h b e r s i f a t

k e k a l

a t a u

t e t a p

d a n

d i c a p a i d e n g a n u s a h a

d a n

m u j a h a d a h

p e r i b a d i s e s e o r a n g s u f i , m a n a k a l a p u l a i b a r a t s u a t u k e a d a a n a t a u

s u a s a n a y a n g m e n d a t a n g d a n c e p a t h i l a n g a t a u b e r u b a h .

m e r u p a k a n

s u a t u k u r n i a a n ,

l i m p a h a n

d a n

k e t i n g g i a n

d a r i

A l l a h

s . w . t .

y a n g

m a n a

k e m u n c u l a n d a n

k e p e r g i a n n y a

t i a d a h u b u n g a n d e n g a n k e h e n d a k m a n u s i a . 2 1

M - H u j w l i i , K a s y f a l - M a h j u b , h i m .

4 0 9 .

I b i d .

I b i d , M m . 4 1 0 .

a U R i s a l a h ,

h i m .

2 0 7 .

L i h a t A w a r i f a U M a d r i f ,

h i m .

4 2 3 .

L i h a t A b d a l - H a l i m M a h m u d ( 1 9 9 2 ) , U s i a d z a l - S a i r i n a l - H a r i t h i b n A s a d a U M u K a s i b i

K a h e r a h , D a r a l - M a a r i f ,

h i m .

2 7 9 .

5 6


7/12

K o n s e p M a q a n i a t A h w a l S u f i : S u a t u P e n i l a i a n

Q S U F I : S Y R T P E R P I N D H N N Y

S e b e l u m

d i b e n t a n g k a n t e n t a n g

b i l a n g a n m a q d m d a n

s u s u n a n n y a ,

p e n u l i s

a k a n

m e n g e m u k a k a n t e r l e b i h d a h u l u p e r b i n c a n g a n t e n t a n g p e r p i n d a h a n a t a u p e n i n g k a t a n

d a r i

s u a t u

m a q d m

k e

s u a t u

m a q d m

d a n

s y a r a t n y a

k a l a n g a n

p a r a

s u f i .

D a l a m

m a s a l a h t e r d a p a t

d u a

p a n d a n g a n y a n g b e r b e z a ;

s a t u p e n d a p a t

m e n g a t a k a n b a h a w a s e s e o r a n g

t i d a k

h a r u s

b e r p i n d a h

k e

s u a t u m a q d m y a n g l a i n

k e c u a l i

s e t e l a h

b e t u l - b e t u l

m e n g u a s a i a t a u m e l a k s a n a k a n s e g a l a t u n t u t a n m a q d m

s e b e l u m n y a , m a n a k a l a

p a n d a n g a n

y a n g l a i n p u l a m e n y e b u t b a h a w a m a q d m s e s e o r a n g

t i d a k

a k a n

s e m p u r n a

k e c u a l i s e t e l a h b e r p i n d a h

k e

m a q d m

s e t e r u s n y a y a n g l e b i h

t i n g g i m a n a

d a r i

s i t u m a m p u m e n e l i t i d a n m e n i l a i m a q d m n y a y a n g

l a l u ,

s e t e r u s n y a d a p a t m e m p e r k e m a s d a n m e m p e r e l o k k a n n y a . 2 2

D i s i n i

a g a k

s u k a r

u n t u k d i t e n t u k a n

p a n d a n g a n m a n a k a h y a n g

l e b i h

t e p a t

k h u s u s n y a

d a l a m m a s a l a h s e b e g i n i , f a k t a b e r b e n t u k t e o r i s e m a t a - m a t a

t a n p a

p e n g a l a m a n a m a l i t i d a k m e n c u k u p i .

T a m b a h a n

p u l a , p a r a s u f i b e r c a k a p a t a u p u n

b e r b i c a r a b e r d a s a r k a n p e n g a l a m a n d a n

y a n g

d i l a l u i n y a ,

y a n g

s e m e s t i n y a b e r l a i n a n

a n t a r a

s a t u s a m a

l a i n .

W a l a u

b a g a i m a n a p u n ,

p e n u l i s

a k a n

c u b a m e n g e m u k a k a n

s u a t u

p a n d a n g a n ,

b u k a n

b e r d a s a r k a n p e n g a l a m a n ,

t e t a p i


k e p a d a

p e m a h a m a n

p e n u l i s y a n g t e r h a d t e r h a d a p k a t a - k a t a a t a u b i c a r a p a r a s u f i .


y a n g d a p a t d i f a h a m i

d a r i

d e f i n i s i m a q d m

y a n g

d i k e m u k a k a n

o l e h

a l - K a s y a n f d a n

a l - Q u s y a i r i y a n g

l a l u ,

j u g a

y a n g

d i s e b u t d a l a m

K a s y f

M a h j u b ? 3 d a p a t d i s i m p u l k a n b a h a w a

s e s e o r a n g

s d l i k t i d a k h a r u s b e r p i n d a h d a r i s u a t u

m a q d m k e

s u a t u

m a q d m y a n g

l a i n

m e l a i n k a n

s e t e l a h

b e n a r - b e n a r m e l e n g k a p k a n

p e n c a p a i a n m a q d m n y a .

A l - S u h r a w a r d i m e n y e b u t ,

d a l a m

m e n j e l a s k a n s e j a u h m a n a

p e r s a m a a n d a n k e s e r a s i a n a n t a r a m a q d m d a n

h d l :

S e s e o r a n g s u f i s u a t u m a q d m d i k u r n i a k a n s u a t u h d l d a r i

m a q d m n y a y a n g l e b i h

t i n g g i

y a n g

a k a n d i c a p a i n y a ,

l a l u

d a p a t i

b a h a w a h d l t e r s e b u t

m e m p e r e l o k k a n

k e a d a a n

m a q d m n y a

s e k a r a n g ,

s e d a n g k a n a l - H a q s . w . t .

j u g a b e r p e r a n a n d a l a m

h a l

i n i ,

d a n t i d a k d i s a n d a r k a n

s e s u a t u

k e p a d a

( k u a s a ) h a m b a

s a m a d a

m e n i n g k a t

( d a r i

s e s u a t u

m a q d m

a t a u

h d l )

a t a u p u n

t i d a k .

S e s u n g g u h n y a s e s e o r a n g h a m b a m e n i n g k a t m a q d m - m a q d m

m a q d m d t ) d e n g a n

h a l - h d l ( a h w a l ) , d a n a h w a l

a d a l a h k u r n i a a n -

k u r n i a a n ,

m e n i n g k a t ( b e r t u k a r )

k e p a d a m a q d m d t ,

y a n g

m a n a

t a b i a t n y a b e r c a m p u r a n t a r a u s a h a d a n k u r n i a . S e s e o r a n g h a m b a

t i d a k

a k a n

d i b a y a n g k a n

d e n g a n

h d l

d a r i

m a q d m

y a n g l e b i h

t i n g g i d a r i m a q d m n y a m e l a i n k a n s e t e l a h h a m p i r m e n i n g k a t

L i h a t

a l - S u h r a w a r d l ,

A w a r i f a U M a a r i f , h i m .

4 2 5 .

^ L i h a t j . M m 4 0 9 .

5 7


8/12


k e p a d a n y a .

S e s e o r a n g h a m b a

a k a n t e r u s m e n i n g k a t m a q d m

d e n g a n p e r t a m b a h a n

a h w d l . 2 *

Q

S U F I :

I L N G N

D N

T E R T I N Y

D e m i k i a n p e r c a n g a h a n

d a n p e r b e z a a n p e n d a p a t p a r a s u f i t e n t a n g p e r s o a l a n - p e r s o a l a n

b e r k a i t a n m a q d m d a n h a l . P e r s e l i s i h a n - p e r s e l i s i h a n b o l e h d i a n g g a p s u a t u y a n g p a s t i

a t a u h a m p i r p a s t i b e r l a k u d a l a m

d i s i p l i n

t a r i k a t d a n p e r j a l a n a n p a r a s u f i . p a d a

p a n d a n g a n p e n u l i s , l a h i r

d a r i p e r b e z a a n p e n g a l a m a n p a r a s d l i k

s e n d i r i

k e r a n a

t a r i k a t a t a u

p e r j a l a n a n p a r a s u f i

u m u m n y a

b e r k a i t

r a p a t d e n g a n p e n g a l a m a n

p e r i b a d i

s u f i

i t u s e n d i r i .

C a r a a t a u t a r i k a t

y a n g b e r b e z a s e m e s t i n y a m e m e r l u k a n m e t o d

a t a u

s u l u k y a n g b e r l a i n a n . O l e h y a n g

d e m i k i a n ,

p e n u l i s b e r p e n d a p a t t i d a k p a t u t b a g i

s e s e o r a n g m e n d o k o n g

d a n t a k s u b

d e n g a n m a n a - m a n a p a n d a n g a n

d a n

t a r i k a t ,


j u g a

t i d a k

b e r h a k

m e n g h u k u m

s e s u a t u

m a z h a b

b e t u l

a t a u p u n

s a l a h

m e l a i n k a n s e t e l a h m e n g e c a p i d a n m e n g a l a m i s e n d i r i a p a y a n g d i a l a m i d a n d i c a p a i

o l e h t a r i k a t d a n m a z h a b t e r s e b u t . 2 5

P e n d a h u l u a n

p e n t i n g k h u s u s n y a

b i l a k i t a

m e m b i n c a n g k a n

m a s a l a h b i l a n g a n

m a q d m d t d a n a h w d l s e r t a t e r t i b a t a u s u s u n a n n y a ,

m a n a

k i t a a k a n d a p a t i p e r s e l i s i h a n

d a n p e r t e n t a n g a n t e n t a n g n y a b o l e h d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i m a n a k a t a D r . b u R a y y a n

s e b a g a i p e r c a n g g a h a n y a n g j e l a s . 2 6 Q a y y i m , l m

p e r n a h b e r k a t a :

T e r d a p a t p e r s e l i s i h a n

y a n g b a n y a k k a l a n g a n

p a r a t o k o h

s u f i

t e n t a n g b i l a n g a n

m a q d m d t d a n

s u s u n a n n y a

m e r e k a

j u g a

b e r c a n g g a h a n

t e n t a n g s e s e t e n g a h

p e r i n g k a t

p e r j a l a n a n ;

a d a k a h

d a r i

k a t e g o r i

a h w d l ? . 2 1

D a l a m p e r s o a l a n b i l a n g a n m a q d m k i d a n

a h w d l

p e r s e l i s i h a n p a r a u l a m a

t e n t a n g n y a m e n c a p a i s u a t u

t h p

m a n a j u r a n g p e r b e z a a n n y a

t e r l a l u

l u a s .

m e r u j u k k e r a n a p a n d a n g a n - p a n d a n g a n

y a n g

p e l b a g a i d a l a m i n i ;

a d a y a n g

A w a r i f a L M a a r i f ,

h i m .

4 2 5 .

P e n u l i s s i n i

m e r u j u k k e p a d a f e n o m e n a y a n g d a p a t

d i p e r h a t i k a n

k a l a n g a n u m a t I s l a m

s a m a d a

d a r i

k a l a n g a n a h l i

s u f i a t a u p u n

k a l a n g a n

a n t i

t a s a w u f . k e r a n a k a l a n g a n a h l i

t a s a w u f a t a u l e b i h

t e p a t

d i s e b u t s e b a g a i g o l o n g a n y a n g

m a s i h

d a l a m p e r j a l a n a n t a s a w u f

( M u t a s a w w i f l

a d a y a n g

t e r s i l a p

d a l a m

m e m a h a m i

k e d u d u k a n

t a r i k a t a t a u a l i r a n

d a l a m

I l m u

T a s a w u f

y a n g

s e b e n a r n y a

t i d a k

l e b i h d a r i

h a n y a

p e n g a l a m a n d a n p e n d e k a t a n i n d i v i d u - i n d i v i d u

t e r t e n t u d a l a m

u s a h a m e r e k a m e n c a p a i m a k r i f a t . K e k e l i r u a n m e n y e b a b k a n l a h i r n y a f e n o m e n a

t a k s u b

k e p a d a

t a r i k a t a t a u s y e i k h

t e r t e n t u s e r t a m e n i d a k

a t a u

m e r e n d a h - r e n d a h k a n t a r i k a t

d a n

a l i r a n y a n g l a i n . G o l o n g a n

k e d u a p u l a , i a i t u

g o l o n g a n

a n t i

t a s a w u f y a n g m e n g a n g g a p

t a s a w u f

a d a l a h s u a t u y a n g d i d a t a n g k a n d a r i l u a r a j a r a n I s l a m , j u g a m e n g a l a m i m a s a l a h y a n g s a m a ,

i a i t u

m a s a l a h s i l a p f a h a m d a n m a s a l a h m e n i d a k k a n y a n g m e r e k a s e n d i r i t i d a k p e r n a h m e r a s a i n y a .

L i h a t A b u R a y y a n

D r . ) 1 9 9 5 ) , a U H a r a k a t a l - S u f i y a h f i a U I s l a m , h i m . 1 1 6 .

M a d a r i j a l - S a l i k i n , F a k h r i a l - R i f a i I s a m N . a l - H a r i s t a n i , B e i r u t , a l - J i l , 1 9 9 1 ,

j . l :

h l m . 1 6 3 .

5 8


9/12

K o n s e p M a q a m a t A h w a l S u f i : S u a t u P e n i l a i a n

m e n g a t a k a n

b a h a w a

j u m l a h n y a

a d a l a h

s e b a n y a k t u j u h m a q a m , y a n g


a d a l a h s e b a n y a k s e p u l u h d a n a d a p u l a y a n g m e n y e b u t , s e b a g a i m a n a y a n g

d i r i w a y a t k a n

o l e h a l - H e r a w i b a h a w a a n t a r a A l l a h d a n

h a m b a

a d a s e r i b u m a q a m . 2 *

S e b a b a t a u f a k t o r p e r s e l i s i h a n a n t a r a n y a i a l a h p e r b e z a a n t a n g g a p a n

d a n

f a h a m a n

k a l a n g a n

m a z h a b - m a z h a b d a n t a r i k a t - t a r i k a t

t e n t a n g

p e r s o a l a n i n i , w a l a u p u n

g a m b a r a n

u u

t e n t a n g n y a d i s e p a k a t i

p a d a

d a s a r n y a . S e b a b l a i n y a n g j u g a m e m b e r i s a h a m

d a l a m

p e r c a n g g a h a n l u a r a n i a l a h k e k e l i r u a n

y a n g

w u j u d a n t a r a s u a t u q

d e n g a n q y a n g l a i n d a r i s a t u s u d u t , d a n j u g a

y a n g

t e r d a p a t a n t a r a s u a t u q

d e n g a n s e s e t e n g a h a h w a l s a t u a s p e k y a n g l a i n . 2 9

N a m u n b e g i t u ,

y a n g b o l e h

d i p a s t i k a n s i n i , s e b a g a i m a n a y a n g

d i n y a t a k a n

o l e h D r .

A b d

a l - H a l i m M a h m u d

i a l a h b i l a n g a n

m a q d m h t

a d a l a h

t e r h a d


t e r h a d n y a k e r j a - k e r j a a t a u t i n d a k a n y a n g b e r a s a s k a n k e h e n d a k d a n k e i n g i n a n m a n u s i a .

M a n a k a l a a h w a l p u l a t i d a k t e r h a d b i l a n g a n n y a . 3 0 A l - Q u s y a i r i d a l a m m a s a l a h

m e n y e b u t :

S e s u n g g u h n y a k e m a m p u a n ( m a q d u r d t ) l l h s . w . t [ d a l a m

m e n g u r n i a k a n ]

k e m u l i a a n t i a d a

b a t a s a n n y a , a p a b i l a k e b e n a r a n

a l - H a q

t a a l a

a d a l a h k e m u l i a a n d a n

u n t u k

m e n c a p a i n y a s e c a r a p a s t i

( t a h q i q ) a d a l a h m u s t a h i l , m a k a s e s e o r a n g h a m b a a k a n s e n t i a s a

m e n i n g k a t a h w a l n y a . T i a d a

s u a t u

m a k n a

y a n g

d i c a p a i m e l a i n k a n

a d a p a d a k e m a m p u a n N y a t a a l a a p a y a n g l e b i h t i n g g i . 3 1


k u r n i a a n

A l l a h s . w . t s e b a g a i m a n a y a n g d i n y a t a k a n o l e h

S u h r a w a r d F

t i d a k

t e r h a d ,

a h w a l

a d a l a h

k u r n i a a n

A l l a h ,

j a d i

b e r k a i t a n

d e n g a n

k a l i m a t

A l l a h y a n g t i d a k

m u n g k i n d a p a t d i h i t u n g a t a u

d i c a t a t

w a l a u p u n

k e r i n g

l a u t .


A l l a h

s . w . t M a h a P e m b e r i

N i k m a t

d a n M a h a M e m b e r i . 3 2

P a r a s u f i s e t e r u s n y a

b e r b e z a p e n d a p a t t e n t a n g t e r t i b

m a q d m a t d a n a h w a l .

m e n u r u t

A b u R a y y a n , k e r a n a

p a r a s u f i


b a h a w a t e r t i b a t a u

s u s u n a n

m a q a m

a t a u

a d a l a h

b e r d a s a r k a n a p a y a n g t e l a h d i t e n t u k a n k e p a d a s e s e o r a n g

s d l i k

d a l a m p e r j a l a n a n t a r i k a t n y a b e r a s a s k a n b a k a t d a n k e u p a y a a n n y a . j u g a d i s e b a b k a n

p e r b e z a a n k a e d a h s u l u k

a n t a r a

s e s e o r a n g g u r u a t a u p u n a n t a r a

s u a t u

t a r i k a t

d a n

a l i r a n

t a s a w u f . 3 3

D a r i s i n i d a p a t l a h

d i s i m p u l k a n b a h a w a p e r s e l i s i h a n b e r l a k u

d i s e b a b k a n p e r b e z a a n s u s u n a n

d a n

p e n g a l a m a n

k a l a n g a n

p a r a

s u f i

d a n

t i d a k

L i h a t

a l - H e r a w i ( 1 9 6 6 ) ,

M a n a z i l a l - S a i r i n ,

K a h e r a h , M u s t a f a a l - H a l a b i , h i m .

L i h a t

j u . ^ a

K i t a b S a d M a i d d n , D e

B e a u r e c u e i l

d a l a m D e B e a u r e c u e i l ( l 9 6 5 ) , K h w d d j a A b d u l l a h

A n s d r i , M y s t i q u e

H a n b a l i t e , B e y r o u t h , 1 7 3 .

L i h a t B a r a k a t , F i a U T a s a w u f w a a l - A k h l a q , h i m . 1 4 4 - 1 4 5 .

L i h a t

U s t a d z

a U S a i r i n , h i m .

a U R i s a l a h ,

j . l ; h i m . 2 0 8 .

L i h a t A w d r i f a L M a a r i f , h i m . 4 2 7 .

L i h a t a l - H a r a k a t a l - S u f i y a h f i a l - I s l a m , h i m . 1 1 6 .

5 9


10/12


m u n g k i n b a g i s e s e o r a n g m e n g a n g g a p s u a t u t e r t i b d a n p e n g a l a m a n s u a t u y a n g

u m u m b a g i

s e m u a .

J a d i , b e r d a s a r k a n

f a k t a

i n i f a k t a b a h a w a p e r s o a l a n

t e r t i b a d a l a h

s u a t u

y a n g

k h u s u s

d a n

b e r a s a s k a n p e n g a l a m a n

i n d i v i d u , p e n u l i s

t i d a k b e r s e t u j u

d e n g a n p a n d a n g a n

Q a y y i m

y a n g m e n g a n g g a p b a h a w a s u s u n a n y a n g d i k e m u k a k a n

o l e h p a r a

p e n y u s u n

m a q a m

a t a u h a l a d a l a h

s u a t u t e k a a n

y a n g

t i d a k t e p a t

d a n

s u a t u

d a k w a a n

y a n g

t i d a k s e l a r a s

s e h i n g g a k a n a d a y a n g

m e l e t a k k a n s u a t u m a q a m

a t a u

y a n g t i n g g i d i

p e r m u l a a n j a l a n . 3 4 k e r a n a

t a b i a t n y a s e m e m a n g n y a s e d e m i k i a n . P a r a

s u f i

y a n g m e n y u s u n s u a t u t e r t i b t i d a k

m u n g k i n m e n y u s u n n y a d e n g a n s u s u n a n

y a n g

s a m a s e p e n u h n y a a n t a r a s a t u s a m a

l a i a

k e r a n a p e n g a l a m a n y a n g d i l a l u i o l e h s e t i a p

s u f i i t u b e r b e z a a n t a r a s a t u s a m a l a i n d a n t i d a k s e m e s t i n y a a p a y a n g d i r a s a k a n

t i n g g i

p a d a

s e s e t e n g a h

p e n g a l a m a n

s e b e n a r n y a

t i n g g i b a g i p e n g a l a m a n y a n g l a i n . W a l a u

b a g a i m a n a p u n p e n u l i s

b e r s e t u j u

d e n g a n

p a n d a n g a n s e k i r a n y a s u f i

y a n g

m e n g e m u k a k a n s u s u n a n m e n g a n g g a p n y a

s e b a g a i

s u s u n a n y a n g

p a s t i d a n

s a m a

b a g i

s e m u a

s d l i k

a t a u

m u r i d .

K O N S P Q S U F I

S U T U P N I L I N


a p a y a n g t e l a h

d i b e n t a n g k a n

s e b e l u m i n i p t

d i s i m p u l k a n

b a h a w a

m a q a m d a l a m t a s a w u f b o l e h

d i s i f a t k a n

s e b a g a i l a l u a n a t a u p e r s i n g g a h a n p a r a s u f i

d a l a m u s a h a m e r e k a m e n c a p a i k e r e d h a a n A l l a h s . w . t . M a n a k a l a

p u l a

i a l a h k e a d a a n

a t a u s u a s a n a

y a n g

d i a l a m i o l e h m e r e k a s e p a n j a n g

p e r j a l a n a n n y a i t u .

L a l u a n d a n

k e a d a a n

i n i

s e b a g a i m a n a y a n g d i j e l a s k a n ,

d i p e r k a t a k a n

b e r d a s a r k a n p e n g a l a m a n

p e r i b a d i

s e s e o r a n g

s u f i d a n s e m e m a n g n y a b e r b e z a a n t a r a s u a t u

p e n g a l a m a n

d e n g a n p e n g a l a m a n y a n g

l a i n

s a m a d a d a l a m m e n e n t u k a n y a n g

m a n a k a h

m a q a m

a t a u

h a l , a t a u d a l a m m e n j e l a s k a n k e d u d u k a n

d a n t e r t i b s e t i a p

m a q a m d a n

h a l . J a d i d a l a m

i n i a d a l a h t i d a k

w a j a r d i t e n t u k a n

a t a u

i p u t u s k n

t e n t a n g p e r s o a l a n k e r a n a

k e t e n t u a n y a n g d i k e m u k a k a n w a l a u p u n m u n g k i n b e n a r d a n b e r a s a s k a n p e n g a l a m a n

l e b i h

b e r s i f a t

s u a t u y a n g k h u s u s d a n t i d a k

p a t u t

d i k e m u k a k a n s e b a g a i s u a t u

c a r a

a t a u k a e d a h u m u m u n t u k s e m u a . O l e h y a n g

d e m i k i a n p e n i l a i a n

y a n g c u b a

d i k e m u k a k a n

s i n i t i d a k a k a n

m e n y e n t u h

a s p e k - a s p e k t e r s e b u t .

N a m u n

l e b i h

b e r s i f a t p e r c u b a a n a w a l d a l a m m e n g e m u k a k a n s u a t u t a f s i r a n a t a u p e n d e k a t a n t e n t a n g

b a g a i m a n a s e p a t u t n y a d i f a h a m i

k o n s e p k h u s u s n y a d a l a m m a s a k i n i .

P a r a

u l a m a d a n

p e n g k a j i

t a s a w u f

u m u m n y a

b e r s e p a k a t

b a h a w a

a n t a r a

m a q a m

y a n g d i l a l u i o l e h p a r a s u f i d a l a m

p e r j a l a n a n

k e r o h a n i a n n y a i a l a h t a u b a t , z u h u d , w a r n ,

t a w a k k a l ,

s a b a r

d a n r e d h a . 3 S M a q d m m a q a m d i p e r k a t a k a n d a n d i j e l a s k a n s e b a g a i

p e r i n g k a t - p e r i n g k a t

y a n g

d i l a l u i o l e h p a r a s u f i

d a l a m

u s a h a m e r e k a b e r m u j a h a d a h

d a n

m e m b e r s i h k a n

d i r i d a r i

s e g a l a

s i f a t t e r k e j i s e t e r u s n y a b e r p i n d a h k e s u a t u p e r i n g k a t

L i h a t M a d a r i j a U S a l i k i n ,

j . l ; h i m . 1 6 6 .

L i h a t

m i s a l n y a

a l - T u s i , a U L u m a ,

h i m .

6 8 d a n s e t e r u s n y a S u h r a w a v d i , A w a r i f a l - M a a r i f

h i m . 4 2 8

s e t e r u s n y a ,

B a r a k a t , F i a l T a s a w w u f

w a

a l - A k h l a q , h i m .

s e t e r u s n y a

A b u R a y y a n , a l - H a r a k a t a U S i i f i y a h a l - I s l a m , h i m . s e t e r u s n y a .

6 0


11/12

K o n s e p

M a q a m a t

A h w a l S u f i : S u a t u P e n i l a i a n

y a n g

l e b i h

b a i k

m a n a m e r e k a m e n y u c i k a n

j i w a

d a n m e m p e r b a i k i

a k h l a k ,

d a n

a k h i m y a m e n c a p a i h a k i k a t

a t a u

m a k r i f a t .

P e r j a l a n a n k e r o h a n i a n

y a n g

d i p e r k a t a k a n d a n p e n d e k a t a n y a n g b e r s i f a t t e r l a l u

k e r o h a n i a n

d a n

a b s t r a k

k a d a n g - k a d a n g

m e n g g a m b a r k a n

k e p a d a

p e m b a c a b a h a w a

p e r j u a n g a n

d a n p e r j a l a n a n

p a r a

s u f i

a d a l a h

t e r l a l u t i n g g i d a n

u n i k

s e h i n g g a

d i r a s a k a n

s e a k a n m e m p e r k a t a k a n s u a t u a l a m l a i n

y a n g

t i a d a k a i t a n d e n g a n m a n u s i a d a n a l a m

i n i .

A k i b a t n y a

m a s y a r a k a t

w m m e n g a n g g a p t a s a w u f

h a n y a l a h u n t u k

g o l o n g a n

t e r t e n t u

s a h a j a

d a n

t i d a k s e s u a i

b a h k a n

t i d a k p r a k t i k a l b a g i m a j o r i t i m a s y a r a k a t

l a m

k h u s u s n y a

m o d e n

i n i .

H a s i l n y a , d i a n g g a p

t i d a k

b e r f a e d a h d a n y a n g

m e n g a n g g a p n y a b u k a n d a r i a j a r a n I s l a m y a n g s e b e n a r . P a n d a n g a n d a n t a n g g a p a n

n e g a t i f t e r h a d a p t a s a w u f m e n d o r o n g p e n u l i s u n t u k c u b a m e n g e m u k a k a n s u a t u

p e n d e k a t a n

d a l a m m e m a h a m i k o n s e p d a n

b a g a i m a n a

m m p u

b e r f u n g s i

d a l a m

k e h i d u p a n

u m a t

I s l a m

k i n i ,

s a m a d a

d a r i

a s p e k k e r o h a n i a n s e b a g a i m a n a

y a n g b i a s a

d i f a h a m i , a t a u p u n d a r i a s p e k k e h i d u p a n s e h a r i a n u m a t I s l a m , m i d e n g a n h a r a p a n d a p a t

m e m p e r b e t u l k a n f a h a m a n d a n

t a n g g a p a n

s i l a p a t a u s e m p i t

t e n t a n g

t a s a w u f a m n y a d a n

k o n s e p k h a s n y a , s a m a d a d a r i

k a l a n g a n s u f i a t a u p u n k a l a n g a n

a n t i - t a s a w u f .

k e r a n a

p e n u l i s m a s i h b e r k e y a k i n a n b a h a w a

T a s a w u f a m n y a

d a n

m u j a h a d a h s u f i

k h a s n y a m a s i h m m p u b e r p e r a n a n , s e b a g a i m a n a s e b e l u m i n i d a l a m p e m b a n g u n a n

u m a t

I s l a m k h u s u s n y a

d a r i

a s p e k

k e r o h a n i a n , a k h l a k d a n

i h s a n , s e i r i n g a n

d e n g a n

p e r a n a n y a n g

d i m a i n k a n o l e h T a u h i d a t a u

I l m u

K a l a m d a l a m a s p e k

a q i d a h

a t a u i m a n

d a n F i q h d a l a m a s p e k s y a r i a t a t a u i s l d m .

m u m n y p a r a

s u f i b i l a

m e m p e r k a t a k a n t e n t a n g s e s u a t u

m a q a m

a t a u h a l , m e r e k a

m e m b a h a g i d a n

m e n g k a t e g o r i k a n n y a

k e p a d a

b e b e r a p a k a t e g o r i

y a n g

m e n g g a m b a r k a n

t a h a p d a n t i n g k a t s e s e o r a n g m u r i d a t a u s d l i k . M e r e k a b i a s a n y a m e m b a h a g i n y a k e p a d a

t i g a t i n g k a t i a i t u t i n g k a t p e r m u l a a n ( m u b t a d i i n ) , t i n g k a t k h a s ( k h a w a s s ) d a n t i n g k a t

k h a s s

a l - k h a w a s s :

T i n g k a t - t i n g k a t d i l i h a t d a n d i n i l a i


u k u r a n

d a n

k a c a m a t a s u f i

y a n g u m u m n y

m e n e k a n k a n

a s p e k

h a k i k a t s e s u a t u m q m

d a n

t i d a k

h a n y a t e r h e n t i k e p a d a p e n i l a i a n l u a r a n s e m a t a - m a t a .

S e b a g a i c o n t o h ,

a l - T u s i

m i s a l n y a m e r i w a y a t k a n t i g a p a n d a n g a n t e n t a n g t a u b a t

y a n g m e w a k i l i t i g a

t i n g k a t

a t a u

t a h a p t e r s e b u t . B a g i

t a h a p p e r t a m a

i a i t u

t a h a p

m u b t a d i i n , b e l i a u m e r i w a y a t k a t a - k a t a a l - S u s i y a n g m e n y e b u t b a h a w a t a u b a t i a l a h

k e m b a l i d a r i s e g a l a y a n g d i k e j i

o l e h

i l m u k e p a d a a p a y a n g d i p u j i

o l e h n y a .

T a h a p

j u g a

d i g a m b a r k a n o l e h S a h l

A b d u l l a h

y a n g m e n g a t a k a n b a h a w a t a u b a t i a l a h

k a m u t i d a k l u p a a k a n

d o s a

k a m u . S e t e r u s n y a u n g k a p a n D z u a l - N u n y a n g b e r b u n y i

T a u b a t

o r a n g

w m

a d a l a h

d a r i d o s a - d o s a ( m e r e k a ) , m a n a k a l a

t a u b a t k h a w a s s

p u l a

a d a l a h d a r i k e l u p a a n ( k e p a d a A l l a h s . w . t )

m e w a k i l i

t a h a p

k e d u a

i a i t u t a u b a t k h a w a s s .

M a n a k a l a t a u b a t t e r t i n g g i i a i t u t a u b a t k h a s s a l - k h a w d s s p u l a i a l a h s e b a g a i m a n a k a t a

A b u

a l - H a s a n a l - N u n B e r t a u b a t

d a r i

s e g a l a y a n g s e l a i n d a r i

A l l a h

s . w . t . 3 6

L i h a t a l - L u m a , h i m . 6 8 - 6 9 .

6 1


12/12

J u r n a l

U s u l u d d i n

B e r d a s a r k a n a p a

y a n g

d i b e n t a n g k a n a t a s , d a p a t d i p e r h a t i k a n b a g a i m a n a p a r a

s u f i m e n g u t a m a d a n m e m e n t i n g k a n k u a l i t i s e s u a t u t i n d a k a n a t a u l a n g k a h y a n g

d i a m b i l , s a m a d a d a l a m h a l b e r k a i t a n

m a q d m a i

d a n a h w a l , a t a u p u n d a l a m h a l - h a l l a i n

m e r a n g k u m i

i b a d a t ,

m u j a h a d a h j i w a ,

h u b u n g a n

s e s a r a a

m a n u s i a

d a n s e b a g a i n y a .

S e g a l a u s a h a

y a n g

d i l a k u k a n

u m u m n y a

m e n i t i k

b e r a t

s o a l

h a k i k a t

t e r t i n g g i d a n

s e n t i a s a

m e n g e j a r s a s a r a n

t e r b a i k y a n g m a m p u

d i c a p a i o l e h m a n u s i a .

D z u

a l - N u n

p e r n a h

m e n y e b u t : D o s a g o l o n g a n a l - M u q a r r a b i n

a d a l a h

( d i a n g g a p s u a t u ) k e b a i k a n

k a l a n g a n

g o l o n g a n

a l - A b r d r . K a t a n y a

l a g i :

R i y a

g o l o n g a n a l - A r l f f n

a d a l a h

( d i a n g g a p s u a t u ) k e i k h l a s a n k a l a n g a n g o l o n g a n a l - M u r i d i n .

K e n y a t a a n s e b e n a r n y a c u k u p u n t u k m e n y e d a r k a n m a s y a r a k a t b a g a i m a n a

s e s e o r a n g s u f i

m m p u

b e r p e r a n a n d a l a m p e m b a n g u n a n d a n

p e r k e m b a n g a n

u m m

k e r a n a

s e s e o r a n g

s u f i

y a n g s e b e n a r

a d a l a h

m e r e k a y a n g m e l a k u k a n

s e s u a t u k e r j a

d e n g a n s e b a i k m u n g k i n . T a m b a h a n l a g i , z u h u d d a l a m T a s a w u f I s l a m b u k a n l a h

k e p e n d i t a a n y a n g m e n o l a k d u n i a s e c a r a t o t a l

d a n

t a w a k k a l p u l a b u k a n l a h t a w a k k a l

y a n g m e m a l a s k a n , t e t a p i a d a l a h z u h u d y a n g m e m i l i k i d u n i a , b u k a n d i m i l i k i o l e h n y a

d a n

t a w a k k a l y a n g d i s e r t a i

d e n g a n u s a h a ,

b u k a n

t a w a k a l s e b a g a i a l a s a n

k e m l s n

S e o r a n g p e l a j a r y a n g m u b t a d i i n y a n g

f a h a m a k a n

k o n s e p m i s a l n y a , a k a n

b e r t a u b a t

d a r i k e m a l a s a n d a n s i k a p

m e n g a b a i k a n

t a n g g u n g j a w a b n y a

s e b a g a i

s e o r a n g p e l a j a r ,

s e t e r u s n y a b e l a j a r b e r s u n g g u h - s u n g g u h d e m i m e n g e j a r

c i t a - c i t a n y a .

S e t e r u s n y a

p e l a j a r

t i n g k a t

k h a w d s s a k a n

l e b i h

b e r u s a h a b u k a n

s a h a j a u n t u k

m e m b e b a s k a n d i r i d a r i

k e m a l a s a n d a n s i k a p

m e n g a b a i k a n

t a n g g u n g j a w a b ,

n a m u n b e r u s a h a u n t u k m e m a s t i k a n

a g a r

s e t i a p m a s a

d a n

k e t i k a

t e k u n

b e l a j a r

d a n

a k a n m e n y e s a l d a n b e r t a u b a t

s e k i r a n y a

l a l a i

d a n m e n g a b a i k a n

p e l a j a r a n

w a l a u p u n

s e k e t i k a .

M a n a k a l a

p e l a j a r

t a h a p t e r t i n g g i i a i t u t a h a p k h d s s a l - k h a w d s s , b u k a n s a h a j a m e n j a g a d i r i d a n

d i s i p l i n n y a

s e b a g a i s e o r a n g p e l a j a r , n a m u n b e r u s a h a m e m a s t i k a n a g a r s e g a l a

u s a h a

d a n p e l a j a r a n

y a n g

d i t u n t u t h a n y a l a h k e r a n a

A l l a h

s . w . t d a n k e r e d h a a n n y a

d u n i a

d a n

a k h i r a t .

m e n u n t u t n y a

m e m p e l a j a r i i l m u - i l m u y a n g b e r f a e d a h d a n t i d a k

b e r c a n g g a h d e n g a n s y a r a , s e t e r u s n y a m e m p e r g u n a k a n n y a u n t u k k e b a i k a n I s l a m d a n

m u s l i m i n .

D e n g a n

a k a n l a h i r b u k a n s a h a j a s e b a g a i p e l a j a r y a n g

b e r k u a l i t i ,

b a h k a n s e b a g a i

s e o r a n g

s u f i y a n g s e b e n a r .

D e m i k i a n s i k a p d a n f a h a m a n

y a n g

s e p a t u t n y a d i d o k o n g d a l a m h a l i n i .

P e n d e k a t a n

d a n f a h a m a n

y a n g

s a m a

j u g a

s e p a t u t n y a d i a m b i l

d a l a m

m e r e a l i s a s i k a n

a s p e k , k o n s e p d a n

a j a r a n t a s a w u f

y a n g l a i n .

K e s i m p u l a n n y a j a n g a n m e l e t a k k a n

s a s a r a n a w a l p a d a k a t a - k a t a a t a u u n g k a p a n p a r a t o k o h s u f i k e r a n a m e r e k a u m u m n y

m e m p e r k a t a k a n n y a b e r d a s a r k a n k e d u d u k a n d a n

p e r s p e k t i f

m e r e k a . C u b a f a h a m i n y a

d a r i

t e m p a t

d a n

s t a t u s

m a n a

k i t a b e r a d a d a n m u l a k a n m u j a h a d a h d a n k e s u f i a n

k i t a d a r i

m a q d m t e r s e b u t d a l a m

s a j a

a k t i v i t i y a n g d i l a k u k a n .

D e n g a n

t a s a w u f

a m n y a d a n k o n s e p m a q a m k t d a n a h w a l

k h a s n y a

d a p a t d i r e a l i s a s i k a n .

I b i d .

6 2

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