FEM3107/PEM3501

ASAS PENASIHATAN & KAUNSELING

PHILOSOPHY PRINCIPLES

ETHICS

Philosophy

refers to the system of concepts, principles,

and values that drive what it is

Concept – Stone (1986)

Guiding

Healing

Facilitating

Modifying

Restructuring

Developing

Influencing

communicating

Process concept

Individual is unique

People has dignity

Our experiences are different

Counselling is educational in nature

Helping is a process with own structure and

systems

Helping relationship is important

RELATIONSHIP – PROBLEM AND EXPERTISE

HELPER

SELF PERCEPTION

NEEDS

VALUES

FEELINGS

EXPERIENCE

EX[ECTATION

EXPERTISE

HELPEE

SELF PERCEPTION

NEEDS

VALUES

FEELINGS

EXPERIENCE

EX[ECTATION

PROBLEMS

RELATION

SHIP

Concept - conclusion

Achieving something

Human services – human as unit

Relationship of two „different‟ individual

Process – dynamic

Technique – assist in achieving goal

principles

NO PERSON MAY DECIDE FOR ANOTHER WHAT OCCUPATION HE SHOULD CHOOSE BUT IT IS POSSIBLE TO HELP HIM TO APPROACH THE PROBLEM THAT SHALL COME TO WISE CONCLUSION FOR HIMSELF

(FRANK PARSON, 1909)

PRINCIPLES

… GUIDANCE DOES NOT MEAN THAT OLDER PEOPLE WILL IMPOSE IDEAS UPON CHILDREN; THE BUSINESS OF THE TEACHER IS RATHER TO PROVIDE THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH EACH CHILD WILL MAKE FOR HIMSELF THE SRIES OF CHOICES WHICH WILL DETERMINE HIS COURSE OF LIFE.

BREWER (1918)

PRINCIPLES

DO NOT GIVE ADVICE (when doing

counselling) … WHAT THE COUNSELEE

NEEDS IS ABILITY TO HANDLE

SITUATIONS, HIMSELF, NOT ADVICE TO

FOLLOW (try not to give advise as

necessary as possible)

WATSON & SPENCE (1930)

COUNSELLING PRINCIPLES

Proses pendidikan terancang dan berterusan

Perkhidmatan untuk semua (dengan atau

tanpa masalah)

Keperluan bagi perkembangan potensi

Bagi memahami diri dan orang lain(untuk

apa?)

Sambungan prinsip

Orientasi sekarang dan masa depan

Sedar kelemahan fokus kekuatan

Pengalaman membentuk individu

Kesepadauan JERI

Berpanduankan etika (ada dokumen piawai)

Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (1984) telah mengariskan prinsip-prinsip bimbingan dan kaunseling yang sesuai digunakan di Malaysia seperti berikut:-

1. Bimbingan dan kaunseling adalah proses pendidikan. Ia juga

merupakan proses yang dirancang dan berterusan. 2. Bimbingan dan kaunseling adalah untuk semua penuntut.

Setiap penuntut mempunyai peluang bagi mendapat pertolongan tanpa mengira latar belakangnya dan tanpa mengira kaum, agama atau kepercayaan.

3. Penuntut mempunyai hak untuk mendapatkan pertolongan

apabila perlu. 4.Bimbingan dan kaunseling adalah untuk melayani keperluan-

keperluan penuntut bagi perkembangan potensi-potensi dan kebolehanya.

5.Bimbingan dan kaunseling adalah untuk menolong penuntut

memahami dirinya dan orang lain dengan mendalam, menjelajah tujuan-tujuan hidupnya dan menolong memilih dan merancang hidupnya dengan berkesan.

6. Bimbingan dan kaunseling adalah berorientasikan masa depan dan sekarang.

7. Bimbingan dan kaunseling menolong individu menyedari kelemahan-kelemahannya dan memberi fokus kepada kekuatan-kekuatannya,

8. Pembentukan individu dipengaruhi oleh keseluruhan pengalaman.

9. Bimbingan dan kaunseling adalah pengetahuan dan kesepaduan psikofizikal penuntut. Ini bermakna kesepaduan di antara perasaan, sikap, akal dan rohani.

10. Bimbingan dan kaunseling hendaklah dijalankan berdasarkan etika kaunseling yang baik. Mematuhi etika adalah untuk tujuan memelihara kebajikan supaya ia tidak dianiya oleh yang menolongnya.

Code of ethics

This Code of Ethics expresses the ethical principles and values of the Counselling Association and serves as a guide to the professional conduct of all its members.

It also informs the public which they serve of the standards of ethical conduct for which members are to be responsible and accountable

Antara kepentingan etika kaunseling ialah ;

Sebagai garis panduan tatalaku kepada ahli dalam menjalankan tugasnya agar sebarang kerumitan undang-undang dapat dijauhi.

Etika penting sebagai perlindungan kepada ahli daripada sebarang tindakan yang boleh menyebabkan kemarahan orang awam (public condemnation)

Memberi perlindungan kepada orang awam terutama klien daripada sebarang tindakan yang tidak profesional oleh ahli yang boleh menganggu gugat kesejahteraan hidupnya.

Basic ethical guideline – Kitchener (1984)

Respect for autonomy

Non maleficience

Beneficence

Justice

fidelity

RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY

Respect for inherent freedom and dignity of each

person

Free to make choice for themselves

A person without freedom is a person without

dignity

A person is responsible for him or herself

Autonomy has limit – one‟s action cannot interfere

with the freedom of others and autonomy must be

based on an understanding and meaning of

implication of one‟s choice

Nonmaleficence

Avoiding harm and preventable risks

Use techniques that will not harm client

Competency of helper

Client must not worse off than he or she

began!

BENEFICENCE

Responsible to do good to client and society

at large (potential client)

Limit of competency

Promote public welfare

JUSTICE

Obligation to act fairly

Recognize dignity of all people

Avoid bias in professional action

“Justice means treating equals equally and unequal unequally, in proportion to their inequality” (Kitchener, 1984)

Avoid prejudice of gender, race, religion, economic status

FIDELITY

Faithfulness to the promises made and to the

truth

Loyalty – place client interest ahead of our

own

Role of trust – as client is vulnerable

Which is more important?

Mawi hidup kais pagi makan pagi dan isterinya

Marsha sakit tenat. Satu malam hujan lebat,

Marsha sesak nafas dan kehabisan ubat. Mawi

pergi ke farmasi terdekat, tetapi Felix, tuanpunya

farmasi tidak mahu menjual ubat Marsha kerana

Mawi tidak punyai duit yang cukup. Persoalan:

Apa Mawi perlu buat?

Code of Ethics - basis

Local values

Not a static document

Respect for dignity of a person

Based on right and opportunities

Responsibility for community

Integrity in relationship

KOD ETIKA - PERKAMA

Am

Penyelidikan dan Penerbitan

Perhubungan Kaunselor

Perundingan

Khidmat Persendirian

Latihan

Perkhidmatan Personalia

Pengukuran dan Penilaian

RUJUKAN

http://myschoolnet.ppk.kpm.my/kaunseling/p

anduan/cover.htm

Bab 2: Bacaan tambahan