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DESIGN OF WATEWATER TREATMENT PLANT FOR PETRA JAYA AREA

V

Marinus Joe Bin Peter Limpas

TD 746 M298 2004

Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2004

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

R13a

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

Judul: Design Of Wastewater Treatment Plant For Petra Jaya Area

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2004 / 2005

Saya MARINUS JOE BIN PETER LIMPAS (HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

I. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk

tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. 4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini

sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 5. "" Sila tandakan ( 11 ) di kotak yang berkenaan

Q SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia se)erti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).

a TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/ badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).

Ill TIDAK TERHAD

(TANDA AN PENULIS) ( NGAN PENYELIA)

Alamat tetap: P. O BOX 177,89257

TAMPARULI SABAH Mr. JETHRO HENRY ADAM Nama Penyclia

Tarikh: 'I ZiQ z'6 til Tarikh: (( fo4

CATATAN Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda. Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila Iampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tanpoh tesis ini palu dikdaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD.

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This Final Year Project attached here:

Title : Design Of Wastewater Treatment Plant For Petra Jaya Area

Author's Name Marinus Joe Bin Peter Limpas

Matric Number : 5994

Has been read and approved by:

Sill joý (Date)

(Supdrvisor)

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ýIiýýANI`'I MS17ý ýfR1CHAK

943(1(1 Kota Samarahan

P. KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK UNIMAS

11111111 IIIIIINIIIIIVIIA 1000143632

DESIGN OF WATEWATER TREATMENT PLANT FOR PETRA JAYA AREA

MARINUS JOE BIN PETER LIMPAS

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

(Civil Engineering)

Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2004

1

To my beloved mother and siblings

11

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Thanks to God, finally I have been able to complete my final year project. With

appreciation gratitude, I acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Mr. Jethro Henry

Adam for his guidance throughout this project work.

To the all individual I would like to take this space to give hearty thanks to those who

helped me and supported me to finish this project

Finally, I would like to express my heartfull thanks and sincere appreciation to my

beloved mother and to my siblings for their encouragement and spiritual support.

111

ABSTRACT

This project describes the proposed design of Wastewater Treatment Plant at Petra Jaya area. The purposes of the new treatment system are to replace and centralized the old wastewater treatment system in providing effective treatment facilities for the community in this area. The sources of the wastewater at this area are generated from domestic, commercial and institution. It is based on the water demand consumption according to the Malaysia Standard. The method used to treat the wastewater is by

using a combination of primary and secondary treatment system. The treatment system and the facilities are designed based on the area requirements and controlled by the design parameters. In primary treatment, the influent from community will flow into the facilities treatment and the large as well as smaller object will be removed by the screen facility. In the secondary treatment, the contaminant will be removed from the wastewater by using biological process before being disposed into the stream. The effectiveness of the operations is depended on the selection and design process of the facilities. The proposed wastewater treatment plants are expected to treat about 26,904

m3 / day until year 2020 where the design year is 15 years.

iv

ABSTRAK

Projek ini menerangkan cadangan merekabentuk loji rawatan air sisa di kawasan Petra Jaya. Tujuan pembinaan loji rawatan yang barn ini, adalah untuk mengganti dan menyelaraskan sistem rawatan yang sedia ada ke arah menyediakan kemudahan rawatan yang lebih berkesan untuk penduduk di kawasan ini. Sumber utama air sisa adalah daripada domestik, komersial dan institusi. Ini berpandukan kepada anggaran penggunaaan air di kawasan ini dengan merujuk kepada Piawaian Air Malaysia. Kaedah yang digunakan untuk merawat air sisa di kawasan ini adalah dengan gabungan sistem rawatan primari dan sekunder. Sistem rawatan dan kemudahan loji dibina berdasarkan keperluan kawasan dan di bawah kawalan parameter rekabentuk. Semasa proses rawatan primari, influen dan komuniti mengalir ke loji rawatan seterusnya objek kecil dan besar di tapis oleh alatan penapis. Di dalam rawatan sekunder pula, sisa-sisa akan dikeluarkan daripada air sisa melalui proses biologi sebelum ia dialirkan ke sungai. Keberkesanan operasi bergantung kepada pemilihan dan proses rekabentuk kemudahan loji. Loji rawatan air sisa ini di jangakakan berupaya merawat air sisa lebih kurang 26,904 m3 sehari, sehingga tahun 2020 di mana jangka masa rekabentuk loji ini adalah selama 15 tahun.

V

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Lý; IVFRS1I'l MALAYSIA SARAU'mtAK 943w, Kot.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

TITLE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Overview

1.2 Objective

CHAPTER TWO : LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 The Wastewater

2.1 Wastewater Characteristics

2.2 Wastewater Treatment Plant

2.3 Wastewater Flow

Page

1

ii

III

iv

vi

I

3

4

5

6

8

10

vi

2.4 Wastewater Treatment Plant System

2.4.1 Primary Treatment

2.4.2 Secondary Treatment

2.4.3 Tertiary Treatment

CHAPTER THREE : METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

3.1 Design Population

3.2 Characteristic of Wastewater

3.3 Equipment Selection

3.4 Design Procedure of the Equipment

3.4.1 Primary Treatments

3.4.2 Secondary Treatment

CHAPTER FOUR : THE PLANT DESIGN

4.0 Initial and design year

4.1 Population of Petra Jaya Area

4.2 Wastewater Sources and Flow rates

4.3 Computation of Design Flow

4.4 Primary Treatment

4.4.1 Design of bar racks

4.4.2 Design of Grit chamber

4.4.3 Design of sedimentation facilities.

11

11

14

20

22

23

26

27

29

29

35

37

37

40

40

41

42

44

vii

4.5 Secondary treatment 45

4.5.1 The design of Bio-Towers 47

48

CHAPTER FIVE : DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0 Introduction

5.1 The Plant Design Factor

5.2 Primary Treatment

5.21 Sedimentation facilities

5.3 Secondary Treatment

5.4 Recommendation

CHAPTER SIX : CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

SCHEDULE

54

50

56

56

57

58

59

61

62

viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Wastewater Characteristic

Table 2.2 The Malaysia Water Quality Standards

Table 3.1 Design Period

Table 3.2 Water Demand for various premises

Table 3.3 The Selection Of Equipment

Table 3.4 Design Factor for Bar Rack

Table 3.5 Design Parameter for Aerated Grit Chamber

Table 3.6 Design Criteria for Sedimentation Tank

Table 3.7 Design Criteria for Trickling Filter

Table 4.1 The population at Petra Jaya area

Table 4.2 The Wastewater Sources

8

9

23

27

28

29

32

34

36

38

40

Table 4.3 The Filter Media 47

Table 4.4 Design summary of The Wastewater Treatment Plant 52

ix

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1.1 Location of Petra Jaya area in Kuching division

Figure 1.2 Wastewater Plant Treatment Systems

Figure 2.1 Primary Treatment Systems

Figure 2.2 Secondary Treatment Systems

Figure 3.1 Arithmetic Method

Figure 4.1 The Population Projection

2

3

11

15

25

39

Figure 4.2 Cross section showing bar arrangement 43

Figure 4.3 The dimension of Sedimentation Tank 46

Figure 4.4 The dimension of the Bio Tower 50

Figure 4.5 The design details of Wastewater Treatment Process 51

X

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background

Petra Jaya area is located in Kuching division. (Figure 1.1). As a developing

area, it produced wastes from many source. Wastewater is one of the waste that caused

by the rapid development The sources of the wastewater come from residences,

institution and commercial. According to Drainage and Irrigation Department on their

website (www. didsarawak. gov. my), before there are modern wastewater facilities

systems, the wastewater at Kuching division are managed by onsite treatment and

disposal especially in unsewered area. The intermittent sand filter is used for the

partial treatment of the wastewater or bed for final treatment. This method usually is

ineffective because the wastes can pollute the soil and the water. Time has changes and

as a result the area of Petra Jaya undergo a rapid development in an ongoing progress.

Every houses and buildings is equipped with septic tank. This is effective since all the

wastewater being controlled properly.

1

However, the process unended because the wastewater should be collected and treated

before it can be disposed into the body of water. Thus, all the wastewater processes

and system should be centralized.

As a result, the designation of a new systematic wastewater treatment plant for

Petra Jaya is needed in order to provide a required wastewater treatment. The

wastewater treatment plant will be designed to ensure public health as well as protecting

the environment. The wastewater treatment plants are design based on treatment system

that is combination of Primary and Secondary treatment.

Figure 1.1. Location of Petra Jaya area in Kuching division

2

------------------------

Figure 1.2 Wastewater Plant Treatment Systems

1.1 Overview

Various treatments facilities are provided by the Kuching City Hall in

collaboration with the environmental problem caused by the discharge of untreated

wastewater. A survey made by Drainage and irrigation Department of Sarawak found

that, there are about 74,000 septic tanks in Kuching. The other wastewater treatment

facilities include Imhoff tank catering for single building, oxidation ponds at the

Kuching Hospital, Kuching Airport and Holiday Inn Damai. Beside there a few local

central wastewater treatment plants using biological treatment with activated sludge

acting in extended aeration mode.

3

Other treatment facilities include some small package plants based on activated

sludge or attached growth technologies. The drains and rivers functioning as combined

sewers collecting all types of wastewater such as septic tank effluent, grey water from

kitchen sinks, baths, etc. as well as liquid industrial wastes namely oil and grease.

1.2 Objectives

The objective of this project is to propose and design a wastewater treatment plant

for Petra Jaya area. The process and operation during the design phase are also included. It

also studies the requirements and the design factor used during the selection of the

wastewater treatment facilities. Moreover, this project will also give exposure on how to use

and perform the theory, knowledge and provide the opportunity in developing new ideas and

be innovative to solve any engineering constraint.

4

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 The Wastewater

Wastewater is a liquid portion that comes from a community such as

residences, institutions, commercial and industrials. Domestic wastewater includes

water from sinks, baths, toilets, washing machines and kitchen. Wastewater from

commercial and industries are more complex as water is use for a wide variety of

purposes. Wastewater also includes storm water runoff which contains a lot of

contaminants like hydrocarbons washed off from urban surfaces such as roads, parking

lots and rooftops. baths, toilets, washing machines and kitchen.

5

Domestic wastewater together with discharges from industry and, agriculture

has an impact on environmental conditions in rivers and coastal waters. Discharges of

wastewater add to the general nutrient load contribute to eutrophication problems in

rivers and coastal waters. The impacts of discharges of wastewater include the

unsightly littering of the rivers, creating foul smells and potential health hazard.

Continued pollution may threaten the survival aquatic life in rivers. Thus, the

wastewater should be treated immediately to prevent not only the communities' health,

but also pollution to the environment.

(Drainage and Irrigation Department Sarawak, 2003)

2.1 Wastewater Characteristics

Wastewater usually contains suspended solids, biodegradable organics and

pathogens (Qasim, 1994). A list of contaminants of wastewater is given in table 2.1

Suspended solids are organic in nature and composed of the more unacceptable

material in sewage. Beside, food waste, paper, rags and biological cells form the

mass of suspended solids in wastewater. So that, removal of suspended solids is

essential prior to discharge or reuse of wastewater. Biodegradable materials in

wastewater are considered to be soluble organics and this soluble organics are

composed chiefly of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Protein is mainly amino

acids, while carbohydrates are compounds such as sugars, starches and cellulose.

Lipids include fats, oil and grease.

6

All of these materials contain carbon that can be converted to carbon dioxide

and exerting and oxygen demand. Proteins also contain nitrogen and thus a

nitrogenous oxygen demand is also exerted. The waterborne pathogens can be found

in domestic wastewater. These include bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminthes.

These organisms are discharged by persons who are infected with the disease.

Even though pathogens causing some of the more unusual, diseases may

rarely be present. It is safe assumption that a sufficient number of pathogens are

present in untreated wastewater to represent a substantial health hazard. Fortunately,

few of pathogens survive wastewater treatment in viable state. The wastewater

treatment processes are designed to reduce suspended solids, biodegradable organics,

and pathogens to acceptable levels prior to disposal.

7

Table 2.1 Wastewater Characteristic

Contaminant Source

Suspended solids Domestic use, industrial erosion by infiltration / inflow

Biodegradable organics Domestic and industrial waste

Pathogens Domestic waste

Nutrients Domestic and industrial waste

Refractory organics Industrial waste

Heavy metals Industrial waste

Dissolved inorganic solids Increases above level in water supply by domestic and / or industrial use

2.2 Wastewater Treatment Plant

According to Master, (1991) stated that wastewater treatment is the process of

removing pollutants from water that has been used. The objective of wastewater

treatment is to reduce the concentrations of specific pollutant to the level at which the

discharge of effluent will not adversely affect the environment or pose a health threat.

Therefore reduction of these constituents need only some required level. This

wastewater treatment must meet the effluent standards before it can be discharge to a

body of water. According to Department of Environment Malaysia (n. d), the standard of

water quality in Malaysia is show in table 2.2

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Table 2.2 The Malaysia Water Quality Standards

Class

Parameter

BOD

Malaysia Water Quality Standards

I II III IV V

<1 1-3 3-6 6-12 >12

pH >7 6-7 5-6 <5 >5

SS <25 25-50 50-150 150-300 >300

WQI >92.7 76.5-92.7 51.9-76.5 31.0-51.9 <31.0

Class I Conservation of natural environment, Water Supply I- practically no

treatment necessary, Fishery I- very sensitive aquatic species.

Class IIA Water supply II - conventional treatment required, Fishery II - sensitive

aquatic species.

Class IIB Recreational use with body contact

Class III Water supply III - extensive treatment required, Fishery III - common,

of economic value, and tolerant species livestock drinking

Class IV Irrigation

Class V None of the above

BOD = Biochemical Oxygen Demand, SS = Suspended Solids, WQI = Water Quality

9

2.3 Wastewater Flow

Usually the wastewater flow varies with season, day of the week hour and the

area. (Peavy et al. 1985). The area can be divided into three parts according to contains

of the wastewater, such as residential, commercial and institutional facilities.

In residential area the wastewater flow rates, are determine based on population

density and average per capita contribution of wastewater. Qasim, (1994) discussed

that the possible rates should be based on actual flow data selected in similar

residential areas. Wastewater flow rate also can be estimate based on water

consumption if the flow data do not exist. The average wastewater flow rates are about

70 percent of domestic use. For the commercial district wastewater flow rate depends

on the type and the number of commercial establishment.

Based on data of cities over 25 000 population the commercial water flow rate

is about 15 - 20 percent of total water flow However because of unit flow rate can vary

widely for commercial facilities, obtaining records should make very effort. (Burton,

1996). Beside, for the institutional facilities the flow rates from institutional facilities

are determined from the actual data vary from institute to another institute. The actual

data then are used to estimate the average wastewater flow.

10

2.4 Wastewater Treatment Plant System

Wastewater treatment system is mainly composed of a combination of unit operations

and unit processes designed to reduce certain constituents of wastewater to acceptable level.

Unit operations and processes usually used in wastewater treatment are arranged accordingly

to conventional grouping. These wastewater systems are divided into primary, secondary and

tertiary treatment.

2.4.1 Primary Treatment

According to Peavy et at. (1985) the purpose of primary treatment is to remove solids

material from incoming wastewater. Large debris may be removed by screens or may be

reduced in size by grinding devices. (Figure 2.1)

Figure 2.1 Primary Treatment Systems

11