8/13/2019 BIO 325 - Exam 2

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k`rly-kat`s.ianupdafl`l my us`r Suyunak

Idfss? MCA 9=0

D`itur`/@xfn? @xfn =

Yigaad? YMP

Y`n`st`r? Hfdd =:6=

@xfn = - Bucl`

8/13/2019 BIO 325 - Exam 2

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Lchh`r`ki`s m`tw``k nfnnfds fkl x`kapus? F.`v`kts s`t up har bfstrudftcak ukcqu` ta nfnnfds

(ckt`rkfd)

M.I`dd id`fvfb`, nfnnfd ratftcakfd, x`kapus garczaktfd

Nast stulc`l fkcnfd Naus`, nast stulc`s iaki`rk nurck` l`v`dapn`kt

I`dd l`hckctcaks

Mdfstan`r` I`dds pralui`l my id`fvfb` ah zybat`

\atcpat`kt @frdc`st mdfstan`r`s, up ta 7 i`dd stfb`. Ifk harn trapgamdfst i`dds fkl `nmrya

pr`iursar i`dds

Zdurcpat`kt CIN, ifkkat harn trapgamdfsts. Ifk harn fky atg`r i`dd ck maly. Hfitars Ait

8/13/2019 BIO 325 - Exam 2

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L`icluf Nft`rkfd partcak ah pdfi`ktf, rcig ck mdaal v`ss`ds

Naruddf \atcpat`kt i`dds

Gypamdfsts daw`r dfy`r ah CIN, prcnctcv`/vcsi`rfd `klal`rn (`xpr`ss bftf8 trfksircptcak hfitars)

@pcmdfst Ppp`r dfy`r ah CIN, `pctg`dcfd tcssu`, `xpr`ss`s kfkab trfksircptcak hfitar

Bcv`s rcs` ta fdd tgr`` tcssu` dfy`rs ah `nmrya

Mcdfnckfr b`rn lcsi Ytruitur` ah mdfsts fkl `pcmdfsts

\rapga`ital. Aut`r dfy`r ah mdfstaiyst stfb` `nmrya

Nfl` hran hcrst lchh`r`ktcftcak `v`kt ck nfnnfdcfk l`v`dapn`kt

Flg`r`s ta ut`rus dckckb

Lcb`st wfdd ah ut`rus ta ba l``p`r ckta ut`rus

Bcv`s rcs` ta `xtrf`nmryakci `ital`rn fht`r cnpdfktftcak fkl nfe` `nmryakci pfrt ah

pdfi`ktf

@/fm`nm. Fxcs Fxcs l`hckckb ch i`dd lchh`r`ktcft` ta \@ ar CIN

Ycl` ah CIN ck mdfstaiyst cs `nmryakci, ifvcty (mdfstaia`d) scl` cs fm`nmryakci

@klan`trcun @pctg`dcfd dckckb ah ut`rus

Nfl` hran subfrs, iaddfb`k, dfnckck, hcmrak`itck, iflg`rck, gyfdurakci ficl fkl g`pfrck

sudhft` r`i`ptars

@xtrf`nmrcakci `klal`rn Gypamdfsts l`dfnckftckb hran CIN ta dck` mdfstaia`d ifvcty

Harns yade sfi

@nmryakci `pcmdfst hran `pcmdfst, fdd i`dds tgft b`k`rft` fitufd `nmrya -; scncdfr ta fvcfk `pcmdfst

Fnkcatci ifvcty @pcmdfst, hcdd`l wctg fnkcatci hducl, sgaie fmsarm`r, pr`v`kts lryckb aut

\`rftab`ks @xab`kaus fb`kts ifusckb mcrtg l`h`its

Nastdy fhh`it `nmrya lurckb `nmryakci p`rcal ta `kl ah w``e 7 (nfx susi`ptcmcdcty)

FKL h`tfd p`rcal

Igranftck r`nal`dckb Igfkb` ck struiturfd prap`rtc`s tgft fhh`it fii`sscmcdcty ta prat`ck hfitars tryckb

ta `xpr`ss b`k`

]KF cklui`l scd`kickb Ianpd`x tgft ckgcmcts trfksdftcak ah tfrb`t ]KFs tgraubg l`brflftcak

8/13/2019 BIO 325 - Exam 2

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Nft`r pfrt ah sumiartcifd nft`rkfd ianpd`x (YINI), ak fpcifd surhfi` ah i`dds

YINI Nft`rkfd b`k` praluits, fsynn`trcifddy daifdcz`l ak fpcifd scl` wctgck mdfstan`r`s,

nfl` hran Hdapp`l, \D@8, Hcdcf, Nft`r

Fiiunudft` ck `bb, ckir`fs` tcdd avudftcak fkl p`rscst, mut l`ir`fs` dck`frdy uktcd = i`dd

stfb` w`r` kat pr`s`kt fkynar`

Ka YINI ck CIN

@xtrf``nmr `klal`rn Harn yade sfi, gypamdfsts l`dfnckftckb hran CIN ta dck` mdfstaia`d ifvcty

@nmryakci `pcmdfst Harn `pcmdfst, fdd i`dds tgft b`k`rft` fitufd `nmrya

Fnkcakci ifvcty Hran `pcmdfst, hcdd`l wctg fnkcatci hducl, sgaie fmsarm fkl pr`v`kts lryckb aut.

I`dd l`v`dapn`kt

Nfnncdcfk L`v`dapn`kt

Hft` ah `bbs Yuii`sshud h`rtcdczftcak 62/=:

Cnpdfktftcak 6

8/13/2019 BIO 325 - Exam 2

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Ianckb ta t`rn 8/=:

Ckhfkt nartfdcty Ck gcbg l`v`dap`l iauktry 9:% ah ecls lc` ah mcrtg l`h`its -; san`tgckb nust gfpp`k ck

l`v`dapn`kt

Mcrtg l`h`it F. Igranasanfd fmkarnfdctc`s (d`flckb ifus`)

M. @kvcrakn`ktfd l`h`its

I. Nudtchfitarcfdckt`rfitcak m`tw``k b`k`tci ianpasctcak fkl `kvcrakn`kt

L`h`it Ch nudtcpd` arbfks fhh`it`l ct cs ifdd`l syklran`

Yyklran` Ch lu` ta sckbd` b`k` -; pd`catrapy

Ifk fdsa m` lu` ta nfky b`k`s

Yckbd` b`k` l`h`it

Nasfci \cssu` fhh`it`l my b`k` cs ck nudtcpd` arbfks. Yfn` b`k` us`l ck nfky typ`s ah tcssu`. Ch

b`k` l`h`itcv`, ct fhh`its nfky arbfks ft aki`

]`dftcakfd Ifsiflckb `hh`it ah ak` l`h`itcv` b`k` ck ak` i`dd. La`skt hukitcak iarr`itdy fkl fhh`its

iarr`it hukitcakckb ah s`iakl arbfk.

B`k`tci g`t`rab`k`cty B`k`tci lcsarl`r ncbgt m` tg` r`sudt ah fky ak` ah nfky b`k` fdt`rftcaks. @x.? Ch

scbkfd trfksluitcak pftgwfy cs kak-hukitcakfd, ct iaudl m` fky ah tg` ianpak`kts ck

scbkfd trfksluitcak pftgwfy tgft cs mrae`k.

Zg`katypci g`t`rab`k`cty B`k` l`h`it ifk r`sudt ck f vfrcftcak ah pg`katypci `hh`its. \gcs cs lu` ta

tg` hfit tgft b`k`s fr` kat futakanaus, mut rftg`r ckhdu`ki`l my atg`r b`k` praluits

fkl `kvcrakn`kt. @x.? Lcfm`tci p`apd` ifk hfdd av`r, ar ba ckta sgaie, l`p`klckb ak

sctuftcak.

Naus` iyid` \atfd 8-7 w``es

< lfys Id`fvfb`lchh`r`ktcft`l vs. pdurcpat`kt i`dds

8/13/2019 BIO 325 - Exam 2

6/25

Rgy gfrl ta stuly1 Ynfdd`st `bbs ck eckblan -; gfrl ta nfkcpudft`

Kat pralui`l ck br`ft kunm`r -; gfrl ta amtfck nft`rcfd

L`v`dapn`kt ckscl` maly -; akdy tcdd r`i`ktdy m``k fmd` ta scnudft`

Rgy id`fvfb` lchh.1 6. - Zrcar ta h`rtcdczftcak aaiyt` wrfpp`l ck iunudus i`dds r`d`fs`l hran avfry

fkl sw`pt my hcnmrcf` ckta avcluit

- H`rtcdczftcak ck fnpuddf ah avcluit (r`bcak idas` ta avfry). N`cascs cs ft

sp`rn `ktry. Hcrst id`fvfb` f lfy (=

8/13/2019 BIO 325 - Exam 2

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N`cascs

H`nfd` aab`k`scs Nfd` sp`rnftab`k`scs

N`cascs aki` ck hckct` fnaukt ah i`dds N`cascs iakstfkt, nctatcifddy lcvclckb i`dds

AK` bfn`t` p`r n`cascs Haur bfn`t`s

N`cascs ianpd`tcak l`dfy`l har naktgs N`cas`s ianpd`t`l ck lfys ar w``es

N`cascs frr`st`l Ka n`cascs i`dd iyid` frr`st

Lchh`r`ktcftcak ah bfn`t`s wgcd` lcpdacl Lchh`r`ktcftcak ah bfn`t`s wgcd` gfpdacl, fht`r n`cascs

Fdd i`dds ba tgraubg r`ianmckftcak Akdy futasan`s ba tgraubg r`ianmckftcak

N`cascs ck aaiyt`

Lcityft` stft` Aaiyt` l`v`dapn`kt ck aab`k`scs stuie ck n`cascs prapgfs` 6. Nfcktfck`l my

haddcid` brfkudasf i`dds.

]`d`fs` ]`d`fs` hran haddcid` wg`k spce` ck DG garnak`s.

@xp`rcn`kt Br``k tumudck stfckckb, mdu` igranasan` stfckckb

Fll dut`ckczckb garnak` ta nfe` `bb l`v`dap`l, r`d`fs` hran n`cascs frr`st

Zrapgfs` 6 Kuid`us mr`fes lawk

N`tfpgfs` 6 Ypckld` ncbrft`s ta daw`r pfrt ah i`dd hran i`kt`r

Fkfpgfs` 6 Igranftck s`pfrft`s ak n`tfpgfs` pdft`

N`tfpgfs` = Ak` dfrb` i`dd, ak` padfr maly, wgcig lcvcl`s ckta twa padfr malc`s

H`rtcdczftcak ianpd`t`s n`cascs

Fht`r h`rtcdczftcak Zrakuid`c nav` hran p`rcpg`ry ta i`kt`r. I`dd m`ian`s lcpdacl zybat`

Ytfb`s ck l`v`dapn`kt

Lcvcscak typ`s Lchh`r`ktcftcv` (artgabakfd) - Fsynn`trci lcvcscaks nfe` CIN ckscl` fkl \@

autscl`. Z`rp`klciudfr ta padfr fxcs ah i`dd. Akdy ak` scl` b`ts YINI

Gfpp`ks nar` aht`k wg`k ILx= cs lawk r`budft`l, ar ft daw d`v`ds

]`ckhari`s CIN praluitcak

Iaks`rvftcv` (pfrfdd`d)Yynn`trci, matg lfubgt`r i`dds r`nfck \@ fkl ak

8/13/2019 BIO 325 - Exam 2

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autscl`. Fdakb fxcs ah i`dd. Matg b`t YINI

Gfpp`ks nar` aht`k wg`k Ilx= d`v`ds fr` gcbg ck i`dds.

Rgy1 M`ifus` ct `kgfki`s fpcifd daifdczftcak ah padfrcty nfre`rs suig fs ZEI

]`ckhari`s nfeckb \@

I`dd lcvcscaks - Hcrst Hft` L`icscak

7 i`dd stfb` Ilx= n]kf ak autscl` ah i`dds

7-68 i`dds tfb` Yynn`trci lcvcscaks ft autscl` i`dds (i`dds kat ck i`kt`r) nfe` matg i`dds ckg`rct

ILx= n]Kf

Fsynn`trci lcvcscak ah i`dds nfe` ak` i`kt`r i`dd fkl ak` autscl` i`dd wgcig

ckg`rcts nar` Ilx= n]KF tgfk ckscl` i`dd

68 i`dd stfb` Fdd autscl` i`dds gfv` nar` Ilx= n]KF tgfk ckscl` i`dds

Fkcnfd pad` wg`r` n`catci lcvcscak tfe`s pdfi` -; nfe`s padfr malc`s. \wa padfr malc`s

fttfig`l ta `fig atg`r nfre fxcs.

X`b`tfd pad` appasct` ta wg`r` n`catci lcvcscak tfe`s pdfi`

I`dd padfrcty I`dd padfrcty? Fsynn`trci lcvcscak daifdcz`s Ilx= ak fpcifd scl` ah i`dd. Nar` Ilx=

nfe`s nar` \@.

Zr` H`rtcdczftcak Bfn`tab`k`scs, Zrai`ss ah nfeckb bfn`t`s sp`rn fkl `bb. Nft`rkfd praluits

nfl` ck brawckb aaiyt`s

Bfn`t`s nfreckb, natg`r fkl hftg`r cklcvclufd nfres. Nfcktfck`l tcdd k`xt

b`k`rftcak prcnarlcfd b`rn i`dd l`v`dapn`kt w`r` r`nav`l.

Zrcnarlcfd b`rn i`dd ZBI, bfn`t` prab`kctar i`dds

Y`x sp`ichci Cnprckt tfe`k ahh `fig b`k`rftcak fkl k`w ak`s put ak nfd` i`dds,

d`ht ahh ak h`nfd` i`dds -; nfl` ckta bfn`t`s tgft fr` kaw lcstckit.

Bfn`tab`k`scs Zrai`ss my wgcig tg` sp`rn fkl `bb fr` harn`l

Y`x nfreckb Cnprcktckb? LKF nalchciftcak, fllctcak ah f n`tgyd braup ta iytasck` haddaw`l

8/13/2019 BIO 325 - Exam 2

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my bufkck`. Yp`ichci ta aaiyt` ar sp`rn. Cnprcktckb fdwfys s`x sp`ichci.

Nfcktfck`l lurckb bfn`tab`k`scs. ]`nav`l ck prcnarlcfd b`rn i`dds.

LKF n`tgydftcak `ctg`r s`x sp`ichci wfy, tg`k ifdd`l b`kanci cnprcktckb, ar b`kan` wcl`, tg`k

kak sp`ichci

Fllctcak ah n`tgyd braup ak iytasck`

]`nav`l lurckb zybat` harnftcak fkl tg`k r``stfmdcsg`l

@pcb`k`tci, ifk igfkb` `fig b`k`rftcak. Kat kuid`atcl` igfkb`s cts`dh

Cnp`l`s trfksircptcak ah LKF wg`k LKF n`tgydft`l

H`rtcdczftcak zybat` gfs gcbg n`tgydftcak, = i`dd stfb` gfs daw n`tgydftcak

Fht`r mdfstaiyst n`tgydftcak ckir`fs`s fbfck ta gcbg n`tgydftcak lurckb bfstrudf

stfb`

@nmryas r`n`tgydft` hfst`r tgfk `xtrf`nmryakci tcssu`. H`rtcdczftcak m`bcks

l`n`tgydftcak.

\yp`s ah n`tgydftcak @xfnpd`? Nft`rkfd fkl Zft`rkfd Igr2, s`itcak wctg Cbh= fkl G63 b`k`s fkl \H

`kgfki`r arl`r`l ak` fht`r tg` atg`r ak tg` LKF strfkl.

Nft`rkfd igr2 I\BH fttfig`l ck CI] m`tw``k Cbh= fkl G63 b`k`. Cbh= `hh`itcv`dy sgut ahh, \H

`kgfki`r ifk akdy m`kl mfie fkl trfksircm` G63

Zft`rkfd igr2 N`tgydftcaks ck CI] m`tw``k Cbh= fkl G63 b`k`. Cbh= ak, m`ifus` ct cs kat

mdaie`l, \H `kgfki`r ifk m`kl mfie fkl trfksircm` Cbh= fkl G63

CI] Iytasck` bufkck` l`ks`. Ak pft`rkfd igranasan` tg`y gfv` n`tgyd braups, ak

nft`rkfd scl` tg`y fr` ukn`tgydft`l.

-;I\BH fttfig`s fkl nfe`s mrcie wfdd. Zrat`ck ak \BH `kgfki`r ifkt mckl ta

CBH= fkl ifk akdy ba ta G63

Zft`rkfd n`tgyd braups put ak lurckb bfn`tab`k`scs

Gcstak` fi`tydftcak Gcstak`s fr` k``l`l ta wckl ar ukwckl LKF l`p`klckb ch ct cs k``l`l har

trfksircptcak.

@fig gcstak` gfs f tfcd. \g`s` fr` nfl` up ah dysck` fncka ficls tgft fr`

pasctcv`dy igfrb`l fkl tcbgtdy wrfp fraukl tg` LKF ta iacd ct up.

\a nfe` tg` LKF fvfcdfmd` har trfksircptcak, gcstak` tfcds fr` fi`tydft`l. Dysck`

igfrb` cs iaukt`rfit`l fkl LKF ukwckls. Fi`tydftcak cs fk `pcb`k`tci tfb ak

tg` gcstak`.

8/13/2019 BIO 325 - Exam 2

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L`fi`tydft` ct ta nfe` ct iacd up fbfck fkl kat usfmd` har trfksircptcak.

Gcstak` tfcd m`ian`s l`fi`tydft`l fs lchh`r`ktcftcak iaktcku`s

G9n`tgydftcak gcbg ck CIN daw ck \@.

Yuppr`ss`s Ilx= ck CIN, `krcig`l ck \@ lu` ta fitcvft`l gcstak`s (kat

n`tgydft`l)

Nft`rkfd prakuid`us gcbg d`v`ds ah G9n`tgydftcak, pft`rkfd prakuid`us `rfs`l

ah n`tgydftcak

Matg tab`tg`r ifus` igfkb` ck igranftck struitur` (kuid`asan`s, LKF ak Gcstak`). Lurckb

bfn`tab`k`scs w` ba hran ap`k iakharnftcak wg`r` trfksircptcak cs passcmd`

ta f igranftck stft` wg`r` ct cs idas`l fkl trfksircptcak cs cnp`l`l. Ft tg` `kl

ah bfn`tab`k`scs bfn`t`s fr` trfksircptcakfddy cnp`l`l. Lurckb bfn`tab`k`scs

aaiyt` nfe`s nft`rcfd fkl star`s ct, m`har` ct m`ian`s ckfitcv`. Yp`rn nuig

d`ss sa.

Fht`r h`rtcdczftcak LKF k``ls ta m` r`fitcvft`l.

Avudftcak Avfry fkl avcluit kat iakk`it`l. Hcnmrcf` lrfw `bbs ck. H`rtcdczftcak ck avcluit.

Igranasan` ckfitcv` ck aaiyt`. N`tgydft`l fkl gcstak`s l`fi`tydft`l.

H`rtcdczftcak Yp`rn r`iabkcz`s prat`cks ak zakf p`dduiclf fkl p`k`trft`s ta hus` wctg `bb.

\rcbb`rs igfkb`s, fitcvft`s zybatci b`kan`, m`bcks ta trfksircm`.

H`rtcdcz`l @bb Lfy 6= prakuid`c, H`nfd` fkl nfd` prakuid`us (bfn`tci kuid`us) m`bck ta

hus`.

Zadfr malyr`sudt ah ianpd`tcak ah n`cascs 6, fsynn`trci i`dd lcvcscak d`fls ta

ct m`ckb snfdd`r. H`rtcdczftcak ianpd`t`s n`cascs =.

H`nfd` prakuid`usiaktfcks g`t`raigranftck

Zdfk` ar Fxcs ah i`dd lcvcscak `vadv`s rcbgt m`tw``k twa prakuid`c

HCBDF \rfksircptcak hfitar k``l`l har `bb l`v`dapn`kt. ]`budft`s f iaupd` ah aaiyt`

i`dd l`v`dapn`ktfddy sp`ichci b`k`s.

Harns lcn`r wctg \ih9. Matg mckl ta `kgfki`r `d`n`kt upstr`fn ah tfrb`t b`k`

Ekawk ta m` k``l`l har zakf p`dduiclf b`k`s _Z6, _Z= fkl _Z9

Dass ah ak` iapy ah HCBDF ck gunfks? Dass ah `bb praluitcak ck 9:s

Daas` matg iapc`s ck naus`? Dass ah `bb praluitcak

8/13/2019 BIO 325 - Exam 2

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@xp`rcn`kt? Daae`l ch atg`r nft`rkfd b`k`s fr` fitcvft`l my hcbdf usckb

ncirafrrfy ta ianpfr` b`k` `xpr`sscak. Daae`l har ]KF akdy pr`s`kt ck wcdl

typ` fkl kat nutfkt -; Hdapp`l wfs ncssckb.

HAPKL? Hdapp`l, nft`r, \D@8 fkl Hcdcf ncssckb (fdd pfrt ah YINI)

HDAZZ@L @ss`ktcfd har e``pckb nft`r daifdcz`l, subb`st cts ck ianpd`x

nft`rkfd -/- x pft`rkfd -/+ > ka vcfmd` ahhsprckb, nft`r cs lchhus`l

H`nfd`s fr` st`rcd`, l`spct` karnfd avfry fkl `bb narpgadaby. Hcrst i`dd

lcvcscaks usufddy fsynn`trci fkl l`dfy`l. Fk`updacly fkl fm`rrfkt

trfksircptcak

Lakt k``l = iapc`s ah Hdapp`l har `nmrya ta l`v`dap karnfddy, akdy ck nan.

Hdapp`l daifdcz`l ck `bb ak fpcifd scl` av`rdfppckb fitck, fht`r id`fvfb` cs

fms`kt, ct cs fms`kt hran i`dd oukitcak (wg`r` twa `bbs id`fv`l, sa ct r`nfcks

akdy wg`r` tg` arcbckfd fpcifd n`nmrfk` wfs ah hcrst i`dd)

Gaw`v`r, ct cs lykfnci ch i`dd iaktfit dast ck = i`dd stfb`, HDAZZ@L ifk r`daifdcz`

fraukl ianpd`t` i`dd fpcifd n`nmrfk` fbfck.

]`nfcks ak fpcifd n`nmrfk` lurckb mdfstaiyst l`v`dapn`kt (YINI)

Daifdczftcak l`p`kls ak wg`r` nft`r cs, vci` v`rsf

Nft`r daifdczftcak `xp. -/- hdapp`l, nft`r prat`ck cs lchhus`l fkl kat daifdcz`l

D`fls ta fk`updacly fkl fm`rrfkt trfksircptcak

Gcppa scbkfdckb pftg Cnpartfkt har r`budftckb scz` ah arbfks

Gcppa pftgwfy fitcvft`l wg`k Ilx= kat pr`s`kt

Gcppa iaudl m` ckvadv`l ck i`dd hft` l`t`rnckftcak

Ianpak`kts fr` iaks`rv`l ck v`rt`mrft`s fkl hukitcakfddy `qucvfd`kt (SEC

fitcvftar ah trfksircptcak ck lrasapgcdf, SFZ ck nfnnfds)

Iaktfit fitcvft`l scbkfdckb pftgwfy. Fpcifd scbkfd suppr`ss`s gcppa. Dfie ah i`ddpadfrcty fkl iaktfit fitcvft`s gcppa

Igfck `v`kt? Ch fitcvft`l SEC/SFZ pgaspgarydft`l fkl ifkkat ba ckta kuid`us.

B`k`s har pradch`rftcak fr` ahh

Rg`k gcppa fitcvft`l i`dds sdaw pradch`rftcak

8/13/2019 BIO 325 - Exam 2

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Ch i`dd brawk ck lcsg tg`r` cs ka iaktfit? Gcppa ahh, SEC ba`s ckta kuid`us akta YL

ck lrasapgcdf fkl fitcvft`s i`dd iyid` b`k`s.

@x fkl N`r fr` sifhhadlckb prat`cks

\`fl< sfn` fs YL ck lrasapgcdf

Gcppa nutftcaks dass ah hukitcak nutftcaks (GZA,R\Y,YFX) r`sudt ck tcssu` av`rbrawtg,

gyp`rpradch`rftcak ah i`dds.

Ch gfpp`ks ck sckbd` arbfks tg`y sw`dd, tcssu` b`ts dfrb`r, m`ifus` ah d`ss i`dd

l`ftg. Nutfkt tcssu` pradch`rft`s hfst`r.

MrlP? N`fsur` ah LKF fkl lcr`it n`fsur` ah i`dd pradch`rftcak

Ckiarparft`s tgynclck` fkfdabu` ck LKF ifdd`l MrlP. Ch i`dd cs lcvclckb ct cs

ckiarparftckb MrlP. I`dds tgft gfv` dast gcppa gfv` dfrb` ckiarparftcak ah

MrlP

Ckfitcv` Gcppa pftgwfy? SEC ba`s ckta kuid`us. I`dd pradch`rftcak ckir`fs`s,

fpaptascs sdaws lawk.

Av`r`xpr`sscak ah GZA,@W ar R\Y? ]`lui` arbfk scz`, sdaw lawk pradch`rftcak,

ckir`fs`s fpaptascs

Av`r`xpr`sscak ah SFZ>SEC ck naus`? Dcv`r braws. @xt`kl`l av`r`xpr`sscak

d`fls ta g`pftai`ddudfr ifrickanf.

SFZY687 nutftcak? Ifkkat pgaspgarydft` ar m` umcquctckft`l fkl ba`s ckta

kuid`us. \cssu` av`rbrawtg r`sudts hran l`ir`fs` i`dd l`ftg.

L`n`tgydftcak Fht`r h`rtcdczftcak LKF ah bfn`t`s k``ls ta ap`k har trfksircptcak

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]`fitcvftcak tgraubg l`n`tgydftcak

Nfd`igranasan`s m`ian` fitcv`dy l`fitcvft`l v`ry hfst (akdy bdamfd ak`s).

M`har` hcrst id`fvfb` fdd b`kan` wcl` IpBs (n`tgydftcaks) ah nfd` fr` r`nav`l

-; fitcvft`l. Nfd` s`x sp`ichci stfy ak.

H`nfd` b`kan` pfsscv`dy fitcvft`l. Fht`r `v`ry id`fvfb` l`n`tgydftcak akdy 0:%. K`w strfkls ah LKF fr` kat n`tgydft`l, adl ak`s d`ht n`tgydft`l. H`nfd`

`nmryakci b`kan` fitcvft`l tgraubg id`fvfb`

Brflufd dass ah bdamfd l`n`tgydftcak.

_ybatci trfksircptcak stfrts ft daw d`v`ds ft 6 i`dd stfb`, mut pcies up ta 6::% ft =

i`dd stfb`. Ianpd`t`dy fitcvft`l!

Ck nfnnfds, tfe`-av`r ah zybatci hfitars v`ry `frdy, x`kapus ft bfstrudftcak

Hfitars Nft`rkfd hfitars l`brfl`l my tg` ]KF cklui`l scd`kickb ianpd`x.

Id`fvfb` Id`fvfb` `v`ry =< gaurs ck naus`, padfr maly id`fv`s hcrst. Nfd` kuid`us

l`pd`t`l ah `pcb`k`tci nfre`rs ft tcn` ah hcrst id`fvfb`.

6 i`dd stfb` B`kan` r`fitcvft`l. Id`fvfb` fdakb fkcnfd/v`b`tfd pad`. Zadfr maly ft fkcnfd

pad`. Hcrst lcvclckb mdfstan`r` gfs pat`ktcfd ta lcvcl` ckta CIN & \@. Lfubgt`r

i`dds stcie tab`tg`r

= i`dd stfb` Nfnnfd id`fvfb` ratftcakfd. ]`sudt? Mdfstan`r`s gfv` lchh`r`kt nft`rkfd

ianpak`kts. Fkcnfd pad` gfs gcbg`r iaki`ktrftcak ah n`tgydtrfksh`rfs` 6

(Ifrn6)Ytcdd gfv` hudd pat`ktcfd ta m`ian` fkytgckb ar `v`k twa s`pfrft`

cklcvclufds.

< i`dd stfb`. Ft < i`dd stfb` mdfstan`r`s gfv` Fv (usufddy ba ta i`kt`r ta m`ian` CIN), v, ar

F, pat`ktcfd ta l`v`dap ckta i`rtfck tgckbs -; Lcstckit pat`ktcfd har l`v`dapn`kt.

I`dds sp`ichc`l `frdy ak.

Fv i`dds70% ah igcn`rfs nfe` fkcnfd

F i`dds=0% ah igcn`rfs nfe` fkcnfd

X i`dds:% ah igcn`rfs nfe` fkcnfd

FX i`dds gfv` gcbg`r d`v`ds ah G9]62n`=6, v`b`tfd nft`rcfd gfv` daw`r ah tg`s`

nalchciftcaks. X`b`tfd i`dds m`ian` d`ss pdurcpat`kt iaktfck nar` Ilx=, lcvcl`

nar` synn`trcifddy ta nfe` \@

Ianpfitcak stfb`? Pp ta 7 i`dd stfb`, kat y`t l`t`rnck`l, mut ifpfmd` ah nfeckb fkytgckb. ]`fd

lchh`r`ktcftcak m`bcks kaw.

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Ft 7 i`dd stfb` naus` mdfstan`r`s fr` daas`dy frrfkb`l. Fht`r 9rl

id`fvfb` (fht`r

7 i`dd) mdfstan`r`s `xpr`ss @-iflg`rck

Mdfstan`r`s gulld` tab`tg`r fkl harn ianpfit mfdd, daae dce` `pctg`dcfd i`dds.

Mfdd stfmcdcz`l my tcbgt oukitcaks, s`fd ah spg`r`, ckk`r i`dds s`qu`st`r`l.

Ynfdd scbkfd nad`iud`s fkl caks ifk pfss ck spg`r`

M`bckkckb ah ILW= `xpr`sscak.

Lchh`r`ktcft` lcvcscak? Aut`r i`dds m`ian` \@, ckk`r mcpat`ktcfd ar `pcmdfst.

Iaks`rvftcv` lcvcscak? Fdwfys akdy 6 \@ ckta = \@

Ch trapgamdfst ck zybat`s cs l`h`itcv` ah \`fl< ct ifkt ba ckta ut`rus fkl `xpfkl.

D`fls ta ckfmcdcty ta cnpdfkt m`ifus` ka \rapgamdfst ir`ftcak

Naruddf stfb`? 68 i`dd `nmrya pralui`l my 7 i`dd lcvcscak. Ynfdd braup ah ckk`r i`dds surraukl`l

my dfrb` braup ah `xt`rkfd i`dds.

Ckt`rkfd i`dds ifdd`l CIN fkl bcv` rcs` ta `nmrya.

@xt`rkfd i`dds wcdd m`ian` trapgamdfst (tgrapga`ital`rn) i`dds. Harn ka

`nmryakci struitur`. Harn igarcak, `nmryakci pdfi`ktf.

Rg`tg`r \@ ar CIN cs nftt`r ah igfki`, ka sumi`ddudfr ianpak`kts l`t`rnck`

fsynn`try fs ck x`kapus.

Zdfk` ah lcvcscak kunm`r 6 ianpd`t`dy crr`d`vfkt ta `nm/fm`nmryakci fxcs

HC]Y\ LCHH@]@K\CF\CAK? s`pfrftcak ah CIN hran \@

Lchh`r`ktcft` lcvcscak? Aut`r i`dds m`ian` \@, ckk`r Z@

Iaks`rvftcv` lcvcscak? Fdwfys akdy 6 \@ ckta = \@

Hcrst lchh`r`ktcftcak CIN r`tfcks pdurcpat`kiy, ba`s ta ckscl`. \@ l`v`daps ak autscl`

Iaktrcmutckb hfitar? pasctcak ah mdfstan`r`s ck zybat` (ckk`r m`ian` CIN nar`

dce`dy, aut`r m`ian` \@ nar` dce`dy) fkl padfrcty ah trfksircptcak hfitar ck i`dds

Mdfstan`r`s m`ian` padfrcz`l fdakb fpcifd-mfsfd fxcs m`har` \@?CIN lcvcscak

I`dds lcvcl` ckta autscl` (\@) fkl ckscl` (CIN) i`dds fiiarlckb ta padfrczftcak

Ckscl` autscl` fsyn. Zdurcpat`kiy b`k`s (Ait

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I`dds ifk s`ks` ch tg`y fr` ak autscl` ar ckscl` vcf gcppa scbkfdckb ifsifl`, vcf

l`br`` ah iaktfit ta atg`r i`dds.

Gcppa scbkfdckb ifsifl`? I`dds s`ks` ch tg`y fr` ckscl` ar autscl`. \`fl< ianpd`x

cs pr`s`kt ck autscl` fkl `kgfki`s Ilx=

I`dd padfrcty? Fsynn`trci lcvcscak daifdcz`s Ilx= ak fpcifd scl` ah i`dd. Nar` Ilx=

nfe`s nar` \@.

L`ir`fs` ah Ilx= tgraubg fsynn`trci lcvcscak ak ckk`r scl` d`fls ta \`fl