ASAS KEUSAHAWANAN

PERKARA POINT/PENERANGAN CONTOH SOALAN

Kepentingan keusahawanan

1. Menjana ekonomi dan mengukuhkan industri negara

2. Sumbangan kepada pendapatan negara.

3. Menambahkan peluang pekerjaan yang menjurus kepada

penemuan terbaru, teknologi baru dan inovasi.

4. Meningkatkan taraf hidup masyarakat dan tanggungjawab

sosial

(rosli mahmood, "Prinsip-prinsip keusahawanan", edisi ke2,ms 2,

cengage learning, 2009)

Soalan :Berikan 4 kepentingan keusahawanan (2 markah), 1 point ½ markah sahaja

Apakah keusahawanan?

Keusahawanan adalah ciri-ciri yang dimiliki oleh seseorang yang berusaha mengenalpasti sesuatu peluang perniagaan (1/2 markah) dan berusaha merebut peluang itu. (1/2 markah)

Soalan : Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan keusahawanan? (1 markah)

Apakah usahawan?

Usahawan boleh ditakrifkan sebagai individu yang mengusahakan perniagaan sehingga mendapat keuntungan dan mempunyai amalan strategic untuk terus Berjaya.

Soalan : Apakah takrifan usahawan?

Irfan Khairi contoh jutawan internet yang dikenali ramai.(1 markah)

Perkataan usahawan di dalam Bahasa Inggeris

“entrepreneur” (yang diberikan oleh Richard Cantillon, seorang ahli ekonomi Perancis campuran Irish) berasal dari perkataan Peranchis iaitu “entreprendre” yang bermaksud memikul tugas atau mencuba.

Soalan :

i.Berikan nama ahli ekonomi Perancis yang memberi nama “entrepreneur”?ii. Apakah maksud “entrepreneur”?

Istilah usahawan dalam bahasa melayu

Dalam bahasa Melayu, istilah usahawan adalah berasal dari perkataan “usaha” iaitu daya upaya untuk mencapai sesuatu.

Perkembangan pengajian keusahawanan di Institut Pengajian Tinggi

Ditawarkan di 1000 buah university di Amerika Syarikat termasuklah:

Harvard university Stanford university Northwestern university Columbia University Cambridge University

Semua university di Malaysia turut menawarkan kursus keusahawanan.

Institut dan pusat pengembangan usahawan, cth : Institut Perkembangan Keusahawanan di UUM dan Pusat Pembangunan Keusahawanan Malaysia (MEDEC ) di UiTM.

MAX WEBER (salah seorang ahli sosiologi terkemuka)- Ahli sosiologi berbangsa Jerman- 1958 – mengemukakan model keusahawanan

Berikan nama seorang ahli siosologi yang

- Memasukkan elemen keagamaan ( agama Protestant) sebagai asas kejayaan di dalam kegiatan ekonomi

- Bukunya “The Protestant Ethics and The Spirit of Capitalism”

berbangsa jerman yang terkenal.

Manfaat Pembangunan Keusahawanan

Manfaat - Menarik sumbangan kewangan yang besar daripada sektor

swasta- Menghasilkan individu yang serba boleh- Meningkatkan bilangan pembentukan usaha teroka baru- Meningkatkan kemungkinan seseorang itu bekerja sendiri- Meningkatkan kemampuan pekerja menghasilkan

pertumbuhan jualan - Menghasilkan pemimpian perniagaan dan pemimpin industri

yang Berjaya- Meningkatkan kemampuan siswazah untuk mencipta

kekayaan- Menghasilkan juara inovasi- Menghasilkan peluang yang lebih besar di dalam arus

pembangunan teknologi

“DIMANA ADA KEMAHUAN DI SITU ADA JALAN”

“RAJIN DAN USAHA TANGGA KEJAYAAN”

10 USAHAWAN MALAYSIA YANG TERKEMUKA DAN BERJAYA YANG TELAH BANYAK MEMBANTU MENINGKATKAN EKONOMI NEGARA DAN MEMBERI PELUANG PEKERJAAN KEPADA RAKYAT MALAYSIA DAN SETERUSNYA MENGATASI MASALAH PENGANGGURAN.

10 GREAT MALAYSIAN ENTREPRENUER

1. Loh Boon Siew (Boon Siew Honda)

Image: ohb.com

The entrepreneurship spirit showed by the Chinese immigrant was so classic that it granted him entry in the school’s curriculum. The late Boon Siew was the man responsible to start the dealership of Honda motorcycles in Penang, hence it does not come as a surprise when he was often referred as ‘Mr Honda’.

With virtually no education, he arrived in Penang at a tender age of 12, backed with little money, and a pinch of determination. Boon Siew started his job as a mechanic, before making his way to prominence with Honda dealership, and in the process, beat all odds.

2. Robert Kuok (Kuok Group)

Image: Forbes.com

When you combine good education and family’s wealth, then no hell will break loose. Banking on those two key strengths, Robert Kuok took over his father’s trading business, together with two brothers, and created a business larger than anyone can think of. The impact is so great that Kuok has been sitting on the top of Malaysia’s rich list for more than 5 years. Residing in Hong Kong, Kuok is mostly linked to a sugar business but also has his hands on other wide range of industries including hospitality, energy, logistic and manufacturing.

3. Tony Fernandes (Air Asia)

Image: DayLife.com

Tony Fernandes is the man behind AirAsia’s journey to world domination. With RM1, Tony bought a defunct carrier, along with over RM40 million in debts, and created Asia’s most successful budget airline company. From an ailing company deep in financial trouble, AirAsia went through a remarkable turnaround and made its first profit merely after 7 months of operation. From thereon, they never looked back and created records after records.

4. Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar al-Bukhary (MMC)_

Usahawan bumiputera yang terkaya di Malaysia dan beliau seorang yang amat pemurah dan sering membuat amal kebajikan serta membantu orang-orang yang miskin.

Image: Giaouthiongnet.vn

A humble entrepreneur, often shying away from publicity and media. Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar al-Bukhary is the richest Malay and bumiputra in Malaysia, and has continued to hold the status for a long time. In his childhood, he found difficulties to do school revision because of the inadequate house facilities and small space. But that did not stop him from achieving his current status. Syed Mokhtar is a great giver; his very first salary received during his youth was divided by 2 halves – one for him, and another for charity.

5. Lim Goh Tong (Genting)

Image: Kipnotes.com

Lim Goh Tong is another classic story of a rag-to-riches story. Just like Loh Boon Siew, Lim also migrated from the China mainland in his youth. And as fate would have it, the two later became friends when Lim was on his way to build Genting. From the day he was born until his death, Lim Goh Tong did not speak English – he only communicated in Chinese and Malay languages. But his language barrier did not prevent him from negotiating one of the largest contracts around.

6. Maznah Hamid (Securiforce)_The Iron Lady

Image: MyKedah2.com

When an almost bankrupt security company was offered to her, Maznah and her husband, who were eager to change their ordinary life, took the plunge and sacrificed RM5,000 of their saving. Only then she realized that apart from managing the operation, she also had to be a manager, a clerk, an accountant and an a receptionist. To grow their business, they had to sell their house and moved to a slum that came without electricity. But she perservered.  Today, it’s difficult to find someone who has never heard of Securiforce.

7. Ananda Krishnan (Astro)

Image: TheStar.com.my

With an MBA qualification from Harvard University in America and a Degree from Melbourne University in Australia, it’s safe to say that Ananda Krishnan is the ’smartest’ entrepreneur in the list. With more than $7 billion of networth, only Robert Kuok is richer than him in this country. Ananda has a long list of business involvement, that includes Astro, Measat, Maxis, Aircel, TGV Cinemas and many others.

8. Azman Hashim (Ambank)

Image: TheEdgeDaily.com

A horrible car accident almost wrecked his life, but Tan Sri Azman’s never-say-die attitude eventually rewarded him with larger than life achievements. With good academic background in accounting field, Azman was quick to maneuver his career along the corporate path, joining several established corporations in the process. Since acquiring Arab Malaysian Bank (now Ambank), Azman is credited for his effort to transform a relatively unkown bank into one of the largest financial institutions in the country.

9. Steven Sim (Secret Recipe)

Image: StraitsTimes.com

A modern type entrepreneur, Dato’ Steven Sim established the popular Secret Recipe cafe and turned it into one of the most successful homegrown franchises. From merely 6 employees, the company has grown by leaps and bounds and is today backed by more than 300 staff nationwide and still growing.Secret Recipe today can be found in almost all major cities and towns, and is expanding beyond the international border with oversea operations in Singapore and Indonesia.

10. Mustapha Kamal (MK Land)

Image: emkay.com

Tan Sri Datuk Mustapha Kamal is the co-founder of MK Land (an associate company of Emkay Group), which started as a small company and eventually grew to become one of the property icons in Malaysia. At the height of its prominence, the company was picked as one of the major developers of Cyberjaya, Malaysia’s very own cyber city. Among other successful developments carried out by MK Land are Bukit Merah Laketown, Damansara Perdana and Bukit Raya Beruntung

10 ORANG TERKAYA DI DUNIA

1. William Gates III

Net Worth : $40.0 bilFortune : self madeSource : MicrosoftAge : 53Country Of Citizenship : United StatesResidence : Medina, WashingtonIndustry : SoftwareEducation : Harvard University, Drop Out,Marital Status : married, 3 children

Software visionary regains title as the world’s richest man despite losing $18 billion in the past 12 months. Stepped down from day-to-day duties at Microsoft last summer to devote his talents and riches to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Organization’s assets were $30 billion in January; annual letter

lauds endowment manager Michael Larson for limiting last year’s losses to 20%. Gates decided to increase donations in 2009 to $3.8 billion, up 15% from 2008. Dedicated to fighting hunger in developing countries, improving education in America’s high schools and developing vaccines against malaria, tuberculosis and AIDS. Appointed Microsoft Office veteran Jeffrey Raikes chief exec of Gates Foundation in September. Gates remains Microsoft chairman. Sells shares each quarter, redeploys proceeds via investment vehicle Cascade; more than half of fortune invested outside Microsoft. Stock down 45% in past 12 months. “Creative capitalist” wants companies to match profitmaking with doing good.

2. Warren Buffett

Net Worth : $37.0 bilFortune : self madeSource : Berkshire HathawayAge : 78Country Of Citizenship : United StatesResidence : Omaha, NebraskaIndustry : InvestmentsEducation : University of Nebraska Lincoln, Bachelor of Arts / Science, Columbia University, Master of ScienceMarital Status : widowed, remarried, 3 children

Last year America’s most beloved investor was the world’s richest man. This year he has to settle for second place after losing $25 billion in 12 months. Shares of Berkshire Hathaway down 45% since last March. Injected billions of dollars into Goldman Sachs, GE in exchange for preferred stock last fall; propped up insurance firm Swiss Re in February with $2.6 billion infusion. Admits he made some “dumb” investment mistakes in 2008. Upbeat about America’s future: “Our economic system has worked extraordinarily well over time. It has unleashed human potential as no other system has, and it will continue to do so.” Scoffs at Wall Street’s over-reliance on “history-based” models: “If merely looking up past financial data would tell you what the future holds, the Forbes 400 would consist of librarians.” Son of Nebraska politician delivered newspapers as a boy. Filed first tax return at age 13, claiming $35 deduction for bicycle. Studied under value investing guru Benjamin Graham at Columbia. Took over textile firm Berkshire Hathaway 1965. Today holding company invested in insurance (Geico, General Re), jewelry (Borsheim’s), utilities (MidAmerican Energy), food (Dairy Queen, See’s Candies). Also has noncontrolling stakes in Anheuser-Busch, Coca-Cola, Wells Fargo.

3. Carlos Slim Helu & family

Net Worth  :$35.0 bilFortune : self madeSource : telecomAge : 69Country Of Citizenship : MexicoResidence : Mexico CityIndustry : TelecommunicationsEducation : NA,Marital Status : widowed, 6 children

Economic downturn and plunging peso shaved $25 billion from the fortune of Latin America’s richest man. Global recession testing his ability to live up to the principles he sets for his employees: “Maintain austerity in times of fat cows.” Son of a Lebanese immigrant bought fixed line operator Telefonos de Mexico (Telmex) in 1990; now controls 90% of Mexico’s telephone landlines. Would be a billionaire based on his dividends alone. Biggest holding: $16 billion stake in America Movil, Latin America’s largest mobile phone company with 173 million customers. America Movil and Telmex reportedly planning to jointly invest $4 billion to bolster telecom infrastructure in Latin America. Buying up cheap media, energy and retail assets. Last year took stakes in New York Times Co., former billionaire Anthony O’Reilly’s Independent News & Media and Bronco Drilling; also increased position in Saks. Baseball statistics aficionado, art collector.

4. Lawrence Ellison

Net Worth : $22.5 bilFortune : self madeSource : OracleAge : 64Country Of Citizenship : United StatesResidence : Redwood City, CaliforniaIndustry : Software

Education : University of Illinois, Drop Out,Marital Status : married, 2 children

Database titan continues to engulf the competition; Oracle has racked up 49 acquisitions in the past 4 years. Bought BEA Systems for $8.5 billion last year. Still sitting on $7 billion in cash. Revenues up 11% to $10.9 billion in the six months ended November 30; profits also up 11% to $2.4 billion. Stock down 25% in past 12 months. Invested $125 million in Web software outfit Netsuite; took public in 2007, stock has fallen 80% since. His shares still worth $300 million. Chicago native studied physics at U. of Chicago, didn’t graduate. Started Oracle in 1977. Public 1986, a day before Microsoft. Owns 453-foot Rising Sun; built a smaller leisure boat because superyacht is hard to park. Squabbling in court with Swiss boating billionaire Ernesto Bertarelli over terms of next America’s Cup. Recently unveiled hulking 90-foot trimaran he intends to use to win it.

5. Ingvar Kamprad & family

Net Worth : $22.0 bilFortune : self madeSource : IkeaAge : 83Country Of Citizenship : SwedenResidence : LausanneIndustry : RetailEducation : NA,Marital Status : married, 4 children

Peddled matches, fish, pens, Christmas cards and other items by bicycle as a teenager. Started selling furniture in 1947. Opened first Ikea store 50 years ago; stores’s name is a combination of initials of his first and last name, his family farm and the nearest village. Retired in 1986; company’s “senior adviser” still reportedly works tirelessly on his brand. Discount retailer now sells 9,500 items in 36 countries; prints catalog in 27 languages. Revenues up 7% to $27.4 billion in fiscal year 2008. Opened tenth store in China this February; planning to open first in Dominican Republic later this year. Three sons all work at the company. Thrifty entrepreneur flies economy class, frequents cheap restaurants and furnishes his home mostly with Ikea products.

6. Karl Albrecht

Net Worth : $21.5 bilFortune : self madeSource : AldiAge : 89Country Of Citizenship : GermanyResidence : Mulheim an der RuhrIndustry : RetailEducation : NA,

Marital Status:married, 2 children Germany’s richest person owns discount supermarket giant Aldi Sud. Retailer faring well amid economic downturn; analysts expect its 2008 sales to be up 9.4% to $33.7 billion. Sales in the U.S. up estimated 20% last year to $7 billion. Plans to open 75 U.S. stores in 2009, including first in New York City. With younger brother, Theo, transformed their mother’s corner grocery store into Aldi after World War II. Brothers split ownership in 1961; Karl took the stores in southern Germany, plus the rights to the brand in the U.K., Australia and the U.S. Theo got northern Germany and the rest of Europe. Retired from daily operations. Fiercely private: little known about him other than that he apparently raises orchids and plays golf.

7. Mukesh Ambani

Net Worth : $19.5 bilFortune : inherited and growingSource : petrochemicalsAge : 51Country Of Citizenship : IndiaResidence : Mumbai

Industry : ManufacturingEducation : University of Bombay, Bachelor of Arts / Science, Stanford University, Drop OutMarital Status : married, 3 children

Oversees Reliance Industries, India’s most valuable company by market cap despite stock falling 40% in past year. Merging his Reliance Petroleum with flagship Reliance Industries. As part of deal, will exercise right to buy back Chevron’s 5% stake in Reliance Petroleum at $1.20 per share—the same price at which he sold it 3 years ago. Today the stock trades for $1.80 a share. Increased stake in Reliance Industries in October; paid $3.4 billion to convert 120 million preferential warrants into shares. Reliance Petroleum refinery on India’s western coast began operating in December despite falling global demand and declining margins. Late father Dhirubhai founded Reliance and built it into a massive conglomerate. After he died Mukesh and his brother, Anil, ran the family business together for a brief time. But siblings feuded over control; mother eventually brokered split of assets. Brothers may be looking to bury hatchet; played joint hosts at mother’s recent 75th-birthday bash. Has yet to move into his 27-story home that he’s building at a reported cost of $1 billion. Ardent fan of Bollywood films. Wife, Nita, oversees school named after his father.

8. Lakshmi Mittal

Net Worth : $19.3 bilFortune : inherited and growingSource : steelAge : 58Country Of Citizenship : IndiaResidence : LondonIndustry : SteelEducation : St Xavier’s College Calcutta, Bachelor of Arts / Science,Marital Status : married, 2 children

Indian immigrant heads world’s largest steel company; ArcelorMittal was formed via hostile takeover 3 years ago. Stock in company makes up bulk of his fortune; shares at a 4-year low with steel prices down 75% since last summer. Company forced to pay heavy fines after a French antitrust investigation found 10 companies guilty of price-fixing in European steel markets. Arcelor posted $2.6 billion loss in most recent quarter; announced plans to slow acquisitions, cut capital expenditures, pay down debt. Started in family steel business in the 1970s, branched out on his own in 1994. Initially bought up steel mills on the cheap in Eastern Europe. Company bought 19.9% stake in Australia’s Macarthur Coal last year. Also owns pieces of Mumbai’s Indiabulls Group, London’s RAB Capital; owns stake in, sits on board of Goldman Sachs. Holds substantial cash; owns 12-bedroom mansion in London’s posh Kensington neighborhood.

9. Theo Albrecht

Net Worth : $18.8 bilFortune : self madeSource : Aldi, Trader Joe’sAge : 87Country Of Citizenship : GermanyResidence : FoehrIndustry : RetailEducation : NA,Marital Status : married, 2 children

Runs discount supermarket group Aldi Nord; firm holding up amid economic downturn. Sales expected to hit $31 billion in 2008. After World War II he and older brother Karl transformed their mother’s corner grocery into Aldi. Brothers split ownership in 1961; Karl took the stores in southern Germany, plus the rights to the brand in the U.K., Australia and the U.S. Theo got the northern Germany stores and the rest of Europe. Unable to operate Aldi stores in U.S., Theo developed discount food store Trader Joe’s; now has more than 320 U.S. stores. Also owns stake in Supervalu. Became a recluse after being kidnapped for 17 days in 1971; said to collect old typewriters; loves golf.

10. Amancio Ortega

Net Worth : $18.3 bilFortune : self madeSource : ZaraAge : 73Country Of Citizenship : Spain

Residence : La CorunaIndustry : RetailEducation : NA,Marital Status : married, 3 children

Railway worker’s son started as a gofer in a shirt store. With then-wife Rosalia Mera, also now a billionaire, started making dressing gowns and lingerie in their living room. Business became one of world’s most successful apparel manufacturers. Today Inditex has more than 4,000 stores in 71 countries. Sales: $12.3 billion. Ortega is chairman. Company exported its cheap chic Zara stores to 4 new markets last year: Ukraine, South Korea, Montenegro and Honduras. Stock up 1% in past 12 months, but fortune down because of weak euro. Also has personal investments in gas, tourism, banks and real estate. Owns properties in Madrid, Paris, London, Lisbon, plus a luxury hotel and apartment complex in Miami, a horse-jumping circuit, and an interest in a soccer league. Shuns neckties and fanfare. Daughter Marta works for Inditex; recent speculation suggests she is being groomed to eventually replace her father.