aziz bin muhamad din v public prosecutor - [

8/12/2019 Aziz Bin Muhamad Din v Public Prosecutor - [

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Malayan Law Journal Reports/1996/Volume 5/AZIZ BI M!"AMA# #I $ P!BLI%PR&'(%!)&R * +1996, 5 MLJ -. * 2 'eptem0er 1996

. pages

+1996, 5 MLJ -.

AZIZ BIN MUHAMAD DIN v PUBLIC PROSECUTOR

HIGH COURT (MELAKA)AUGUSTINE PAUL JCCRIMINAL APPEAL NO 42-4-19962 Se!e"#e$ 1996

Evidence -- Corroboration -- Sexual offence -- Rape -- Whether corroboration required as a

matter of law -- Requirement of corroboration warning

Evidence -- Corroboration -- Rape-- Statutory rape -- Situation where consent irrelevant --Medical evidence at variance with each other -- Whether medical evidence sufficient tocorroborate evidence of victim on factum of rape

Evidence -- Corroboration -- Whether statement emanating from witness herself may be used ascorroboration -- Whether corroborative evidence must be independent -- Whether there was aconflict between ss !"#$ and %& of the Evidence "ct %'&( -- Evidence "ct %'&( ss !"#$ )%&

Evidence -- Statement -- Statement of rape victim -- Whether there is a distinction betweenstatement and complaint of rape victim -- Whether complaint relevant under s * illustration #+$ of

the Evidence "ct %'&(

Evidence -- Confession -- ,oluntariness -- nducement. threat or promise -- Whether advice toadmit to the charge given by the father to the accused in the presence of the arresting officerswould taint a confession -- Criminal /rocedure Code #0MS Cap 1$ s %%!

Criminal /rocedure -- 2rial -- 2rial within a trial -- Cautioned statement -- ,oluntariness --/rosecution to bear burden of proving voluntariness of statement

)e ause3 was arge3 an3 on$4te3 un3er s .6 o te Penal %o3e 7M' %ap -58 or rapeo an un3erage3 g4rl on 1 January 1995 at a lat 4n Melaa: )e proseut4on;s ase reste3pr4mar4ly on te me34al e$43ene an3 test4mony o te ompla4nant ;'P2;8< ater o te

ompla4nant ;'P1;8 an3 te owner o te lat ;'P6;8: 'P6 a3 state3 4n e$43ene tat 0ot 'P2an3 te ause3 a3 spent te n4gt at 4s ouse on te 3ate te allege3 rape too plae: )erewas also rel4ane on te aut4one3 statement ma3e 0y te ause3 ater 0e4ng a3$4se3 0y 4sater 4n te presene o te arrest4ng o4ers to a3m4t to te arge:)e me34al e$43eneten3ere3 0y te two me34al 3otors 'P5 an3 'P98 a3 0een at $ar4ane as to te age o tetear to te ymen: "owe$er< te learne3 sess4ons ourt =u3ge a3 onlu3e3 w4t reerene tote test4mony o 'P2< tat tere a3 0een penetrat4on: )e learne3 sess4ons ourt =u3ge a3 alsoa3m4tte3 te pol4e report ;e> P1;8 ma3e 0y 'P1 w4 was 0ase3 on wat 'P2 a3 tol3 4man3 te aut4one3 statement 0y te ause3: )e ause3 appeale3 an3 te 4ssues orons43erat4on were as ollows? 48 weter orro0orat4on 4n ases 4n$ol$4ng se>ual oenes was


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re@u4re3 as a matter o law 448 weter te test4mony o 'P5 an3 'P9 4n relat4on to te me34ale$43ene was su44ent to amount to orro0orat4on 4448 weter te pol4e report ma3e 0y 'P10ase3 on wat 'P2 tol3 4m oul3 amount to orro0orat4on 4$8 weter

%''1 & M34 5! at 55

te e$43ene o 'P1 0ase3 on wat 'P2 tol3 4m oul3 amount to orro0orat4on $8 wetertere was e$43ene tat tere was se>ual 4nterourse 0etween 'P2 an3 te ause3 0ase3 onte at tat 'P2 an3 te ause3 a3 spent te n4gt 4n te ouse 0elong4ng to 'P6< or wetertat at ons4t4tute3 mere opportun4ty or se>ual 4nterourse to a$e taen plae $48 te 0ur3eno proo 4n a tr4al w4t4n a tr4al an3 $448 weter te aut4one3 statement 0y te ause3 was$oluntar4ly ma3e:

He%&< allow4ng te appeal?

1) In a ase 4n$ol$4ng a se>ual oene a on$4t4on 0ase3 on unorro0orate3 e$43ene4s not 4llegal * 0ut te rule o prat4e regulates te manner 4n w4 unorro0orate3e$43ene 4s to 0e treate3< tat 4s to say< te =u3ge must warn 4msel o te 3angers

o on$4t4ng on su e$43ene see p -5C*"8: In relat4on to te orro0orat4onwarn4ng< 4t must appear 4n te =u3gment or groun3s o 3e4s4on o te tr4al ourtng 8oc< ) "nor v R+199, MLJ 22

// v "bdul Rahman bin brahim"4g %ourt< Penang -.58*15*6 %r4m4nal )r4al o -.58*15*6< "4g %ourt< Penang8

// v "ris bin 7unus+199, 1 %LJ 29

// v Chan Choon ;eong ) >rs+199, 2 MLJ -2.

// v Chee ;on 0att+1991, %LJ 256-

// v Chong =oo See+19, 1 %LJ 6.9// v Emran bin 6asir+19., 1 MLJ 166

// v ;amde bin Raspani+19, MLJ 29

// v ;u 8ang Chua+19.5, 2 MLJ 99

// v 3aw Say Sec< ) >rs+19.1, 1 MLJ 199

// v 3ee Chee Meng+1991, 1 MLJ 22.

// v 3ii< Ching ;wong+19, 1 MLJ 9

// v Mohamed bin Ma+id+19.., 1 MLJ 121

// v Mohd 0u@i bin Wan 2eh ) "nor+199, 2 %LJ 652

// v 6airs+1991, 1 MLJ 1D6

// v Ramasamy+1991, 1 MLJ .5

// v 2eh 3ye 2ong+196-, M% 2D

// v 2eo Eng Chan ) >rs+19, 1 MLJ 156

// v ,eeran ;utty ) "nor+199D, MLJ -9

// v 7ong ;ong 8in+191, 2 %LJ 1.

/erpetual Executors and 2rustees "ssoc of "ustralia 3td v 0C219-8 .. %LR 1

/yare 3al v State of Ra+asthan196 AIR '% 1D9-

R v "=+196, 26 %% 38 1.

R v "rthur 0ernando+19-D, -2 LR .6

R v =ar


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R v =rophy+191, 2 All (R .D5

R v Cleary+196, - %r App Rep 116

R v Coley168 1D %o> %% 56

R v Court+16, . % P -6

R v Cummings19-8 1 All (R Rep 551

R v :onat+195, 2 %r App Rep 1.

R v 0ennell118 . EB# 1-.

R v ?illis1668 11 %o> %% 69

R v ;erim198 1 E3 R -26

R v ;ingston+1D, - % P .

R v ;oh Soon /oh+195, MLJ 12D

R v 3illyman+196, 2 EB 16.

R v 3ucsborne+19D5, 1 GB 551

R v /riestley+1966, 5D %r App Rep 1%''1 & M34 5! at 5*%

R v Reason1.28 12 %o> %% 22

R v Reeve and 8ancoc %% 2-5

R v Smith+1959, - %r App Rep 121

R v 2homas+16, . % P -5

R v 2hompson+1., 1 Lea 291

R v 2ripodi+1961, VR 16

R v ,elayuthan+195, MLJ 2..

R v West+19, .9 %r App Rep -5

R v Whitehead+1929, 1 GB 99

Refrigerated Express 3ines #"A "sia$ /ty 3td v "ustralian Meat ) 3iveCorp+19D, 29 ALR

Ridley v Whipps19168 22 %LR 1

Rohana bte "riffin v Bniversiti Sains Malaysia+199, 1 MLJ -.

S v 2+196, 1 'A A#8 --

Selvadurai v //+19-*-9, MLJ 'upp -

Syed "bu 2ahir a9l Mohamed Esmail v //+19, MLJ -5

26 6athan v //+19., 1 MLJ 1-

2an ;eng 2in ) "nor. Re+192, MLJ 1-

2an 2oo ;ia v //+19D, 2 MLJ 1.


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2homas v 4ones+1921, 1 GB 22

,adivelu 2hevar v State of Madras195. AIR '% 61-

Wong ;am-ming v R+19.9, 1 All (R 99

Wong Sieng /ing v //+196., 1 MLJ 56

Wong 2hin 7it v Mohamed "li+19.1, 2 MLJ 1.5

Woolmington v ://+199, A% -62

7ap Ee ;ong ) "nor v //+191, 1 MLJ 1--

Le/+%'!+0 $e.e$$e& !

%r4m4nal Proe3ure %o3e 7M' %ap 68 s 11

($43ene At 195D ss .A.8 15.

Penal %o3e 7M' %ap -58 s .6

2eoh ;im 8ong #Mohd 3atip ) "ssociates$or te appellant:

"nslem Charles 0ernandi@ #:eputy /ublic /rosecutor$or te Pu0l4 Proseutor:

AUGUSTINE PAUL JC

)e arge preerre3 aga4nst te ause3 4n te 'ess4ons %ourt at Melaa 4s as ollows?

Baawa amu pa3a 1 Januar4 1995< le04 urang 1D:D malam< 34 3alam ruma o 1*2*1 RumaPangsa JGR -1. Jalan %eng< 3alam #aera Melaa )enga 34 3alam eger4 Melaa< tela merogolseorang perempuan Melayu 0ernama '4t4 A4sa 0te Moame3 Moee 0erumur 15 taun 6 0ulan< ole4tu amu tela melauan satu esalaan yang 0ole 34uum 34 0awa s .6 Ganun Gesesaan MB

Ba0 -58:

)e ause3 la4me3 tr4al to te arge: )e proseut4on;s ase reste3 on te e$43ene o tenw4tnesses: Fen te 3eene was alle3 te ause3 elete3 to g4$e e$43ene on oat: "e 343not all any oter w4tness: )e

%''1 & M34 5! at 5*ause3 was ten oun3 gu4lty an3 on$4te3 an3 was sentene3 to 4$e years; 4mpr4sonment:)4s appeal 4s 0y 4m aga4nst te on$4t4on an3 sentene:

)e $4t4m o te allege3 rape 4s 'P2: 'e met te ause3 a wee pr4or to 1 January 1995: &ntat 3ay te ause3 too er to te ouse o one 'ua4m4 ;'P6;8: 'P6 let tem 4n 4s ouse an3went to te osp4tal were 4s w4e a3 0een a3m4tte3: "e ame 0a te ollow4ng morn4ng an3oun3 tem st4ll tere: 'P6 on4rme3 t4s 4n 4s e$43ene: 'P2 sa43 tat te ause3 a3 se>ual

4nterourse w4t er ater tey a3 0een 4n te ouse or somet4me: 'e sa43 tat e too out 4spen4s wen se a3 ompla4ne3 to 4m o pa4n: 7rom er e$43ene 4t 4s lear tat se onsente3to te at o se>ual 4nterourse: 'e returne3 ome on 1 7e0ruary 1995 at 11:5am: "er ater P18 on 7e0ruary 1995 at 11am: 'P2 was e>am4ne3 0y te two3otors< namely< #r or4 0te I0ra4m ;'P5;8 an3 #r g %eng "ua ;'P9;8< a gynaeolog4st:'P5 sa43 tat upon e>am4nat4on se oun3 tat 'P2 a3 ol3 mult4ple tears 4n er ymen an3 tat4t was ten one wee ol3: 'P9 wo e>am4ne3 'P2 on - 7e0ruary 1995 sa43 tat 'P2 a3 an ol3tear 4n te ymen w4 was 0etween - ours to tree monts; ol3 an3 tat tere were no oter4n=ur4es to te gen4tal4a:

)e ause3 a3 also ma3e a aut4one3 statement e> P58 w4 was a3m4tte3 0y te learne3

sess4ons ourt =u3ge ater a tr4al w4t4n a tr4al:

In 4s groun3s o =u3gment te learne3 sess4ons ourt =u3ge sa43 tat te two 4mportant elementstat te proseut4on a3 to pro$e were tat tere was penetrat4on w4t or w4tout te onsent o'P2 an3 tat se was un3er 16 years o age at tat t4me o te 4n43ent: I sall not reer to te4ssue onern4ng te age o 'P2 as 4t was not ra4se3 0eore me an3< 4n any e$ent< 4t wassu44ently pro$en 0y te proseut4on: F4t regar3 to penetrat4on te learne3 sess4ons ourt

=u3ge sa43 4n 4s =u3gment tat te ma4n e$43ene on t4s 4ngre34ent was rom 'P2: "e tenreerre3 to te mater4al parts o er e$43ene: "e onlu3e3 tat te e$43ene o 'P5 an3 'P9 ;:::tela mem0ut4an emung4nan a3a emasuan:; "e ollowe3 4t w4t a reerene to te


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34erene 4n te age o te ol3 tear as test44e3 0y 0ot te 3otors an3 sa43?

'P2 tela 34per4sa ole 'P5 pa3a 7e0ruar4 1995 3an 34per4sa ole 'P9 pa3a - 7e0ruar4 1995:Ge3ua*3ua 'P5 3an 'P9 t43a 3apat menentuan us4a se0enar oyaan terse0ut: #alam al 4n4 sayamen3apat4 memang ter3apat oyaan pa3a selaput 3ara 'P2 pa3a e3u3uan yang 34ataan tetap4us4anya t43a 3apat 34tentuan: Falau 0aga4manapun us4a oyaan 4n4 tela le04 3ar4 - =am: 'ayamener4ma pen3apat 'P9 0aawa ;ol3 tear; 0ermasu3 oyaan yang tela 0erus4a le04 3ar4 - =am:#alam al 4n4 saya puas at4 oyaan pa3a selaput 3ara 'P2 a3ala oyaan lama< tetap4 us4ase0enarnya t43a 3apat 34tentuan:

Geterangan e3ua*3ua 'P5 3an 'P9 perlu 340aa 0ersama 3engan eterangan 'P2 untu menentuanse0a0 0erlau oyaan terse0ut: 'aya men3apat4 eterangan 'P2 tentang u0ungan ses 0el4au3engan tertu3u serta tentang emasuan emaluan tertu3u 3alam emaluannya a3ala ons4sten 0a4semasa pemer4saan utama maupun semasa pemer4saan 0alas: Geterangan 0el4au amp4r t43a34a0ar melalu4 penyoalan 0alas: 'aya men3apa4 t43a a3a alasan untu saya t43a mener4maeterangan 0el4au 4n4:

%''1 & M34 5! at 5*5

#engan men4m0angan eterangan et4ga*t4ga sas4 4n4 seara 0ersama 3an menyeluru< sayamen3apat4 tela 0erlaunya emasuan emaluan tertu3u e 3alam emaluan 'P2 yang menye0a0anoyaan pa3a selaput 3ara 34 pos4s4 puul 1 3an puul 5: #engan yang 3em44an pen3awa telamem0ut4an elemen 4n4 tanpa se0arang eraguan yang munasa0a:

)e sess4ons ourt =u3ge aepte3 te e$43ene o 'P9 on te age o te ol3 tear w4toutass4gn4ng any reason an3 0y te same 0reat sa43 tat e was sat4s4e3 tat te age o te tearoul3 not 0e 3eterm4ne3: "e ten went on to say tat te e$43ene o 'P5 an3 'P9 must 0e rea3w4t te e$43ene o 'P2 to 3eterm4ne te ause o te tear 4n te ymen: "e also sa43 tat eaepte3 te e$43ene o 'P2 on te 4ssue o penetrat4on: "e ten onlu3e3 tat on teons43erat4on o te e$43ene o te tree w4tnesses< e was sat4s4e3 tat te tear 4n te ymeno 'P2 was ause3 0y te at o te ause3:

)e learne3 sess4ons ourt =u3ge resol$e3 te onl4t 4n te me34al e$43ene 0y rea34ng 4t w4tte e$43ene o 'P2: It woul3 tereore appear tat te e$43ene o 'P2 was use3 to resol$e teonl4t 4n te me34al e$43ene: "e also use3 te me34al e$43ene to support 4s 4n34ng tat tetear 4n te ymen was ause3 0y te ause3: In my op4n4on te 4n34ngs o te learne3 sess4ons

=u3ge stemme3 rom an 4na3e@uate appra4sal o te law o orro0orat4on w4 4s so $4tal 4n aseso t4s nature: )at neess4tate3 me to ons43er at some lengt te s4gn44ane o t4s area o telaw 4n 4ts appl4at4on to se>ual oenes:

Te 0ee& .$ $$#$'!+0 +0 $'e 'e

'et4on 1- o te ($43ene At 195D ;te At;8 states tat ;no part4ular num0er o w4tnessessall 4n any ase 0e re@u4re3 or te proo o any at;: )e set4on ensr4nes te well*reogn4He3ma>4m tat ;e$43ene as to 0e we4ge3 an3 not ounte3;: &n te nee3 or orro0orat4$ee$43ene or te proo o any at< '4na J sa43 4n ,adivelu 2hevar v State of MadrasAIR 195.'% 61- 4n te ollow4ng terse terms at pp 61*619?

&n a ons43erat4on o te rele$ant autor4t4es an3 te pro$4s4ons o te At< te ollow4ng propos4t4onsmay 0e saely state3 as 4rmly esta0l4se3?

18 As a general rule< a ourt an an3 may at on te test4mony o a s4ngle w4tnesstoug unorro0orate3: &ne re340le w4tness outwe4gs te test4mony o a num0er ooter w4tnesses o 4n34erent arater:

28 !nless orro0orat4on 4s 4ns4ste3 upon 0y statute< ourts soul3 not 4ns4st onorro0orat4on e>ept 4n ases were te nature o te test4mony o te s4ngle w4tness4tsel re@u4res as a rule o pru3ene< tat orro0orat4on soul3 0e 4ns4ste3 upon< ore>ample 4n te ase o a 4l3 w4tness< or o a w4tness wose e$43ene 4s tat o anaompl4e or o an analogous arater:

8 Feter orro0orat4on o te test4mony o a s4ngle w4tness 4s or 4s not neessarymust 3epen3 upon ats an3 4rumstanes o ea ase an3 an3 no general rule an0e la43 3own 4n a matter l4e t4s an3 mu 3epen3s upon te =u344al 34sret4on o te


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=u3ge 0eore wom te ase omes:

%orro0orat4on 4s not a ten4al term: It s4mply means ;on4rmat4on; see :// v 8ester+19., A%2968: )e lous lass4us on wat amounts to

%''1 & M34 5! at 5*&orro0orat4$e e$43ene 4s te ele0rate3 ase o R v =asual oene:($en 4n su ases a on$4t4on 0ase3 on unorro0orate3 e$43ene 4s not 4llegal: But te rule oprat4e regulates te manner 4n w4 unorro0orate3 e$43ene 4s to 0e treate3< tat 4s to sayam4ne3 'P2 on 7e0ruary 1995 sa43 tat te tear was ten onewee ol3: I te e$43ene o 'P5 4s to 0e aepte3 ten 4t woul3 not 0e orro0orat4on o teatum o rape as 4t woul3 a$e appene3 at a po4nt o t4me pr4or to te 3ate o te 4n43ent: 'P9wo e>am4ne3 'P2 our 3ays ater te 4n43ent sa43 tat te age o te tear oul3 range rom -ours to tree monts: In at 'P9 sa43 tat 'P2 oul3 a$e a3 se> at least - ours 0eore see>am4ne3 er: )4s woul3 not tereore rule out te poss404l4ty tat te tear to 'P2;s ymen wasause3 ater te allege3 4n43ent as se was e>am4ne3 0y 'P9 on - 7e0ruary 1995 an3 te4n43ent was sa43 to a$e taen plae our 3ays pr4or to tat: )4s woul3 mean tat 'P9;s

e$43ene woul3 also not orro0orate te e$43ene o 'P2 on te atum o rape: It 4s tereore my$4ew tat 4t 4s unsae to rely on te e$43ene o 'P5 an3 'P9 to orro0orate te e$43ene o 'P2on te atum o rape: My onlus4on 4s ort44e3 0y te autor4t4es tat I a$e allu3e3 to a sortw4le ago:

In te 4rumstanes< te use o te e$43ene o 'P5 an3 'P9 togeter w4t tat o 'P2 0y telearne3 sess4ons ourt =u3ge to onlu3e tat te tear was ause3 0y te at o te ause3 4snot susta4na0le 4n law:

Te !'!e"e0! "'&e #* SP2 ! SP1

(>404t P1< w4 was a3m4tte3 0y te learne3 sess4ons ourt =u3ge< 4s te pol4e report ma3e 0y'P1 0ase3 on wat 'P2 a3 tol3 4m: "e also ga$e oral e$43ene o wat se a3 tol3 4m: )elearne3 sess4ons =u3ge ma3e no spe44 ment4on o te use e ma3e o tese p4ees o e$43eneor weter< 4n at< e a3 re=ete3 tem: It tereore alls upon me to ons43er te4r a3m4ss404l4ty

an3 e$43ent4al $alue:

Lor3 Rea34ng %J sa43 learly 4n R v =as


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(ngl4s norms o orro0orat4on:

In 195 4n R v ,elayuthan+195, MLJ 2..< F4tley J w4le spea4ng or te %ourt o %r4m4nalAppeal empas4He3 tat te loal law on orro0orat4on 4s 34erent rom tat 4n (nglan3 as s 15.as no ounterpart 4n te (ngl4s law o e$43ene: "4s Lor3s4p went on to ol3 tat a ompla4nt 4

ma3e 4mme34ately woul3 0e treate3 as orro0orat4on altoug 4n (nglan3 4t woul3 not 0e soregar3e3: In R v ;oh Soon /oh+195, MLJ 12D< )errell J ma3e te same o0ser$at4ons: )esetwo ases were 4te3 w4t appro$al 0y Isma4l Gan J as e ten was8 4n 3im =aba v //+1962,MLJ 2D1 were 4s Lor3s4p sa43 tat 4t was not a m4s34ret4on to aept as orro0orat4on< teompla4nt 0y a w4tness sortly ater an 4llegal se>ual assault o te ats ompla4ne3 o:

)e tren3 o =u344al t4n4ng 0egan to ange: &ng J as e ten was8 was oppose3 to te $4ewtat a pre$4ous statement 0y a w4tness< toug a3m4ss40le un3er s 15. o te At< was o anygenu4ne orro0orat4$e $alue: In Mohamed "li v //+1962, MLJ 2D 4s Lor3s4p sa43 at p 21?

It w4ll not 0e out o plae ere to say a ew wor3s a0out s 15. o te ($43ene &r34nane: A3m4ss404l4ty oa pre$4ous statement un3er tat set4on must not 0e onuse3 w4t te we4gt to 0e g4$en to 4t:%orro0orat4on< str4tly spea4ng< means 4n3epen3ent orro0orat4on as e>pla4ne3 4n R v =astraneous soure soul30e 34st4ngu4se3 rom ;orro0orat4on; as 4t appears 4n s 15.< w4 rests on te pr4n4ple tat ons4steny

0etween a pre$4ous statement 0y a w4tness an3 4s present e$43ene may aor3 some groun3 or0el4e$4ng 4m: )e $alue o su a statement as orro0orat4on may 0e 4n4n4tes4mal< as 4n te ma=or4ty oases 4t 4s: &n te oter an3< 0y reason o te a0un3ane o 3eta4l 4t may onta4n as to te ats an34rumstanes surroun34ng any rele$ant transat4on< 4t may 0e apa0le o 0e4ng ross*ee3 ortrutulness aga4nst oter rele$ant e$43ene< 4n w4 ase< or ourse< 4t may 0e eet4$e orro0orat4onrs+1991, 1 MLJ 1D6< (3gar Josep Jr J as eten was8 4n rul4ng tat a pre$4ous statement was ;ten4ally; a3m4ss40le< e>lu3e3 4t asorro0orat4on un3er s 15. o te At 4n te e>er4se o 4s 34sret4on on te groun3 tat 4tspro0at4$e $alue was outwe4ge3 0y 4ts pre=u344al eet:

In 19.1 te At was amen3e3 0y a334ng s .A to 4t 0y $4rtue o P! A8 261 o 19.1: )4s set4onw4 maes pro$4s4ons< 4nter al4a< or te a3m4ss404l4ty o 3oumentary earsay as e$43ene 4n


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4$4l ases su0=et to te ul4lment o erta4n re@u4rements< rea3s as ollows?

18 otw4tstan34ng anyt4ng onta4ne3 4n t4s apter< 4n any 4$4l proee34ngs were34ret oral e$43ene o a at woul3 0e a3m4ss40le< any statement ma3e 0y a person 4n a

3oument an3 ten34ng to esta0l4s tat at sall< on pro3ut4on o te or4g4nal3oument< 0e a3m4ss40le as e$43ene o tat at 4 te ollow4ng on34t4ons are sat4s4e3?

a8 4 te maer o te statement e4ter?

48 a3 personal nowle3ge o te matters 3ealt w4t0y te statement or

448 were te 3oument 4n @uest4on 4s or orms part oa reor3 purport4ng to 0e a ont4nuous reor3< ma3ete statement so ar as te matters 3ealt w4t tere0yare not w4t4n 4s

%''1 & M34 5! at 5'(personal nowle3ge8 4n te perormane o a 3uty toreor3 4normat4on suppl4e3 to 4m 0y a person wo

a3< or m4gt reasona0ly 0e suppose3 to a$e a3pense

woul3 oterw4se 0e ause3< or3er tat su a statement as 4s ment4one3 4n su0set4on18 sall 0e a3m4ss40le as e$43ene or may< w4tout any su or3er a$4ng 0een ma3ers+1991, 1 MLJ 1D68:

'et4on .A.8 as a 34ret 0ear4ng on e$43ene ren3ere3 a3m4ss40le 0y s 15. o te At: It34tates te manner 4n w4 su e$43ene 4s to 0e treate3: )e resultant matter or 3el40erat4on4s weter te ormer an 4narerate te appl4at4on an3 am04t o te latter as tey are 4n onl4tw4t ea oter: Reerene to some rules o statutory onstrut4on w4ll pro$43e te answer: 74rstlyam4nat4on e sa43?

Ge3ua merea a3a m4num 34 ruma saya pa3a watu pag4:

In t4s regar3 'P2 sa43 4n er e$43ene?

'aya a3a masu e ruma: 'ua4m4 eluar selepas le04 urang D m4n4t am4 masu: #4a 0al4 pa3a 17e0ruar4 1995 pag4: Masa 'ua4m4 0al4 am4 su3a 0angun: B4la 'ua4m4 0al4< am4 pun 0al4:

7rom te e$43ene a33ue3 4t 4s lear tat 'P6 allowe3 te ause3 to spen3 te n4gt 4n 4souse on 1 January 1995: "e saw 'P2 tere on tat n4gt an3 te ollow4ng morn4ng: )e

@uest4on or 3el40erat4on 4s weter t4s e$43ene 4s su44ent to orro0orate te test4mony o 'P2tat te ause3 rape3 er 4n 'P6;s ouse: Altoug 4t onst4tutes e$43ene o opportun4ty 4t 4ssettle3 law tat e$43ene o mere opportun4ty< w4tout more< annot amount to orro0orat4on:

In 2homas v 4ones+1921, 1 GB 22 te appellant was arge3 on a ompla4nt preerre3 0y terespon3ent w4t 0e4ng te ater o a 0astar3 4l3 o te respon3ent: )e appellant was a armeran3 a 0aelor: )e respon3ent was 4s ouseeeper: &n te morn4ng o te 04rt< wen terespon3ent was 4n la0our< te appellant< wo a3 no oter emale ser$ants< l4t a 4re or er an3too er some tea an3 0ran3y: "e also sent or te 3otor: Ater te 04rt e allowe3 er an3 te4l3 to rema4n or 4$e wees an3 two 3ays 4n 4s ouse: )ere was no e$43ene weter se


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was su44ently reo$ere3 to a$e let at an earl4er 3ate: )e appellant a3m4tte3 tat 3ur4ng tose4$e wees an3 two 3ays e ne$er ase3 te respon3ent wo te ater o er 4l3 was: )erespon3ent 4n er e$43ene sa43 tat 3ur4ng tat t4me se ase3 te appellant wat e was go4ngto 3o a0out te 4l3< an3 e sa43 tat tere was not4ng or 4m to 3o 0ut to pay: Ater te

respon3ent a3 let 4s ouse se wrote 4m a letter arg4ng 4m w4t 0e4ng te ater o te4l3< an3 as4ng 4 e meant to pay or ma4ntenane o te 4l3: "e 343 not reply tat letter: Itwas el3 tat tese ats 343 not aor3 any e$43ene orro0orat4ng te e$43ene o terespon3ent 4n some mater4al part4ular: Banes LJ sa43 at p 5?

I say< w4t great respet to anyone wo taes a 34erent $4ew< tat 4t seems to me grotes@ue to suggesttat te at tat te appellant< a 0aelor w4t a s4ngle woman only 4n te ouse on te arm< sent or te3otor wen te woman was apparently 4n great pa4n an3 ser4ously 4ll< 4s 4n any way 4nons4stent w4t 4sstory tat e was ne$er 4nt4mate w4t er< an3 4s more ons4stent w4t er story tat e was te ater oer 4l3:

Cracual 4nterourse w4t te respon3ent at a0out te l4ely t4me o onept4on: It was

suggeste3 tat te e$43ene o er moter to te eet tat te respon3ent a3 $4s4te3 er ometo see te ompla4nant at a0out te rele$ant per4o3< an3 a3 met te ompla4nant at te orner ote street on $ar4ous oas4ons< m4gt amount to orro0orat4on: )e argument was re=ete3 onappeal 0y te 34$4s4onal ourt: )e e$43ene amounte3 to no more tan e$43ene o

%''1 & M34 5! at 5'1opportun4ty< an3 343 not e4ter 34retly or 0y any perm4ss40le 4nerene 4mpl4ate te respon3ent4n an at o se>ual 4nterourse w4t te ompla4nant: In Ridley v Whipps19168 22 %LR 1 teonly e$43ene rel4e3 upon 0y way o orro0orat4on was tat o a w4tness wo 3epose3 tat a0outte rele$ant t4me e< togeter w4t te ompla4nant an3 te appellant< were s4tt4ng togeter 4n tee$en4ng 4n te 4ten o er ater;s ouse< 4n w4 room tere was a ou< an3 tat a0out9:Dpm e went to 0e3< an3 tat altoug e slept 4n te room ne>t to te appellant e 343 notear 4m ome to 0e3: Cr44t %J sa43 at p .?

In te ase o :awson v MA;en@ie19D8 '% 69 te ourt o sess4on 4n 'otlan3 el3 tat proo oopportun4ty o 4nterourse may 0e orro0orat4$e e$43ene 4 o su arater as to esta0l4s susp44on: Inmy op4n4on< wen rel4ane 4s plae3 upon proo o opportun4ty tat proo must 0e supplemente3 0y prooo 4rumstanes o su a nature as to lea3 to te 4nerene tat 4t was pro0a0le tat a3$antage woul30e taen o te opportun4ty: It 4s 4mposs40le to 3e4ne 4n a3$ane wat 4rumstant4al e$43ene woul3 0esu44ent or tat purpose: In te present ase te proo stops sort at proo o opportun4ty< w4 4s4nsu44ent:

It 4s my $4ew tat 4n te appeal 0eore me te e$43ene a33ue3 stops sort at proo oopportun4ty: )e e$43ene o opportun4ty soul3 0e supplemente3 0y proo o 4rumstanes osu a nature as to lea3 to te 4nerene tat 4t was pro0a0le tat a3$antage woul3 0e taen ote opportun4ty: In my op4n4on a3m4ss40le me34al e$43ene w4 orro0orates te e$43ene ote ompla4nant woul3 a$e onst4tute3 su supplementary e$43ene: In te 4rumstanes teonly a$a4la0le e$43ene 4s tat o mere opportun4ty w4 annot amount to orro0orat4on o tee$43ene o 'P2:

Te ',!+0e& !'!e"e0! "'&e #* !e ',e&

)e learne3 sess4ons ourt =u3ge 4n 4s groun3s o =u3gment sa43 tat e a3m4tte3 te aut4one3statement e> P58 ma3e 0y te ause3 as e was sat4s4e3 tat 4t was $oluntar4ly ma3e: In 4ssu0m4ss4on 0eore me learne3 ounsel or te ause3 onten3e3 tat e> P5 a3 0een wronglya3m4tte3 4n e$43ene: "e sa43 tat?

48 te statement was reor3e3 un3er oppress4$e 4rumstanes as te ause3 was notallowe3 to a$e 4s lun


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448 te reor34ng o4er a3 tol3 te ause3< ;'aya ata er4taan epa3a saya alyang se0enarnya 0erlau;

4448 te reor34ng o4er was aware o te 0agroun3 o te ase an3

4$8 te statement was reor3e3 as a result o ross*e>am4nat4on 0y te reor34ng

o4er:

In a334t4on< w4le perus4ng te reor3 o appeal I a3 not4e3 tat erta4n wor3s w4 may ten3ere> P5 as 4n$oluntary were uttere3 0y te ater o te ause3 4n te presene o two pol4eo4ers: I elt tat 4t was my 3uty to ons43er te eet o te use o te wor3s 4n @uest4on as s1118a8448 o te %r4m4nal Proe3ure %o3e 7M' %ap 68 re@u4res te ourt to e>lu3e astatement 4 4t appears to a$e 0een ause3 0y any 4n3uement< treat or prom4se: In t4s regar3 Imust a33 tat wene$er any sort o 3ou0t reeps

%''1 & M34 5! at 5'4nto te m4n3 o te ourt 4t 4s or te proseut4on to sow a4rmat4$ely to te ompletesat4sat4on o te ourt te $oluntary nature o te oness4on see /p v "ris bin 7unus+199, 1%LJ 298: In =oudreau v R19-98 9 %%% 55 Ger$4n J sa43 tat all te surroun34ng4rumstanes must 0e 4n$est4gate3 an3< 4 upon te4r re$4ew te ourt 4s not sat4s4e3 o te$oluntary nature o a3m4ss4on< te statement must 0e re=ete3: Aor34ngly< I 4n$4te3 0ot part4esto su0m4t on t4s aspet o te ase< w4 tey 343< an3 I treate3 4t< or te purposes o t4s

=u3gment< as te 4t groun3:

I ten ons43ere3 te groun3s a3$ane3 0y learne3 ounsel 0ear4ng 4n m4n3 te at tat anappellate ourt 4s ent4tle3 to 4nterere w4t a 4n34ng o at relat4ng to te $oluntar4ness o aoness4on 4 tat 4n34ng as 0een arr4$e3 at w4tout apply4ng te true an3 rele$ant legal tests an3ons43erat4on o rele$ant matters see 8asibullah bin Mohd ?ha@ali v //+199, MLJ 218:

Beore I proee3 any urter 4t may peraps 0e useul to ons43er te 0ur3en o proo 4n a tr4alw4t4n a tr4al as 4t 4s rele$ant or ma4ng a rul4ng on te 4ssues 0eore me: )e nature o te0ur3en rest4ng upon te proseut4on 4n or3er to esta0l4s te $oluntar4ness an3< tereore< tea3m4ss404l4ty o statements ma3e 0y an ause3 as long 0een aepte3 as 4t was state3 0y

V4sount 'umner 4n brahim v R+191-, A% 599 were 4s Lor3s4p sa43 at p 6D9?

It as long 0een esta0l4se3 as a pos4t4$e rule o (ngl4s r4m4nal law< tat no statement 0y an ause3 4sa3m4ss40le 4n e$43ene aga4nst 4m unless 4t 4s sewn 0y te proseut4on to a$e 0een a $oluntarystatement< 4n te sense tat 4t as not 0een o0ta4ne3 rom 4m e4ter 0y ear o pre=u34e or ope oa3$antage e>er4se3 or el3 out 0y a person 4n autor4ty:

Fen an ause3 ra4ses te 4ssue o $oluntar4ness o a statement ma3e 0y 4m tere 4s no onuson 4m to negat4$e 4t: In t4s regar3 (3gar Josep Jr J as e ten was8 sa43 4n // v Chong =ooSee+19, 1 %LJ 6.9 at p 6.?

I reogn4He3 tat te onus was on te proseut4on to pro$e $oluntar4ness 0eyon3 all reasona0le 3ou0tan3 not or te 3eene to pro$e 4n$oluntar4ness:

In re4terat4ng tat tere 4s no onus on te ause3 to sow 4n$oluntar4ness (3gar Josep Jr '%Jsa43 4n 8asibullah bin Mohd ?ha@ali v //+199, MLJ 21 at pp 1*2?

74rst< 4t 4s a un3amental pr4n4ple o our r4m4nal law tat 4n 3e434ng on te 4ssue o a3m4ss404l4ty o aoness4on ma3e 0y an ause3 person< te onus 4s not on te ause3 to sow 4n$oluntar4ness 0ut onte proseut4on to pro$e 0eyon3 any reasona0le 3ou0t tat te oness4on was $oluntary: 'ee egbrahim v R+191-, A% 599< Wong ;am-ming v R+19D, A% 2-.8: In ol34ng< as e 343 4n at ol3< tat;te ause3 must sow tat e was put 4n ear 4n or3er tat te statement soul3 result;< te =u3ge a3re$erse3 te onus an3 34sregar3e3 te re@u4rement tat te proseut4on must pro$e 0eyon3 anyreasona0le 3ou0t tat te oness4on was $oluntary:


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)e passage tat I a$e =ust reerre3 to 4s learly on4ne3 to te 0ur3en o esta0l4s4ng te legal0ur3en8 te $oluntar4ness o te oness4on 0ase3 on te manner 4n w4 te learne3 tr4al =u3gea3 3esr40e3 te 0ur3en on te ause3: )e 0ur3en o esta0l4s4ng a ase must 0e ontraste3w4t

%''1 & M34 5! at 5'*te 0ur3en o 4ntro3u4ng e$43ene te e$43ent4al 0ur3en8: )e ormer 4s go$erne3 0y s 1D1 ote At w4 states?

18 Foe$er 3es4res any ourt to g4$e =u3gment as to any legal r4gt or l4a04l4ty4stene o ats w4 e asserts< must pro$e tat tose ats e>4st:

28 Fen a person 4s 0oun3 to pro$e te e>4stene o any at< 4t 4s sa43 tat te 0ur3eno proo l4es on tat person:

)e latter 4s go$erne3 0y s 1D2 o te ($43ene At 195D w4 states?

)e 0ur3en o proo 4n a su4t or proee34ng l4es on tat person wo woul3 a4l 4 no e$43ene at all were

g4$en on e4ter s43e:

)e 0ur3en o esta0l4s4ng a ase rests trougout te tr4al on te party wo asserts tea4rmat4$e: "owe$er< te 0ur3en o 4ntro3u4ng e$43ene 4n a ase s4ts onstantly as e$43ene4s 4ntro3ue3 0y one s43e or te oter: )e 34st4nt4on 0etween 0ot te 0ur3ens was a0lye>pla4ne3 0y Lee "un "oe J as e ten was8 4n Wong Sieng /ing v //+196., 1 MLJ 56 at pp5.*5?

)e appellant onten3e3 tat te learne3 mag4strate was wrong to say tat te 0ur3en o proo a3s4te3 to te appellant: "e su0m4tte3 tat< su0=et to te 3eene o 4nsan4ty an3 4n oenes were onuso proo 4s spe4ally 3ealt w4t 0y statute< te 0ur3en o proo ne$er s4ts to an ause3 person< 4n t4sase te appellant: )ere soul3 0e no am04gu4ty were te l40erty o te su0=et 4s 4n$ol$e3:

)e learne3 3eputy pu0l4 proseutor one3e3 tat 4t woul3 0e atal 4 4t was a summ4ng*up to a =ury 0utargue3 tat 4t 4s not neessar4ly atal were 4t 4s not a =ury tr4al: "e sa43 tat unless 4t 4s sown tat te

learne3 mag4strate m4sun3erstoo3 wat was wr4tten te on$4t4on soul3 not 0e 34stur0e3: "e po4nte3out tat te learne3 mag4strate state3 te law aurately at p 26 o te reor3 4n tese wor3s?

;It 4s well esta0l4se3 e$en 0eore te ase o Woolmington v ://+199, A% -62 tatw4le te proseut4on must pro$e te gu4lt o te pr4soner< tere 4s no su 0ur3en la43on te pr4soner to pro$e 4s 4nnoene an3 4t 4s su44ent or 4m to ra4se a 3ou0t as to4s gu4lt: It 4s also well esta0l4se3 law tat wen te proseut4on as 34sarge3 te0ur3en o proo ten te ause3 4s un3er an o0l4gat4on to e>pla4n te 4rumstanesappear4ng aga4nst 4m: )e 0ur3en o a33u4ng e$43ene s4ts on to 4m:;

)e learne3 3eputy pu0l4 proseutor onten3e3 tat te learne3 mag4strate meant te tat4al onus 4nte sense tat 4 te appellant went 4nto te 0o> an3 ga$e e$43ene ten te 0ur3en was s4te3 to teappellant to g4$e e>planat4on:

It 4s onus4ng to spea o te s4t4ng o 0ur3en o proo: )4s woul3 g4$e r4se to te @uest4on wat 3owor3s ;0ur3en o proo; as use3 0y te learne3 mag4strate mean: It 4s state3 4n Woodroffe ) "meer "liAs3aw of Evidencet (38< at p 6.?

;)e prase 0ur3en o proo as two 34st4nt mean4ngs namely te 0ur3en oesta0l4s4ng a ase an3 te 0ur3en o 4ntro3u4ng e$43ene: )e 0ur3en o esta0l4s4nga ase rema4ns trougout te ent4re ase< were te plea34ngs or4g4nally plae 4t: Itne$er s4ts: )e partyplanat4on; or

;to esta0l4s a ase; as 4t woul3 0e 4nons4stent w4t te presumpt4on o 4nnoene:

As te law o e$43ene 4s e@ually appl4a0le to a tr4al w4t4n a tr4al =ust as 4n any oter tr4al< 4tollows tat te pr4n4ples relat4ng to te two 0ur3ens must 0e s4m4larly appl4e3: In te l4gt o tespe44 o0=et4ons ra4se3 0y learne3 ounsel on te a3m4ss404l4ty o e> P5 I sall< 4n or3er toa4l4tate te ma4ng o a rul4ng< 0r4ely reer to te 4n43ene o te e$43ent4al 0ur3en on teause3:

A03oola3er 7J sa43 4n :ato Mo


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4n3uement or prom4se 4s not enoug: As 'arma J sa43 4n // v 3aw Say Sec< ) >rs+19.1, 1MLJ 199 one soul3 0e a0le to say tat w4tout 4t te person woul3 not a$e ma3e a statement: Itollows tat an 4n3uement< treat or prom4seper se4s 4nsu44ent to ren3er te oness4on4na3m4ss40le: As PG MF4ll4ams E% sa43 4n 4s 0oo ent4tle3 Canadian Criminal Evidence198

r3 (38 at pp 15*2< te 3eene soul3 reogn4He tat 4t as an e$43ent4al 0ur3en to el44t atsw4 0ear on te su0=et4$e $ulnera04l4ty o 4ts l4ent: )4s 0ur3en may 0e 34sarge3 0y ross*e>am4n4ng te proseut4on w4tnesses or 0y te ause3 lea34ng e$43ene on te 4ssues 4n$ol$e3:In t4s respet R4g0y J sa43 4n // v 2eh 3ye 2ong196-8 M% 2D at p 21-?

It 4s 4mportant to o0ser$e tat te wor3s were rule3 as 4na3m4ss40le solely on te su0m4ss4on o3een34ng ounsel: )ere was no e$43ene 0eore te learne3 pres43ent tat te wor3s ;wat tolong; a3operate3 on te m4n3 o te ause3 as an 4n3uement so as to g4$e 4m groun3s w4 woul3 appear to4m reasona0le or suppos4ng tat 0y a3m4tt4ng e a3 op4um e woul3 ga4n any a3$antage or a$o43 anye$4l o a temporal nature: )ere was at tat stage no arge watsoe$er aga4nst 4m not 4n3ee3< oul3tere 0e any arge aga4nst 4m at tat stage s4ne te op4um a3 not yet 0een oun3: I a$e sa43 tatplanat4on or lar44at4on< te wor3s ;wat tolong; were4napa0le o onst4tut4ng an 4n3uement w4t4n te mean4ng o s 2- o te ($43ene &r34nane: But 4tey were so apa0le o su a mean4ng< ten I t4n te learne3 pres43ent< ollow4ng te prat4ea3ere3 to as regar3s wr4tten oness4on< soul3 a$e ear3 urter e$43ene< 4nlu34ng tat o any oterproseut4on w4tnesses wo were present an3 ear3 te wor3s spoen and. of course. that of the

accused himself< restr4te3 to te 4ssue as to weter te a3m4ss4ons ma3e 0y te ause3 appeare3 toa$e 0een ause3 0y any 4n3uement el3 out to 4m 0y te re$enue o4er or o4ers: It seems to metat 4t was $ery 344ult to 3e43e t4s 4ssue solely on te wor3s spoen 0y te re$enue o4er an3 on teo0=et4on taen 0y 3een34ng ounsel< without having heard from the accused as to whether those wordsaffected his mind in causing him to mars+19.1, 1 MLJ 199 were 'arma J sa43 at p 2DD?

::: It 4s let to te ourt ent4rely to orm 4ts own op4n4on as to weter an 4n3uement< treat or prom4seel3 out 4n any part4ular ase was su44ent to lea3 te person to suppose tat e woul3 ga4n ana3$antage o a temporal nature: In 3o4ng so te m4n3 o te person ma4ng te statement as to 0e

=u3ge3 rater tan tat o te person 4n autor4ty: In srut4n4H4ng a ase o t4s 4n3 te ourt as toperorm a tree*ol3 unt4on? 4t as to 3eterm4ne te su44eny o te 4n3uement< treat or prom4se 4tas to lote 4tsel w4t te mental4ty o te ause3 to see weter te groun3s woul3 appear to teause3 reasona0le or a suppos4t4on ment4one3 4n s 2- o te ($43ene &r34nane lastly 4t as to =u3geas a ourt 4 te oness4on appears to a$e 0een ause3 4n onse@uene o any 4n3uement< treat orprom4se:


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I sall now 3eal w4t te propr4ety o te a3m4ss404l4ty o e> P5 aga4nst te 0agroun3 o teo0=et4ons ra4se3 0y learne3 ounsel an3 te law tat I a$e a3$erte3 to:

Te '%%e/'!+0 !'! !e !'!e"e0! 3' $e$&e& ,0&e$ $e+ve +$,"!'0e ' !e',e& 3' 0! '%%3e& ! 've + %,0

In (nglan3 oppress4on as a groun3 o e>lus4on an 0e trae3 to te =u3gment o Lor3 Parer %J4n Callis v ?unn+196-, 1 EB -95: It was reogn4He3 as a separate ea3 o e>lus4on pursuant toan amen3ment to te =u3ges; rules 4n 196- see /ractice 6ote+196-, 1 All (R 2.8: )e mater4alpart o te amen3e3 rules rea3s as ollows?

::: tat 4t sall a$e 0een $oluntary< 4n te sense tat 4t as not 0een o0ta4ne3 rom 4m 0y ear opre=u34e or ope o a3$antage< e>er4se3 or el3 out 0y a person 4n autor4ty< or by oppression:(mpas4s a33e3:8

It ree4$e3 statutory reogn4t4on 4n (nglan3 as a separate an3 34st4nt ea3 o e>lus4on 0y $4rtueo s .6 o te Pol4e an3 %r4m4nal ($43ene At 19-: &ur laws< owe$er< a$e not 0eenamen3e3 to mae pro$4s4on or oppress4on to amount to a separate groun3 o e>lus4on: )at oourse 3oes not mean tat a statement reor3e3 un3er su 4rumstanes as to

%''1 & M34 5! at &(!0e a3m4tte3 4n all ases: In // v "bdul Rahman bin brahim%r4m4nal )r4al o -.58*15*6 "4g%ourt Penang< unreporte38 toug (3gar Josep Jr J as e ten was8 was sat4s4e3 tat testatement was reor3e3 un3er oppress4$e 4rumstanes 4s Lor3s4p went on to ol3 tat 4t was;ten4ally a3m4ss40le; 0ut proee3e3 to e>lu3e 4t 4n aor3ane w4t te pr4n4ples enun4ate30y te Pr4$y %oun4l 4n 6oor Mohamed v R+19-9, A% 12 as 4t a3 0een o0ta4ne3 4n anoppress4$e manner:

Be tat as 4t may< oppress4on 4rst surae3 as an a334t4onal ator to ren3er a oness4on4n$oluntary 4n :ato Mors+199, 2 MLJ -2. // v ;amde bin Raspani+19, MLJ 29 // v 3ee Chee Meng+1991, 1 MLJ 22. // v ,eeran ;utty+199D, MLJ -9 an3 8asibullah bin Mohd ?ha@ali v //+199, MLJ 21:

)e mean4ng an3 sope o te wor3 ;oppress4on; was e>pla4ne3 0y 7a4Ha )am0y %4 J% as eten was8 4n // v Chan Choon ;eong ) >rsat pp -29*-D?

)e oter po4nt 4s weter te aut4one3 statement was o0ta4ne3 un3er oppress4$e 4rumstanes: )erele$ant ats to 0e looe3 at an3 ons43ere3 to sow wat are alle3 ;oppress4$e 4rumstanes;

negat4$4ng $oluntar4ness are?

18 arater4st4s o te ause3

28 per4o3 o t4me 3ur4ng w4 e was @uest4one3

8 lengt o t4me 3ur4ng w4 e was 4n usto3y

-8 weter or not e was g4$en opportun4t4es o rest an3 reresment:


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In R v /riestly19668 5D %r App Rep 1 4t was el3 tat oppress4on means somet4ng w4ten3s to sap an3 as sappe3 tat ree w4ll w4 must e>4st 0eore a oness4on 4s $oluntary:

F4t regar3 to t4s o0=et4on ra4se3 0y learne3 ounsel te ause3 sa43?

'emasa statement 34am04l saya 0uat pengauan: 'aya 0uat pengauan se0a0 merea ata a04s am04lstatement 0aru 0ole maan: 'aya na a04san statement 4tu epat*epat se0a0 na 3apat maan:

)e learne3 sess4ons ourt =u3ge 4n 4s groun3s o =u3gment sa43 tat te ause3 was arreste3at 2:15pm an3 te statement was reor3e3 soon ater tat 0y -:15pm8: "e ten reerre3 to teallegat4on ra4se3 0y te ause3 4n t4s regar3 an3 te 3en4al o te proseut4on w4tnesses o 4t:"e proee3e3 to a3m4t e> P5 w4tout g4$4ng any reason: "e ougt to a$e g4$en 4s reasons orre=et4ng te o0=et4on: In 8ong 3eong Equipment Sdn =hd v

%''1 & M34 5! at &(53iew 0oo< Chuan +1996, 1 MLJ -1 Copal 'r4 Ram J%A stresse3 4n 4s super0ly reasone3

=u3gment on te nee3 or a pu0l4 3e4s4on taer to g4$e reasons or 4s 3e4s4ons an3 sa43 at p5?

)e 4mpos4t4on o a 3uty upon pu0l4 3e4s4on taers to urn4s reasons 4n ases aet4ng un3amental

r4gts a4e$es te nat4onal a4m: Fen a pu0l4 3e4s4on taer g4$es reasons< e re$eals 4s m4n3 an3e>poses or ur4al srut4ny te 0as4s or 4s 3e4s4on:

In Rohana bte "riffin v Bniversiti Sains Malaysia+199, 1 MLJ -. (3gar Josep Jr J as e tenwas8 sa43 tat reasons or a 3e4s4on are neessary 4n ases were tere 4s a r4gt o appeals4ne an appeal 4s merely a ont4nuat4on o proee34ngs 0y way o reear4ng an3 l4t4gants as wellas te appellant tr40unal are ent4tle3 to now te reasons or te 4n34ng:

otw4tstan34ng wat I a$e sa43< I was sat4s4e3 tat te ause3 a$4ng ra4se3 te o0=et4on a3not sown te manner 4n w4 4t operate3 4n 4s m4n3 to ause 4m to g4$e te statement 4n te34sarge o te e$43ent4al 0ur3en on 4m: "4s test4mony tat e ga$e 4s statement @u4ly as ewante3 to eat 3oes not sow ow e woul3 a$e ga4ne3 any a3$antage or a$o43e3 any e$4l o atemporal nature 4n reerene to te proee34ngs aga4nst 4m: Ater all te statement was reor3e3

soon ater 4s arrest: Aor34ngly< I re=ete3 te o0=et4on ra4se3:Te '%%e/'!+0 !'! !e $e$&+0/ ..+e$ '& !%& S'*' 5'!' e$+!'5'0 5e'&' '*' '%*'0/ e#e0'$0*' #e$%'5,

)e reor34ng o4er a3m4tte3 4n te tr4al w4t4n a tr4al tat e sa43 tese wor3s to te ause3wo ten ga$e 4s statement:

In // v 3ii< Ching ;wong+19, 1 MLJ 9 %ong '4ew 7a4 J as e ten was8 sa43 tat tewor3s ;you must tell te trut or else you w4ll 0e arge3; onta4ne3 te element o treat: "4sLor3s4p reerre3 to te ase o R v Smith19598 - %r App Rep 121 were 4t was el3 tat ;teourt as 0een at pa4ns to ol3 tat e$en te most gentle ::: treat ::: w4ll ta4nt a oness4on;: Ane>ortat4on su as ;you a3 0etter tell te trut; an3 e@u4$alent e>press4ons a$e 0een regar3e3as a$4ng a@u4re3 a 4>e3 mean4ng an3 el3 to 4mport a treat see Selvadurai v //+19-*-9,MLJ 'upp - // v 6aipress4ons use3 were el3 to a$e an 4n$oluntary eet 4nlu3e R v 2hompson1.8 1 Lea291 * ;)ell me were te t4ngs are an3 I w4ll 0e a$oura0le to you; R v =lac%% * ;A prom4se o par3on; R v Richards128 5 % P 1 * ;I you 3o not tell me all a0out4t< I w4ll sen3 or a onsta0le; R v 2homas168 . % P -5 * ;It w4ll 0e 0etter or you to spl4t an3not suer or all o tem; R v 0ennel118 . EB# 1-. * ;ou a3 0etter tell te trut< 4t may 0e0etter or you; R v ;ingston1D8 - % P 5. * ;ou a3 0etter tell all you now; R v =ar %% 69 * ;Immun4tyrom proseut4on; R v 3uc


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tell te trut;: %ases were e>press4ons use3 were not el3 to a$e an 4n$oluntary eet 4nlu3eR v Court168 . % P -6 * ;Be sure to tell te trut; R v Reeve and 8ancoc %% 22 * ;Imust now more a0out 4t; R v Sleeman158 6 %o> %% 2-5 * ;#on;t run your soul 4nto more s4ne3 mean4ng o treat woul3 now 0e g4$en te samemean4ng an3 a33e3 at pp D9*1D?

::: 4n 4arvis16.8 LR 1 %%R 96< were 4t 4s sa43 tat 4 te person 4n autor4ty sa43 ;ou a3 0etter tellte trut; or ;4t 4s 0etter or you to tell te trut;< a su0se@uent oness4on woul3 a$e 0een el34na3m4ss40le: %on$ersely< 4n R v Coley168 1D %o> %% 56< te a3mon4t4on< ;4 you 3on;t tell me youmay get yoursel 4nto trou0le an3 4 t w4ll 0e worse or you; was el3 to ren3er te su0se@uent oness4on4na3m4ss40le: Feter tese ases woul3 0e 3e43e3 4n te same way to3ay may 0e open to 3e0ate seeR v =odsworth1968 'FR 12 at 1298< espe4ally 4n te l4gt o Lor3 Morr4s; spee 4n :// v /ing 3in+19.6, A% 5.- 0ut te pr4n4ple o w4 tey are 4llustrat4on 4s un3ou0te3: I a oness4onal4st< 0eause

o pressure or 4n3uement o te rele$ant 4n3< 0el4e$es tat e w4ll or may 0e 0etter o 0y spea4ng oron$ersely< tat a reusal to spea w4ll or may mae 4t worse or 4m8 a oness4on w4 4s ma3e 4n tat0el4e 4s 4na3m4ss40le:

)e 3e0ate tat Brennan J spoe o 4n te Collins3e4s4on was ougt 4n te orum o te'4ngapore "4g %ourt 4n // v Ramasamy+1991, 1 MLJ .5 0eore )ean J an3 %ao "4 P4n J%on te eet o te wor3s ;you 0etter tell te trut; on a oness4onal4st: %ao "4 )4n J% 4n3el4$er4ng te =u3gment o te ourt sa43 at pp ..*.?

)ere was also anoter ompla4nt to te eet tat 3ur4ng te reor34ng o te s 12258 statementsam4nat4on< lar44e3 tat wat se tol3 4m was tat e soul3 tell te trut: Fe are awaretat some ases a$e el3 tat utteranes l4e< ;you 0etter tell te trut; oul3 amount to a treat or4n3uement: But we soul3 mae t4s o0ser$at4on: It seems lear to us tat te 4nterpreter uttere3 t4s

a3$4e 4n te ourse o reor34ng te statement rom te ause3: Fe 3o not t4n tat su wor3s use34n te 4rumstanes o te present ase are su44ent to suggest to te ause3 tat e was go4ng toga4n any a3$antage 0y g4$4ng te statement: Fe el3 tat t4s utterane 3oes not ren3er any o te trees 12258 statements 4n$oluntary:

As Lor3 'almon sa43 4n :// v /ing 3in+19.6, A% 5.- at p 6D6?

!nortunately< tere are ar too many reporte3 ases onern4ng appeals aga4nst 3e4s4ons allow4nge$43ene o oness4ons or statements to go 0eore a =ury: A wole 0o3y o ase law seems to a$e 0eenon=ure3 up out o wat are essent4ally 3e4s4ons on @uest4ons o at: )4s as< I ear< le3 to a great 3ealo unneessary onus4on an3 ompl4at4on 4n a 0ran o te law w4 4s essent4ally lear an3 s4mple: I


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ent4rely agree w4t my no0le an3 learne3 r4en3< Lor3 G4l0ran3on< tat 4n 3e434ng weter an allege3oness4on or statement was ree an3 $oluntary an3 soul3 0e a3m4tte3 4n e$43ene< 4t 4s useless< =ust as4t 4s 4n an a43ent ase< to sear or anoter ase 4n w4 te ats seem to 0e s4m4lar an3 treat 4t as04n34ng: 7ats $ary 4n4n4tely rom ase to ase: )e =u3ge;s tas 4s to ons43er te e$43ene 0eore 4mam4nat4on e sa43?

Benar saya anya tau es 4n4 sepulu m4n4t se0elum raam peraapan: 'e0elum 4tu saya t43a tau

tentang es 4n4:

)e e$43ene merely sows tat te reor34ng o4er;s nowle3ge o te ase was l4m4te3 to teat tat te ase was a rape ase: "e ame to now a0out 4t only ten m4nutes 0eore reor34ngte statement: In te wor3s o Fan aya J as e ten was8 4n // v 7ong ;ong 8in+191, 2%LJ 1. 4t 4s only tose wo a$e< 4nter al4a< a 3eta4le3 nowle3ge o te ase wo soul3 rera4nrom reor34ng te statement: )ere 4s also no e$43ene to sow tat te reor34ng o4er wasaware o te 0agroun3 o te ase 4n or3er to pre$ent 4m rom reor34ng te statement assuggeste3 0y 'a4 #au3 J as e ten was8 4n // v Mohd 0u@i bin Wan 2eh ) "nor+199, 2%LJ 652: In te 4rumstanes te allegat4on ra4se3 0y learne3 ounsel 4s groun3less:

Te '%%e/'!+0 !'! !e !'!e"e0! 3' $e$&e& ' ' $e,%! . $-e'"+0'!+0 #* !e$e$&+0/ ..+e$

)ere 4s no e$43ene to suggest tat te statement was reor3e3 as a result o ross*e>am4nat4on: In t4s regar3 te reor34ng o4er sa43 w4le un3er ross*e>am4nat4on?

Benar peraapan se0aga4 narat4 * semasa 34a 0er4 peraapan saya t43a soal 34a:

)e ause3 343 not say anyt4ng on t4s 4ssue wen e ga$e e$43ene: &n te oter an3 esa43?

Pol4s am04l masa le04 urang 1D*15 m4n4t untu raam peraapan:


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)4s 4n34ates tat te ause3 ga$e te statement 4n a narrat4$e orm as 4t appears: I 4t wasreor3e3 as a result o @uest4on4ng< 4t woul3 a$e taen a longer t4me: In te prem4ses I wassat4s4e3 tat te statement was not reor3e3 as a result o ross*e>am4nat4on 0y te reor34ngo4er:

Be tat as 4t may< 4t 4s my $4ew tat 4t 4s not atal to a$e a statement reor3e3 as a result o ross*e>am4nat4on: 'et4on 1118 o te %r4m4nal Proe3ure %o3e 7M' %ap 68 4tsel says tat astatement 4s a3m4ss40le< 4nter al4a< weter 4t was ma3e wolly or partly 4n answer to @uest4ons: Int4s regar3 useul reerene may 0e ma3e to :atu< 8a+i 8arun bin 8a+i dris v //+19.., 2 MLJ155 were 'u4an LP pose3 t4s @uest4on at p 1.D?

Isn;t tere a onl4t 0etween s 112448 w4 says tat te suspet 4s ompelle3 to answer all @uest4onse>ept 4nr4m4nat4ng ones an3 s 15 o te Pre$ent4on o %orrupt4on At w4 4s s4m4lar to s 118 w4says tat a statement ma3e 0eore te arrest 4s a3m4ss40le 4 ma3e $oluntar4ly

An3 answere3 4t tus?

Fe woul3 say not< 0eause su0*s 18 learly says tat 4 te on34t4ons set out tere4n are ul4lle3< testatement 4s a3m4ss40le ;weter or not wolly or partly 4n answer to @uest4ons; an3 0eause o s 29 ote At w4 learly pro$43es tat 4 a oness4on 4s oterw4se a3m4ss40le< tat 4s< 0eause te

%''1 & M34 5! at &(*ourt 4s sat4s4e3 tat 4t was ma3e $oluntar4ly< 4t 3oes not 0eome 4na3m4ss40le s4mply 0eause 4t was;ma3e 4n answer to @uest4ons w4 e nee3 not a$e answere3< wate$er may a$e 0een te orm otose @uest4ons;:

In 3ee Weng Sang v //+19., 1 MLJ 16 %ang M4n )at 7J sa43 at p 1.2?

::: It as now 0een settle3 0y t4s ourt on 1D June 19..< 4n 7e3eral %ourt %r4m4nal Appeal o 19/19.6:atu< 8a+i 8arun bin dris v //+19.., 2 MLJ 155 tat notw4tstan34ng t4s aut4on 0ut 0eause o tepro$4so< an3 a$4ng regar3 to s 29 o te At< 4t 3oes not 0eome 4na3m4ss40le merely 0eame o te attat 4t was ma3e 4n answer to @uest4ons w4 e nee3 not a$e answere3:

In >ng 8oc< ) "nor v R+199, MLJ 22 M(lwa4ne %J sa43 tat ross*e>am4nat4on 4n reor34ng a

statement 4s not a orm o treat or 4n3uement unless 4t amounts to a 0ully4ng or 0a3ger4ng ormten34ng to 4nt4m43ate< o w4 tere was no e$43ene 4n te appeal 0eore me: Aor34ngly< 4t 4smy $4ew tat t4s o0=et4on as no oun3at4on:

Te .'!e$ . !e ',e& '&v+e& +" ! /+ve !e !'!e"e0! +0 !e $ee0e . %+e..+e$

&n 6 7e0ruary 1995 te ause3 was arreste3 0y #etet4$e Lane %orporal 'ameon 04n Al4 'P24n te tr4al w4t4n a tr4al8 ;#etet4$e 'ameon;8 an3 #etet4$e Lane %orporal M3 Ra4s 04n )u4man'P5 4n te tr4al w4t4n a tr4al8 ;#etet4$e Ra4s;8 an3 a pol4e party at 4s ouse: "e was taen tote pol4e stat4on 4n a ar 3r4$en 0y 4s ater: )e two 3etet4$es ment4one3< also ollowe3 tem4n te ar: #etet4$e 'ameon sat at te 0a w4t te ause3 w4le #etet4$e Ra4s sat on teront passenger seat:

F4le g4$4ng e$43ene 4n te tr4al w4t4n a tr4al te ause3 sa43 tat w4le tey were tra$ell4ng 4n

4s ater;s ar to te pol4e stat4on?Bapa saya ata mengaula senang:

"e ten a33e3?

'emasa statement 34am04l saya 0uat pengauan :::: as4at 0apa saya =uga 0erma4n 34 epala saya:

"e was not ross*e>am4ne3 on t4s 0y te proseut4on: "4s ater 4n 4s e$43ene sa43?


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A3a per0ualan: A3a nas4at ole anggota yang 3u3u 34 0elaang: 'aya =uga a3a aap: Anggota 340elaang suru mengau: 'aya ata alau mengau< t43a ena susa*susa * le04 0a4 mengau:'aya t43a 0erapa 3engar orang 0elaang 4ta: #4a ata alau mengau lag4 senang: #ua t4ga al4 34aata:

'aya pun nas4atan ana saya suru mengau * 3engar aap en4 4n4 le04 senang:

!n3er ross*e>am4nat4on e was ase3?

'e0enarnya nas4at yang amu 0er4an 4tu se0enarnya 34a t43a 3engar 3an amu er4ta 4n4 untu 0antu34a 0ag4 menola e0oleter4maan peraapan 0el4au:

%''1 & M34 5! at &('

"e 343 not agree to 4t: Fen #etet4$e 'ameon was ross*e>am4ne3 e sa43?

'aya urang 4ngat apa yang 0erlau 34 tempat tangapan se4ngga sampa4 34 IPG:

#etet4$e 'ameon was 4n no pos4t4on to re0ut te allegat4on ra4se3 as e sa43 tat e oul3 notremem0er wat appene3 rom te t4me o arrest t4ll arr4$al at te pol4e stat4on: )e proseut4onougt to a$e realle3 #etet4$e Ra4s to re0ut te allegat4on ra4se3 4 4n at te proseut4on waso te $4ew tat 4t was not true as e was also present 4n te ar at te mater4al t4me: In t4sregar3 reerene may 0e ma3e to 2an 2oo ;ia v //+19D, 2 MLJ 1. were te 7e3eral %ourtel3 tat as an Inspetor was spe44ally 43ent44e3 at te tr4al as one o te persons wo a3assaulte3 te ause3< e soul3 a$e 0een alle3 0y te proseut4on to ontra34t te ause3:It annot 0e argue3 tat te a4lure o te ause3 to put t4s 4ssue to te proseut4on w4tnesseswen tey were test4y4ng 4s atal: In t4s regar3 (3gar Josep Jr 7%J sa43 4n 4s usual 4n4m4ta0lestyle 4n"lcontara a9l "mbross "nthony v //+1996, 1 MLJ 2D9 at p 21?

"owe$er< a4lure on te part o te 3eene to put 4ts ase< as aoresa43< an ne$er< 0y 4tsel< rel4e$e teproseut4on o 4ts 3uty o esta0l4s4ng te arge aga4nst te ause3 0eyon3 reasona0le 3ou0t:

At t4s stage< we woul3 4nterpolate to remar * toug we are 34gress4ng somewat rom te po4ntonern4ng te onus o proo * tat te =u3ge went so ar as to ol3 ;tat te 3eene 0y 4ts a4lure so toput su @uest4ons to te proseut4on w4tnesses ought not to be allowed to raise such issuesat te

3eene stage;: In t4s< e was learly wrong< s4ne 4t 4s settle3 law tat altoug a ourt may $4ew w4tsusp44on a 3eene w4 as not 0een put to te proseut4on w4tnesses wo m4gt a$e personalnowle3ge o te po4nts at 4ssue< te ourt 4s st4ll 0oun3 to ons43er te 3eene owe$er wea an3 toa@u4t 4 not sat4s4e3 tat te proseut4on a3 34sarge3 te 0ur3en o proo tat rests on 4t:

)e manner 4n w4 te ause3;s ater was ross*e>am4ne3 0y te proseut4on on t4s 4ssueprelu3es me rom $4ew4ng 4t w4t susp44on: It was put to 4m tat 4n trut te a3$4e e ga$e wasnot ear3 0y te ause3 an3 tat e ment4one3 4t 4n or3er to a$e te aut4one3 statementren3ere3 4na3m4ss40le: )4s presupposes te at tat te proseut4on agree3 tat te ause3person;s ater atually ga$e te a3$4e 0ut tat 4t was not ear3 0y te ause3: I was tereoresat4s4e3 tat te ause3 person;s ater 343 4n at say te wor3s 4n @uest4on an3 tat teyplaye3 4n 4s m4n3 wen e was g4$4ng te statement: )e ause3 tereore ma3e te statementpartly as a result o wat 4s ater a3 tol3 4m:

"owe$er< 4t 4s settle3 law tat 4n or3er to attrat te pro404t4on onta4ne3 4n s 11 o te %r4m4nalProe3ure %o3e 7M' %ap 68 te treat< 4n3uement or prom4se must a$e 0een ma3e 0y aperson 4n autor4ty see Re 3ee ;im Ching+19.-, 2 MLJ --8: )us< te statement ma3e 0y teause3 woul3 0e 4n$oluntary only 4 4s ater an 0e ons43ere3 as a person 4n autor4ty: As ageneral rule< a person 4n autor4ty 4s someone engage3 4n te arrest< 3etent4on< e>am4nat4on orproseut4on o

%''1 & M34 5! at &%(te ause3: )e wor3 ;e>am4nat4on; reers to 4nterrogat4on 0y pol4e o4ers< 3etent4on orseur4ty guar3s: As te two pol4e personnel wo were tra$ell4ng 4n te ar w4t te ause3 were


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te arrest4ng o4ers tey are learly persons 4n autor4ty: )e ause3;s ater ma3e testatement to 4m 4n te4r presene: &n te eet o an 4n3uement ma3e 0y someone not 4nautor4ty 4n te presene o a person 4n autor4ty< 74nnemore J sa43 4n R v Cleary1968 - %r

App Rep 116 at p 119?

It as also 0een 3e43e3 tat< toug te 4n3uement 0e ma3e 0y a person not 4n autor4ty< 4 4n at 4t 4sma3e 4n te presene o persons 4n autor4ty< te pos4t4on 4s te same as 4 tey a3 ma3e 4t temsel$esunless tey tae steps to 34ssent rom 4t:

)ere 4s no e$43ene to suggest tat te two pol4e personnel too steps to 34ssent rom wat teause3 person;s ater tol3 4m: &n te ontrary te e$43ene tat I a$e repro3ue3 earl4ersows tat tey too ma3e te same suggest4on as tat ma3e 0y te ause3 person;s ater: In as4tuat4on su as t4s te person not 4n autor4ty an 0e ons43ere3 as te agent o te person 4nautor4ty: )o put 4t anoter way< 0y te presene o tose 4n autor4ty< te person not 4n autor4ty 4slote3 w4t tat autor4ty: As a result< su a statement 4s suspet or te same reason tat astatement ma3e 4n response to an 4n3uement oere3 0y a person 4n autor4ty woul3 0e see R v

"=1968 26 %%% 38 1.8: )e 4rumstanes 4n w4 te ause3 person;s ater uttere3 tewor3s lotes 4m w4t te autor4ty o a person 4n autor4ty: "4s a3$4e to te ause3 to a3m4t

so tat matters w4ll 0e ;le04 senang; was w4t te enouragement o te pol4e personnel 4n tear: "e sa43 tat e tol3 4s son to a3m4t so tat ;:::: t43a ena susa*susa * le04 0a4mengau;: )e ause3 test44e3 tat wat 4s ater tol3 4m a3 playe3 4n 4s m4n3: )at goes toe>pla4n te unusual spee3 at w4 te statement was g4$en 0y te ause3: It 4s tereore leartat e ga$e te statement as e tougt tat 0y 3o4ng so e woul3 ga4n an a3$antage: )e attat te wor3s use3 were a3$4sory 4n nature 3o not weaen te4r eet as 4t as 0een el3 tate$en te most gentle treat w4ll ta4nt a oness4on: In te upsot< 4t 4s my $4ew tat te statementwas not $oluntar4ly ma3e an3 4t soul3 tereore 0e e>lu3e3:

C0%,+0

In te 4nal analys4s te e$43ene o 'P2 as to 0e ons43ere3 on 4ts own: It must not 0eo$erlooe3 tat o$ertures 0y te ause3 person;s parents to a$e 4m marr4e3 to 'P2 werere=ete3 0y er parents: 'P1 playe3 a 3om4nant role 4n ma4ng te ompla4nt aga4nst te

ause3: !n3er te 4rumstanes 4t woul3 0e unsae to at on 'P2;s e$43ene w4tout anyorro0orat4on o w4 tere 4s none:

Aor34ngly< 4t 4s my $4ew tat te 4n34ng o gu4lt an3 te on$4t4on o te ause3 0y te learne3sess4ons =u3ge was wrong: I tereore set as43e te or3er ma3e 0y 4m an3 a@u4tte3 an334sarge3 te ause3:

"ppeal allowedD

Reporte3 0y g G4an P4n


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