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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

R13a

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

Judul: THE POLISHED STONE VALUE OF LOCAL AGGREGATES IN SARAWAK AND ITS PERFORMANCE ON SKIDDING RESISTANCE

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2001 - 2005

Saya LATIF ANAK YOK (HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk

tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. 4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini

sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 5. ** Sila tandakan ( `' ) di kotak yang berkenaan

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SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).

= TERHAD

%0 TIDAK TERHAD

(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/ badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).

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(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) '(TANDATANGAN pENY&LIA) t%,, su: atisyah 1ý1aiýý' º

Pensyarah Alamat tetap: NO. 7, RUMAH SELIONG, 'pakutti Kejuruteraan

ýpj-ýy IA SARA', ý^ºK SG. ENCHEREMIN, PETZ SURAT 556, tJ'ýIIýWT sýl}(NSYAA

ýANSYUR

( Nama Penyelia ) 96800 KAPIT, SARAWAK.

Tarikh: 31 MAC 2005

CATATAN

Tarikh: 31 MAC 2005

* Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda. ** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi

berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD.

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This Final Year Project attached here:

Title : The Polished Stone Value of Local Aggregates in Sarawak

and Its Performance on Skidding Resistance.

Author's Name : Latif Anak Yok

Matric Number : 7790

Has been read and approved by:

Resdians fah Mansyur Pensyarah

Y, ejuruteraar, MLAYSIA Sa PAta, 'n rr

i ý 03 ý

jr. Resdiansyah Mansyur (Date)

(Supervisor)

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THE POLISHED STONE VALUE OF LOCAL AGGREGATES IN SARAWAK AND ITS PERFORMANCE ON SKIDDING RESISTANCE

LATIF ANAK YOK

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment

of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering)

Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2005

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Dedicated to my beloved family

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my heartiest appreciation and gratitude to my supervisor, Ir. Resdiansyah Mansyur for his assistants and helps in term of guidance and advice until the completion of this project.

I would like to thanks to all my lecturers and laboratory technician especially to Haji Affandi Haji Othman, Encik Saiful bin Edi and Mohd. Hafiz bin Mafadi for assists me a lot during my laboratory works. I would also like to thanks to the entire quarries, which involves for allows and helps me in order to get the samples.

I would also like to express my heartiest appreciation to all my family members for their great supports and encouragements. Lastly, I would like to thanks very much to all my friends for their assists and supports until the successful completion of this project.

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ABSTRACT

This study program was focused on the quality of aggregates in order to improve the Skid Resistance problem and look their performance in order to support road construction project in Sarawak. Two main types of aggregates has been used namely microtonalite and granite. Therefore, a total of six different quarries were selected such as Stigang Resources Sdn Bhd, Ang Cheng Ho Quarry and Penkuari Sdn Bhd for microtonalite sources meanwhile Samlimsam Quarry, Borneo Granite Sdn Bhd and Pulau Salak Quarry Sdn Bhd for granite. Two main tests were involves in the laboratory works namely Polishing of Aggregates and Skid Test. The aggregates were polished using Accelerated Polishing Machine according to the standards outlined in British Standard 812: Part 114: 1989. Meanwhile the measurement of Polished Stone Value for the sample was done using the British Pendulum Tester. The test results of (PSV) were compared with two standards or requirement suggested by Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) 1969 and Hosking 1992. Based on test results, the aggregates from certain quarry can be accepted as a superior quality of aggregates to improve skid resistance. Nevertheless, some of these quarry not achieved the maximum Polished Stone Value compared to the standard. Lastly, as a main quarry in Sarawak, the entire above quarry is expected able to supply sufficient aggregates for local usage especially in supporting to build a quality of road in Sarawak. Thus with the quality of aggregates, the skidding problem can be minimize especially in wet condition which is the one factor cause of accident on the roads.

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ABSTRAK

Kajian ini difokuskan bagi mendapatkan kualiti batuan (aggregates) untuk meningkatkan nilai Skid Resistance batuan tersebut dan melihat sejauh manakah batuan ini mampu untuk menyokong kerja-kerja pembinaan jalan raya di Sarawak. Dua jenis batuan utama telah digunakan iaitu microtonalite dan granite. Sejumlah enam kuari berlainan lokasi telah dipilih seperti Stigang Resources Sdn Bhd, Ang Cheng Ho Quarry dan Penkuari Sdn Bhd untuk batuan microtonalite manakala Samlimsam Quarry, Borneo Granite Sdn Bhd dan Pulau Salak Quarry Sdn Bhd adalah untuk batuan granite. Dua ujian utama yang terlibat dalam kerja-kerja makmal iaitu Polishing of Aggregates dan Skid Test. Kerja-kerja polishing terhadap sampel batuan tersebut akan dilakukan dengan menggunakan Accelerated Polishing Machine berdasarkan garis panduan dalam British Standard 812: Part 114: 1989. Manakala pengukuran Polished Stone Value bagi sampel batuan telah dijalan menggunakan British Pendulum Tester. Keputusan bagi Polished Stone Value (PSV) batuan bagi setiap kuari yang diperolehi akan dibandingkan dengan standard atau keperluan seperti yang dicadangkan oleh Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) 1969 dan Hosking 1992. Berdasarkan keputusan yang diperolehi

, batuan

daripada beberapa kuari boleh dianggap sebagai batuan yang mempunyai kualiti yang tinggi supaya dapat meningkatkan lagi Skid Resistance batuan tersebut. Namun demikian terdapat juga batuan daripada beberapa kuari tidak mencapai tahap maksimum Polished Stone Value jika dibandingkan dengan standard dan keperluan yang sedia ada. Akhir sekali, sebagai kuari utama di Sarawak, is adalah dijangka mampu membekalkan batuan yang mencukupi bagi kegunaan tempatan khasnya bagi memenuhi dan menampung keperluan pembinaan jalan raya yang berkualiti di Sarawak. Oleh yang demikian, dengan kualiti batuan yang ada maka masalah Skidding dapat dikurangkan terutamanya dalam keadaan yang basah dan licn yang mana is merupakan satu faktor yang kerap menyumbang ke arah berlakunya kemalangan di jalan raya.

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LIST OF CONTENTS

CONTENT

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Abstrak

List of Contents

List of Tables

List of Figures

Notations

Abbreviations

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

1.2 Polished Stone Value (PSV)

1.3 Skid Resistance

1.4 Objectives

1.5 Scope of study

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Pavement Material

2.1.1 Aggregates

2.1.2 Aggregate for Bituminous Mixture

2.1.3 Types of Aggregates

2.1.4 Local Aggregates in Sarawak

2.1.5 Granite

2.1.5.1 Formation of Granite

2.1.5.2 Mineralogy of Granite

2.1.6 Microtonalite (Group of Tonalite Stone)

2.1.6.1 General

2.1.6.2 Variety of Tonalite

2.1.6.3 Inner Portion of Tonalite

2.1.6.4 External Appearance of Tonalite

2.2 Pavement

2.2.1 The Function of Pavement Layer

2.2.2 Flexible Pavement Load Distribution

2.2.3 Pavement Surface

2.3 Surface Friction

2.3.1 Skid Resistance

2.3.2 Factors Affecting Skid Accidents


2.4.1 Background

2.4.2 Principle of Polished Stone Value

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2.4.3 Calculation of Polished Stone Value

2.4.4 Description of the PSV Test

2.4.5 Types of Polishing and Control Material

2.4.6 Relationship between Aggregates and

Pavement Friction

2.5 Study of Relevant Researches

2.5.1 Polished Stone Value of Granite from Santubong

as a Surface Course

2.5.2 Polished Stone Value of Several Aggregates as a

Surface Course

2.5.3 Polished Stone Value of Granite as a Surface

Course

2.6 Standard of Polished Stone Value (PSV)

2.6.1 British Standard Institution (BSI), 1990

2.6.2 Transport and Road Research Laboratory

(TRRL), United Kingdom 1969

CHAPTER 3 LABORATORY TEST PROCEDURES

3.1 Preparation of Test Samples

3.3 Accelerated Polishing of Aggregates Using

the Accelerated Polishing Machine

3.2 Measurement of Polished Stone Value Using

of British Pendulum Tester

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CHAPTER 4 LABORATORY TEST RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Selection of Aggregates and Location

4.2 Quarry 1: Stigang Resources Sdn Bhd

4.2.1 Test Results

4.3 Quarry 2: Ang Cheng Ho Quarry Sdn Bhd

4.3.1 Test Results

4.4 Quarry 3: Penkuari Sdn Bhd

4.4.1 Test Results

4.5 Quarry 4: Samlimsam Quarry

4.5.1 Test Results

4.6 Quarry 5: Borneo Granite Quarry Sdn Bhd

4.6.1 Test Results

4.7 Quarry 6: Pulau Salak Quarry

4.7.1 Test Results

4.8 Summary Result of Polished Stone Value of Local

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Aggregates 83

4.9 Overall Analysis

4.9.1 Overall Test Run Value of PSV Analysis

for Specimen 84

4.9.2 Overall Test Run Value of PSV Analysis

for Control Stone 85

4.9.3 Overall Analysis of (S) Value and (C) Value 86

4.9.4 Overall Analysis for Corrected PSV 87

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CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSIONS

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS

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REFERENCES 98

APPENDIX

A Testing Aggregates- Data Sheet 100

B Documentation 112

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1.1 List of Aggregates from Various Sources in Sarawak 2 2.1 Average Values for Physical Properties of the Principal

Types of Rock 10 2.2 Summary of Engineering Properties of Rocks 11 2.3 Engineering Classification of Rock-on the basis of strength 19 2.4 Minimum Polished Stone Coefficients for Bituminous Roads 44 2.5 Suggested Minimum Value of Skid Resistance 45 4.1 Test result for Quarry 1 58 4.2 Test Run for Mean Recorded Value (Specimen) - Quarry 1 58 4.3 Test Run for Mean Recorded Value (Control stone) - Quarry 1 59 4.4 Test Result for Quarry 2 62 4.5 Test Run for Mean Recorded Value (Specimen) - Quarry 2 63 4.6 Test Run for Mean Recorded Value (Control stone) -Quarry 2 63 4.7 Test Result for Quarry 3 66 4.8 Test Run for Mean Recorded Value (Specimen) - Quarry 3 67 4.9 Test Run for Mean Recorded Value (Control Stone) - Quarry 3 67 4.10 Test Result for Quarry 4 70 4.11 Test Run for Mean Recorded Value (Specimen) - Quarry 4 71 4.12 Test Run for Mean Recorded Value (Control Stone) - Quarry 4 71 4.13 Test Result for Quarry 5 75 4.14 Test Run for Mean Recorded Value (Specimen) - Quarry 5 75 4.15 Test Run for Mean Recorded Value (Control Stone) - Quarry 5 76 4.16 Test Result for Quarry 6 79 4.17 Test Run for Mean Recorded Value (Specimen) - Quarry 6 80 4.18 Test Run for Mean Recorded Value (Control Stone) - Quarry 6 80 4.19 Uncorrected Polished Stone Values of Local Aggregates

(All Specimens) - Overall 83 4.20 Test Run Value of Specimen (S)

- Overall 83 4.21 Test Run Value of Control Stones (C)

- Overall 84 4.22 Summary of Corrected Polished Stone Value of Local

Aggregates - Overall 84 6.1 Classification of Corrected PSV for all Quarries 96

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

2.1 Locations of Quarries in Sarawak, 2002 15 2.2 Productions of Aggregates According to Rock Types, 2002 16 2.3 Colour and Texture of Various Granite 18 2.4 Juonio tonalite 21 2.5 Typical flexible pavement layers 23 2.6 Spread of Wheel-Load through the Pavement Structure. 25 2.7 Pavement Condition vs Pavement Age 29 3.1 Close Packing of Aggregates in the Mold 47 3.2 Filling Interstices of Aggregates with Fine Sand 47 3.3 Filling the Mold with Bonding Agent 48 3.4 Closing Mold with Cover 49 3.5 Views of the Specimens 50 3.6 Clamping Specimen on the Wheel of Accelerated Polishing

Machine 51 3.7 Overview of the Accelerated Polishing Machine 52 3.8 Loading the Wheel of Accelerated Polishing Machine 53 3.9 British Pendulum Tester (BSI, 1990) 54 4.1 Uncorrected Polished Stone Value of Specimen - Quarry 1 60 4.2 Test Run Value of PSV for Specimen & Control Stone

- Quarry 1 61 4.3 Uncorrected Polished Stone Value of Specimen - Quarry 2 64 4.4 Test Run Value of PSV for Specimen & Control Stone





- Quarry 6 82 4.13 Test Run Value of PSV for Specimen - Overall 85 4.14 Test Run Value of PSV for Control Stone - Overall 86 4.15 Mean Recorded Value S& C- Overall 87 4.16 Corrected Polished Stone Value of Local Aggregates 88

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NOTATIONS

°C - Degree celcius OF - Degree farenheit g/min - Gram per minute h- Hour in - Inch kPa - Kilopascal

mm - Millimeter

ml - Mililiter

min - Minute

mph - Meter per hour N- Newton psi - Pound square inch

µm - Micrometer %- Percentage

Degree

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ABBREVIATIONS

AASHTO - American Association of State Highway and Transportation AAV - Aggregates Abrasion Value AC - Asphaltic concrete ACV - Aggregates Crushing Value AIV - Aggregates Impact Value ASTM - American Society for Testing Materials BPN - British Pendulum Number BS - British Standard BSI - British Standard Institution CML - Central Materials Laboratory CV - Commercial Vehicle JKR - Jabatan Kerja Raya NCHRP - National Cooperative Highway Research Program PSI - Present Serviceability Index PSV - Polished Stone Value TFV - Ten Percent Fine Value TRRL - Transport and Road Research Laboratory SRV - Skid Resistance Value

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Recently Sarawak has many quarries that are actively producing various

types of aggregates for construction industry especially in road construction. The

numbers of quarries are expected to be increase from year to year due to the

drastically development in Sarawak. The main locations of the quarries were located

in some area in Kuching, Sibu, Bintulu, Miri and other areas in Sarawak. There are

many quarries and its group classification of aggregates in Sarawak as shown in

Table 1.1.

However, all aggregates which supplied by those quarries were without

Polished Stone Value classification standard and recognition from any government's

department especially Central Materials Laboratory (CML) under Jabatan Kerja

Raya (JKR).

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In road construction, there are many type of aggregates in Malaysia such as

granite, microtonalite, limestone, basalt, quartzite and sandstone. However, the most

commonly used in Sarawak as a surface course are granite and microtonolite. As we

know the purposes of the pavement are to protect the underlying layer from

deformation and also provide a good riding surface. The aggregates or stone road has

generally been preferred pavement material for both purposes, used either on its own

Table 1.1 List of Aggregates from various sources in Sarawak

No. Location Name of Quarry Group Classification of Aggregates

1. Kuching, Bau Sin Seng Ann Quarry Limestone 2. Kuching, Bau Poh Kwang Quarry 3. Kuching, Bau Paku Quarry Limestone 4. Kuching, Bau Syarikat Tabai Sdn. Bhd. Limestone 5. Kuching, Lundu Snibong Quarry Sandstone 6. Samarahan, Sebuyau Borneo Granite Quarry Granite 7. Samarahan, Sebuyau Samlimsan Quarry Granite 8. Kuching, Santubon Pulau Salak Quarry Granite 9. Samarahan, Muara Tuang Sti anResources Microtonalite 10. Kuching, Batu Kawa Ang Cheng Ho Quarry Microtonalite 11. Kakad Quarry,

Kuching( 16th miles) Agrowell Sdn. Bhd. Microtonalite

12. Ex. Pendu Quarry, Kuchin 29th miles

Bestknown Quarry Limestone

13. Ex. JKR Quarry, Mile 22, Btu/Miri Road, Bintulu.

Sartop Corporation Sdn. Bhd.

Sandstone

14. Kuching 21St mile) Akud Quarry Limestone 15. Kuching, 7t miles PPES Quarry Microtonalite 16. Kuching, 9t miles Penkuari Sdn Bhd Microtonalite 17. Kuching, 21St miles PPES Quarry Limestone 18. Samarahan, Sebuyau PPES Quarry Granite 19. Kuching Pludec Stone Limestone 20. Sebuyau Sebuyau Quarry Granite 21. Bintulu Similajau Quarry Sandstone 22. Bintulu Thump Up Quarry Limestone

(Source: Central Materials Laboratory (CML), JKR)

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or in combination with other material. Basically, the common road has some

structural layers or elements namely; surface course, base, sub base and sub grade.

Basically, the general principle is that the required properties of an aggregate become

more and more exact as the approach the surface of the road. In order to get the

stability, the aggregates must be tested and analyzed to know if the rock is strong and

suitable for usage of road layer especially for surface road.

In road structure, pavements are usually surfaced by asphalt mixture or

Portland cement concrete. However the preparation for pavement surface involves

constructions of the sub grade, sub base and base course as a foundation. Basically,

the design of those components depends on the material to be used and the condition

which the pavement must meet. The function of pavement structure is to distribute

and reduce the high unit stress imposed by vehicles wheel on the surface of the road.

As a load distribution function, the surface course of road pavement structure must

be provide safe and smooth surface for road user and it must be tough to resist

distortion under traffic.

Generally, pavements are classified as rigid, flexible and composite

depending on how they distribute the surface load. This project will focus on the

flexible pavement, which include asphalt concrete. Flexible pavement will distribute

the load over a cone-shaped area under the wheel, reducing the imposed unit stress as

depth increase. On the other hand, the rate of stress reduction varies with properties

of the layer.

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In early stage just after the construction, the condition and performance of the

road is excellent. However, the performance of the road will decreased in term of the

year especially for wearing course. The performance decrease varies with the time or

aging of the road. The performance of the road can be measured in term of distress,

serviceability and surface friction (Skid resistance).

Distress is very important criteria in pavement design. Distresses are caused

by the deficiencies in construction, materials, and maintenance. Distress can be

described by its general mechanism, level of severity (low, medium and high)

measurement criteria. There are many types of distress such as rutting, cracking,

patching and other distresses.

Serviceability means, the ability of a specific section of pavement to serve

traffic in it existing condition or road surface. The serviceability can be determine

using the Present Serviceability Index (PSI) developed at the AASHTO Road Test,

which based on pavement roughness as well as distress condition and using

roughness index based on the roughness only.

Surface friction is one of the other criterions to measure the performance of

the road. Surface friction can be defined as the force developed when a tyre that is

prevented from rotating slides along the pavement surface. Adequate surface friction

must be provide on a pavement in order loss of control does not occur in all

condition especially when the pavement is wet. Furthermore, the decreasing of

skidding resistances is caused by insufficient of surface friction. Loss of skidding

resistance will encourage skidding accident. Therefore, skidding resistance must be

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measure to determine the coefficient of friction between pavement and tyre or any

vehicles wheel. Skidding test is needed for aggregates that will be used before the

implementation of the road.

The important of rock or aggregates tests to maintain and analyze the

skidding resistance from any polishing action of a pneumatic tyre under condition

similar to those occurring on the road surface. There are many types to test the

aggregates namely; Aggregates Crushing Value (ACV), Ten Percent Fine Value

(TFV), Aggregates Impact Value (AIV), Aggregates Abrasion Value (AAV),

Magnesium Sulphate Soundness Test, but only Polished Stone Value (PSV) is

covered for Skidding Resistance of aggregates. The Polished Stone Value (PSV) test

will be used to check the polishing resistance and its performance on skidding

resistance.


Polished Stone Value (PSV) test is very important for aggregates used in road

construction especially for road surface. The purpose of PSV test is to measure its

resistance to the polishing effect of vehicle tyre under similar road surface

conditions. Inside the road layers, the surface of the road consist largely of road

stone. The state polish of the sample will be one of the major factors affecting the

surface to skidding.

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For example, when an aggregates too much under the polishing effect of

vehicle tyre, the road surface very slippery especially in wet condition. Then number

of skidding on the road increase. Generally, the actual relationship between Polished

Stone Value (PSV) and Skidding Resistance will vary with the traffic conditions,

type of surfacing and other factors.

1.3 Skid Resistance

The Skid Resistance Measurement is an important to measure texture depth

and skid resistance of road surface and to estimate the vulnerability of an aggregates

to polishing under traffic by determining its Polished Stone Value (PSV). The

phenomenon of skidding, for example loss of adhesion between a vehicle's tyre and

the road surface occur in many road accidents whether or not it is the actual cause of

the accident. The Skid Resistance Measurement is done using British Standard

Pendulum Skid Resistance Tester.

1.4 Objectives

The study aims in this project is to find the Polished Stone Value (PSV) and

its performance on Skidding Resistance for local aggregates sample from selected

quarries in Sarawak. The focus objectives of this study are listed as follows: -

To determine the PSV of aggregates from certain quarries in

Sarawak in accordance with British Standard 812: Part 114: 1989.

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To compare of PSV in term of difference aggregates and quarries.

To find the performance of aggregates on Skidding Resistance.

1.5 Scope of study

The scope of study will be focus on the research and testing of the Polished

Stone Value (PSV) of local aggregates in Sarawak especially for granite and

microtonalite. This studies also to checks its (aggregates) performance on Skidding

Resistance. All the standards and schedules will be conducted based on and

compliance with British Standard 812: Part 114: 1989.

The final value of PSV will be used as a guideline for classification standard

of local aggregates in road construction in Sarawak.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

The main purpose of this chapter is to give more understanding regarding the

local aggregates for road surface. This chapter also identifies the Polished Stone

Value (PSV) and performances of various aggregates on skidding resistance.

2.1 Pavement Material

Basically, the structures of the road consist of three layer; sub base, base and

surface course. Aggregate is one of the most important pavement materials especially

for surface course. The surface course is the top course of an asphalt pavement where

exposed with friction from vehicles tyre. Aggregate is also needed as an ingredient

for mixing process. On the other hand, aggregate is very important to protect skid

accident occurs in all condition especially when wet.

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