study on backwater impact of kuching barrage

STUDY ON BACKWATER IMPACT OF KUCHING BARRAGE

Dayang Harom Awang Sam

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours TC (Civil Engineering) 175 2009D273 2009

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Kota Samarahan

tk

BORANG PENYERAHAN TESIS

Judul STUDY ON BACKWATER IMPACT OF KUCHING BARRAGE

SESI PENGAJIAN 2005 - 2009

Saya DAYANG HARONI A W ANG SANI (HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan laporan projek ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut

I Hakmilik kertas projek adalah di bawah nama penulis melainkan penulisan sebagai projek bersama dan dibiayai oleh UNIMAS hakmiliknya adalah kepunyaan UNIMAS

2 Naskhah salinan di dalam bentuk kertas atau milcro hanya boleh dibuat dengan kebenaran bertulis daripada penulis

3 Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNIMAS dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk pengajian mereka 4 Kertas projek hanya boleh diterbitkan dengan kebenaran penulisBayaran royalti adalah mengikut kadar

yang dipersetujui kelak 5 Saya membenarkanltidak membenarkan Perpustakaan membuat salinan kertas projek ini sebagai bahan

pertukaran di antara institusi pengaj ian tinggi 6 Sila tandakan ( )

c=J SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdwjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

c=J TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasil badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

1c=J TIDAK TERHAD

~ (TANDA T ANGAN PENULIS)

Alamat tetap LOT 1679 LORONG B 26

KAMPUNG MUHIBBAH PROF DR F J PUTUHENA ( Nama Penyelia )

95000 SRI AMAN SARA W AK

TarikhTarikh

CATATAN

Potong yang tidak berkenaan Jika Kertas Projek ini SULIT atau TERHAD sila lamplrkan surat daripada pihak berkuasal organisasi berkenaan deogan menyertakao sekali tempoh kertas projek Ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD

PKSl2000

I

The following Final Year Project Report

Title STUDY ON BACKWATER IMPACT OF KUCHING

BARRAGE

Name DAY ANG HARONI A WANG SANI

Matric No 13937

has been read and approved by

PROF DR FJ PUTUHENA Date

Project Supervisor


DAY ANG HARONI AWANG SANI

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

(Civil Engineering)

2009

Faculty of Engineering

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA WAK

2009

Dedicated to my beloved family members friends and all parties involved

11

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Firstly I would like to express appreciation to God for giving me the strength

along the completion of this project I also want to express my thanks to my supervisor

Prof Dr Frederik Josep Putuhena for his guidance and assistance along with the

completion of this project

I want to acknowledge the staffs in the Hydrological Section of Department of

Irrigation and Drainage Kuching Sarawak for their cooperation in providing the data

required in this project

I wish to acknowledge to Darrien Mah Yau Seng for his considerable time and

assistance in helping me for my study

My special thanks also dedicated to my beloved family members and friends for

their motivation and moral support

Lastly my thanks also dedicated to those who are involved either directly and

indirectly in this project

III

ABSTRAK

Kuching Barrage telah dibina di Sungai Sarawak dan mempunyai lima pintu jejari dan

untuk mengawal tahap air sungai di Sungai Sarawak dan satu pintu kapal Semasa hujan

lebat pintu-pintu sekatan akan buka sepenuhnya untuk mengalirkan air hujan yang

berlebihan bergantung kepada tahap air laut Penyelidikan ini telah menghasilkan

model-model simulasi untuk beberapa scenario banjir supaya dapat menganalisis

backwater impact di Sungai Sarawak yang berpunca dari operasi Kuching Barrage

Langkah-Iangkah ketja dan pendekatan model hidrodinamik dengan menggunakan

perisian Geographical Information System (GIS) and Info Works River Simulation (RS)

telah diguna untuk simulasi-simulasi banjir Scenario banjir yang dibincangkan adalah

seperti keadaan banjir semasa pintu sekatan ditutup atau dibuka aliran air sungai yang

sekata semasa ombak tinggi dan rendah peristiwa banjir yang kecil dan besar Peta

banjir dibina untuk menilai backwater impact di Sungai Sarawak semasa peristiwa

banjir berlaku Kawasan tadahan Sungai Maong dipilih untuk menyelidik perbezaan

backwater impact di Sungai Sarawak dengan mengukur panjang jalan yang dibanjiri air

Profil-profil banjir dihasilkan dengan menggunakan Info Work RS Kesan positif dan

negatif backwater impact juga telah dibincangkan Keputusan-keputusan daripada

penyelidikan ini menunjukkan bahawa operasi Kuching Barrage tahap tinggi ombak

dan aliran air sungai mempengaruhi backwater impact di Sungai Sarawak

iv

ABSTRACT

Kuching Barrage has been constructed and comprises of five radial gates controlling

Sarawak River water level and a ship lock At times of heavy stonn barrage gates will

be fully opened to discharge the excess stonn water depends on sea water level This

study had generated simulations model for several flood scenarios to analyse and

identify the backwater impact of Sarawak River due to Kuching Barrage operations

The methodology and hydrodynamic modeling approach using Geographical

Infonnation System (GIS) and InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) softwares had been

developed for flood simulations The flood scenarios that been discussed comprising

when barrage gates is closed and open with average river flows during high tides and

low tides small flood event and extreme flood event The flood mappings were

developed to evaluate the backwater impacts in Sarawak River during flood event

Maong River catchments areas were chosen to study the differences of backwater

impact of Sarawak River by measures the length of roads inundated The flood profiles

had been generated by Info Work RS The positive and negative of backwater impacts

were discussed The results of this study had shown that the barrage operations tide

levels and river flows had influenced the backwater in Sarawak River

v

LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page Number

11 Historical Flood Events Recorded in Sarawak from 2

year 1962-1999 before the operation of barrage


year 2000-2007 after the operation of barrage

415 Summary ofComparison of Scenarios 59

VI

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page Number

21 Location of Kuching Barrage 10

22 Kuching Barrage 11

23 Radial Gate of Kuching Barrage Cross Section 11

24 Marina Barrage Cross Section 13

25 Marina Barrage Operation 14

26 Thames Barrier 15

27 Scheme for Equation of Continuity 21

28 Scheme for Equation of Energy in a cross section 25

29 Scheme of the Equation of Energy between two sections 27

210 Hydraulic Scheme ofa Weir 31

211 Floodplain 33

212 Relationship of Fundamental of Flood Reduction Studies 33

31 Model Development by GIS 39

32 Calibration of2003 Flood Level at Upstream and 41

Downstream of Barrage

33 Calibration of February Flood at Upstream of Shiplock

vii

42

1

34 Calibration of February Flood at Satok Bridge 42

34 Calibration of February Flood at Batu Kawa Bridge 43

41 Flood Mapping during Barrage Gates is closed up to 47

19m

42 Flood Profile during Barrage Gates is closed 47

43 Flood Mapping during High Tides and Low Tides 49

for Scenario 2

44 Comparison of Flood Mapping of Maong River 49

Catchments Area during High Tides and Low Tides

for Scenario 2

45 Flood Profile during High Tides for Scenario 2 50

46 Flood Profile during Low Tides for Scenario 2 51


for Scenario 3



for Scenario 3




for Scenario 4

V1l1



for Scenario 4



I

I

ix

Pusat Kludmal wnal iJt UNIVERSITf MALAYSIA SARAWAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

Acknowledgment III

Abstrak IV

Abstract V

List of Tables VI

List of Figures VII

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background of Study 1

12 Statements of Problem 4

121 Flood after Kuching Barrage Operation 4

122 Backwater impact due to the Barrage Operation 5

13 Objectives 6

14 Scope of Work 6

15 Organization of Report 7

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Barrage 9


x

II

I

Chapter 3

I

Chapter 4

I

212 Marina Barrage 12


22 Backwater Impact 19

221 Equation of Continuity 21

222 Equation ofEnergy 24

223 Flow Over Weir 29

23 Flood Mitigation 32

24 Application of Geographical Information System (GIS) 35

25 Application of Info Work River Simulation (RS) 37

METHODOLOGY

31 Backwater Development 38

32 Initial and Boundary Conditions 39

33 Calibrations of Model 40

34 Flood Simulation and Mapping 43

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

41 General 45

42 Flood Simulation Results 46

421 Scenario 1 High Tides and the Barrage Gates 46

is Closed

422 Scenario 2 Average Flows High Tides 48

and Low Tides

xi

52 423 Scenario 3 Small Flood Events High Tides

and Low Tides

424 Scenario 4 Extreme Flood Events High Tides 56

and Low Tides

43 Discussions 59

Chapter 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

51 Conclusions 61

52 Recommendations for Future Study 62

REFERENCES 63

Xll

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background of Study

Kuching city is located on the Sarawak River Some division of the Kuching city

js located in very flat and low lying area thus the probability to subject of significant

tidal action and susceptible to river flooding are high The floods were the worst to hit

Sarawak after 1963 where thousands in Kuching Bau Kota Samarahan and Sibu were

evacuated Kuching suffered estimated losses of RM32 million in the 2003 floods and

RM74 million during floods in the subsequent year (Bemamacom 1996)

Table 11 shows the historical flood events recorded in Sarawak from year1962

to 1999 before operation of Kuching Barrage while the Table 12 shows the historical

flood events recorded in Sarawak from year 2000 to year 2007 after the operation of

Kuching Barrage (DID 2007)

1

Table 11 Historical Flood Events Recorded in Sarawak From year 1962-1999

before operation of barrage (DID 2007)

Events Affected Flood Area Flood Height

Jan 1962 Sg Sarawak 20 feet

Jan-Feb

1963 ~ole State affected 20 feet

Feb 1964 Sg Sarawak 6 feet

Jan 1967

Sg Sarawak Matu Dalat Tatau District

Btg Kemena Bekenu Miri and Btg

Baram

Jan 1978 Kuching Town


Jan 1983 Lundu Sg Sarawak Samarahan and

Sadong 3-7 feet

Jan 1985 Sg Sarawak Kuching Town

Mar 1986 Kuching Town

Dec 1987 Btg Kayan Sg Sarawak 4 feet

Jan 1992 Sg Sarawak Lundu areas Sadong amp

Samarahan 6 feet

Mar 1994 Kuching Town 1-2 feet

Feb 1995 Sg Sarawak and Kuching Town 5 feet of water above Batu

Kitang shophouses

Feb 1997 Kuching Town 015-03m

2

I


after the operation of barrage (DID 2007)

I


Jan 1998 Kuching Town 025-200 m

Lower Sg Sarawak and some parts of

Samarahan

Dec 1999 Sg Sarawak ( Kuching City) 01 - 055 m

Jan 2000 Sg Sarawak ( Kuching City) 01 - 07 m

Feb 2001 Sg Sarawak 01 - 03 m

Jan 2002 Sg Sarawak (3 times) 01 - 25 m

Feb 2003 Sg Sarawak 03- 30 m

Kuching City 03- 1 m

24 - 27 Jan Sg Sarawak

2004 Kuching City 03 - 15 m

3 July 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m

5 Oct 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m

The Barrage is design based on the flood event in 1963 Therefore Kuching

Barrage was constructed and completed in October 1997 Kuching Barrage located at

the mouth of Sarawak River regulates the water level in Sarawak River and is operated

by the Kuching Barrage Management Sendirian Berhad Kuching Barrage is part of the

Sungai Sarawak Regulation Scheme (SSRS)

The operation of barrage started on January 1998 where to control the upstream

level in Sarawak River to regulate the river water from draining out and to prevent the

3

sea water from flooding in Thus the Kuching Barrage acts to prevent saline intrusion

and to regulate water levels upstream of Sarawak River The barrage also acts as a small

dam which holding additional amount of sea water behind it during low tide thus

maintaining sufficient water volume of Sarawak River (JKR 1994)

Kuching Barrage comprises the first-ever barrage and shiplock in South East

Asia The barrage has a flyover and two causeways one which across Santubong River

at Bako and the other across Sarawak River at Pending The Kuching Barrage

comprising a barrage of 5 radial main gates controlling the Sarawak River ship lock

and road bridge over both barrage and lock The radial gates are normally closed to

prevent upstream passage of sea water A ship lock are provided and located to one side

of the barrage to enable ships and river vessels to access upstream of the barrage

12 Statements of Problem

121 Flood after Kuching Barrage Operation

Based on the Table 12 the operation of the barrage has helped in decreasing the

flood events When heavy rain the radial gates would be fully open to discharge storm

water flow During normal flows river water will be regulated through smaller flap

gates at barrage to maintain a constant river level The operation ofopening and closing

radial gates in less time had help in to prevent excessive saline intrusion to reach the

4

bidmat Makluml1t Akadem AK

water treatment Before the barrage is operating the saline contamination in water has

become a big problem during treatment of water Therefore the saline contamination in

water can be less after the barrage operation

122 Backwater Impact due to the Barrage Operation

Backwater impact is the rise in surface elevation of flowing water upstream

from and as a result of an obstruction to flow such as a narrow bridge opening

buildings or fill material that limits the area through which the water must flow In

stream gauging a rise in stage produced by a temporary obstruction such as ice or

weeds or by the flooding of the stream below The difference between the observed

stage and that indicated by the stage-discharge relation is reported as backwater

Due to these studies the operation of opening and closing radial gate of the

barrage are giving effect to the water level of Sarawak River When the high tides and

flooding the gates are closed thus produces backwater impact When low tides and

flooding the gates are opened to flow the water to the sea Then when the water level

ofSarawak River equated with sea water the gates will be closed

5

13 Objectives

The main objectives of this study are to study the backwater impacts of Kuching

Barrage to the environment and people in the affected area Due to the operation of

Kuching Barrage the sea water and river water are collide with each other thus the

backwater impact had been produced These studies would determine the positive and

negative impacts of operation of Kuching Barrage thus finding the solutions to

overcome the negative impacts

14 Scope of Work

The studies on backwater impacts of Kuching Barrage is done by constructing

the backwater simulation on Sarawak River using software such as the Arc View GIS

version 31 and Info Works River Simulation (RS) version 90 The Arc View GIS

version 31 is use for mapping the Sarawak River while the Info Works River

Simulation (RS) version 90 is use to do the simulation of backwater These studies

using the software because the limitation of facilities to studies more details of affected

area besides the impact of backwater to the location site are too large to studies

6

15 Organization of Report

This report is organized in the following outline

Chapter 1

bull Discussing the introduction of the background study problem arising such as

flood after the Kuching Barrage operation backwater impact due to the barrage

operation objectives and scope of works of the study

Chapter 2

bull Literature Reviews on barrages such as Kuching Barrage Marina Barrage and

Thames Barrier Besides that there are also literature reviews on the backwater

impact flood mitigation and application of GIS and InfoWorks RS

Chapter 3

bull This chapter discussing the methodology of the study usmg the GIS and

InfoWorks RS software The simulation models were developed to analyze and

evaluate the backwater impacts I Sarawak River during flood events There are

four scenarios of flood events had been simulated which are the flood events

during barrage gates closed average river flows small flood events and

extreme flood events during high tides and low tides

7

Chapter 4

bull This chapter discussing the results based on the flood events simulations from

the InfoWorks RS software Beside that the positive and negatives impact of

backwater were identified

Chapter 5

bull Chapter 5 summarizing all the results and discussion from Chapter 4 and several

recommendations are suggested to overcome the negatives impact

8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage

A barrage can be defines as a barrier of artillery or depth charge fire a weir or

artificial obstruction at the mouth of a tidal watercourse A barrage is built to increase

the depth of water maintain a separation between fresh and salt water reduce the risk

of tidal flooding up the river and for tidal power generation Barrage also is an artificial

obstruction in a watercourse to facilitate irrigation

211 Kuchlng Barrage

Kuching Barrage has been constructed on the Sarawak River to maintain the

water level in Kuching city Based on the Sungai Sarawak Regulation Scheme (SSRS)

the objectives of the construction of Kuching Barrage are

bull To mitigate fluvial and tidal flooding in Kuching city

9

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Kota Samarahan

tk

BORANG PENYERAHAN TESIS

Judul STUDY ON BACKWATER IMPACT OF KUCHING BARRAGE

SESI PENGAJIAN 2005 - 2009

Saya DAYANG HARONI A W ANG SANI (HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan laporan projek ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut

I Hakmilik kertas projek adalah di bawah nama penulis melainkan penulisan sebagai projek bersama dan dibiayai oleh UNIMAS hakmiliknya adalah kepunyaan UNIMAS

2 Naskhah salinan di dalam bentuk kertas atau milcro hanya boleh dibuat dengan kebenaran bertulis daripada penulis

3 Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNIMAS dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk pengajian mereka 4 Kertas projek hanya boleh diterbitkan dengan kebenaran penulisBayaran royalti adalah mengikut kadar

yang dipersetujui kelak 5 Saya membenarkanltidak membenarkan Perpustakaan membuat salinan kertas projek ini sebagai bahan

pertukaran di antara institusi pengaj ian tinggi 6 Sila tandakan ( )

c=J SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdwjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

c=J TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasil badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

1c=J TIDAK TERHAD

~ (TANDA T ANGAN PENULIS)

Alamat tetap LOT 1679 LORONG B 26

KAMPUNG MUHIBBAH PROF DR F J PUTUHENA ( Nama Penyelia )

95000 SRI AMAN SARA W AK

TarikhTarikh

CATATAN

Potong yang tidak berkenaan Jika Kertas Projek ini SULIT atau TERHAD sila lamplrkan surat daripada pihak berkuasal organisasi berkenaan deogan menyertakao sekali tempoh kertas projek Ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD

PKSl2000

I



BARRAGE


Matric No 13937



Project Supervisor





(Civil Engineering)

2009



2009


11

ACKNOWLEDGMENT














III

ABSTRAK



















iv

ABSTRACT

















v

LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page Number






VI

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page Number











211 Floodplain 33






vii

42

1




19m



for Scenario 2



for Scenario 2




for Scenario 3



for Scenario 3




for Scenario 4

V1l1



for Scenario 4



I

I

ix


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

Acknowledgment III

Abstrak IV

Abstract V

List of Tables VI

List of Figures VII






13 Objectives 6

14 Scope of Work 6



21 Barrage 9


x

II

I

Chapter 3

I

Chapter 4

I










METHODOLOGY






41 General 45



is Closed


and Low Tides

xi


and Low Tides


and Low Tides

43 Discussions 59


51 Conclusions 61


REFERENCES 63

Xll

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION












1





Jan-Feb



Jan 1967



Baram




Sadong 3-7 feet





Samarahan 6 feet



Kitang shophouses


2

I



I




Samarahan










5 Oct 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m








3



















4

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9



BARRAGE


Matric No 13937



Project Supervisor





(Civil Engineering)

2009



2009


11

ACKNOWLEDGMENT














III

ABSTRAK



















iv

ABSTRACT

















v

LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page Number






VI

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page Number











211 Floodplain 33






vii

42

1




19m



for Scenario 2



for Scenario 2




for Scenario 3



for Scenario 3




for Scenario 4

V1l1



for Scenario 4



I

I

ix


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

Acknowledgment III

Abstrak IV

Abstract V

List of Tables VI

List of Figures VII






13 Objectives 6

14 Scope of Work 6



21 Barrage 9


x

II

I

Chapter 3

I

Chapter 4

I










METHODOLOGY






41 General 45



is Closed


and Low Tides

xi


and Low Tides


and Low Tides

43 Discussions 59


51 Conclusions 61


REFERENCES 63

Xll

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION












1





Jan-Feb



Jan 1967



Baram




Sadong 3-7 feet





Samarahan 6 feet



Kitang shophouses


2

I



I




Samarahan










5 Oct 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m








3



















4

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9





(Civil Engineering)

2009



2009


11

ACKNOWLEDGMENT














III

ABSTRAK



















iv

ABSTRACT

















v

LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page Number






VI

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page Number











211 Floodplain 33






vii

42

1




19m



for Scenario 2



for Scenario 2




for Scenario 3



for Scenario 3




for Scenario 4

V1l1



for Scenario 4



I

I

ix


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

Acknowledgment III

Abstrak IV

Abstract V

List of Tables VI

List of Figures VII






13 Objectives 6

14 Scope of Work 6



21 Barrage 9


x

II

I

Chapter 3

I

Chapter 4

I










METHODOLOGY






41 General 45



is Closed


and Low Tides

xi


and Low Tides


and Low Tides

43 Discussions 59


51 Conclusions 61


REFERENCES 63

Xll

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION












1





Jan-Feb



Jan 1967



Baram




Sadong 3-7 feet





Samarahan 6 feet



Kitang shophouses


2

I



I




Samarahan










5 Oct 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m








3



















4

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9


11

ACKNOWLEDGMENT














III

ABSTRAK



















iv

ABSTRACT

















v

LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page Number






VI

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page Number











211 Floodplain 33






vii

42

1




19m



for Scenario 2



for Scenario 2




for Scenario 3



for Scenario 3




for Scenario 4

V1l1



for Scenario 4



I

I

ix


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

Acknowledgment III

Abstrak IV

Abstract V

List of Tables VI

List of Figures VII






13 Objectives 6

14 Scope of Work 6



21 Barrage 9


x

II

I

Chapter 3

I

Chapter 4

I










METHODOLOGY






41 General 45



is Closed


and Low Tides

xi


and Low Tides


and Low Tides

43 Discussions 59


51 Conclusions 61


REFERENCES 63

Xll

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION












1





Jan-Feb



Jan 1967



Baram




Sadong 3-7 feet





Samarahan 6 feet



Kitang shophouses


2

I



I




Samarahan










5 Oct 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m








3



















4

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9

ACKNOWLEDGMENT














III

ABSTRAK



















iv

ABSTRACT

















v

LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page Number






VI

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page Number











211 Floodplain 33






vii

42

1




19m



for Scenario 2



for Scenario 2




for Scenario 3



for Scenario 3




for Scenario 4

V1l1



for Scenario 4



I

I

ix


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

Acknowledgment III

Abstrak IV

Abstract V

List of Tables VI

List of Figures VII






13 Objectives 6

14 Scope of Work 6



21 Barrage 9


x

II

I

Chapter 3

I

Chapter 4

I










METHODOLOGY






41 General 45



is Closed


and Low Tides

xi


and Low Tides


and Low Tides

43 Discussions 59


51 Conclusions 61


REFERENCES 63

Xll

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION












1





Jan-Feb



Jan 1967



Baram




Sadong 3-7 feet





Samarahan 6 feet



Kitang shophouses


2

I



I




Samarahan










5 Oct 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m








3



















4

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9

ABSTRAK



















iv

ABSTRACT

















v

LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page Number






VI

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page Number











211 Floodplain 33






vii

42

1




19m



for Scenario 2



for Scenario 2




for Scenario 3



for Scenario 3




for Scenario 4

V1l1



for Scenario 4



I

I

ix


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

Acknowledgment III

Abstrak IV

Abstract V

List of Tables VI

List of Figures VII






13 Objectives 6

14 Scope of Work 6



21 Barrage 9


x

II

I

Chapter 3

I

Chapter 4

I










METHODOLOGY






41 General 45



is Closed


and Low Tides

xi


and Low Tides


and Low Tides

43 Discussions 59


51 Conclusions 61


REFERENCES 63

Xll

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION












1





Jan-Feb



Jan 1967



Baram




Sadong 3-7 feet





Samarahan 6 feet



Kitang shophouses


2

I



I




Samarahan










5 Oct 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m








3



















4

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9

ABSTRACT

















v

LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page Number






VI

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page Number











211 Floodplain 33






vii

42

1




19m



for Scenario 2



for Scenario 2




for Scenario 3



for Scenario 3




for Scenario 4

V1l1



for Scenario 4



I

I

ix


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

Acknowledgment III

Abstrak IV

Abstract V

List of Tables VI

List of Figures VII






13 Objectives 6

14 Scope of Work 6



21 Barrage 9


x

II

I

Chapter 3

I

Chapter 4

I










METHODOLOGY






41 General 45



is Closed


and Low Tides

xi


and Low Tides


and Low Tides

43 Discussions 59


51 Conclusions 61


REFERENCES 63

Xll

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION












1





Jan-Feb



Jan 1967



Baram




Sadong 3-7 feet





Samarahan 6 feet



Kitang shophouses


2

I



I




Samarahan










5 Oct 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m








3



















4

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9

LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page Number






VI

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page Number











211 Floodplain 33






vii

42

1




19m



for Scenario 2



for Scenario 2




for Scenario 3



for Scenario 3




for Scenario 4

V1l1



for Scenario 4



I

I

ix


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

Acknowledgment III

Abstrak IV

Abstract V

List of Tables VI

List of Figures VII






13 Objectives 6

14 Scope of Work 6



21 Barrage 9


x

II

I

Chapter 3

I

Chapter 4

I










METHODOLOGY






41 General 45



is Closed


and Low Tides

xi


and Low Tides


and Low Tides

43 Discussions 59


51 Conclusions 61


REFERENCES 63

Xll

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION












1





Jan-Feb



Jan 1967



Baram




Sadong 3-7 feet





Samarahan 6 feet



Kitang shophouses


2

I



I




Samarahan










5 Oct 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m








3



















4

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page Number











211 Floodplain 33






vii

42

1




19m



for Scenario 2



for Scenario 2




for Scenario 3



for Scenario 3




for Scenario 4

V1l1



for Scenario 4



I

I

ix


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

Acknowledgment III

Abstrak IV

Abstract V

List of Tables VI

List of Figures VII






13 Objectives 6

14 Scope of Work 6



21 Barrage 9


x

II

I

Chapter 3

I

Chapter 4

I










METHODOLOGY






41 General 45



is Closed


and Low Tides

xi


and Low Tides


and Low Tides

43 Discussions 59


51 Conclusions 61


REFERENCES 63

Xll

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION












1





Jan-Feb



Jan 1967



Baram




Sadong 3-7 feet





Samarahan 6 feet



Kitang shophouses


2

I



I




Samarahan










5 Oct 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m








3



















4

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9




19m



for Scenario 2



for Scenario 2




for Scenario 3



for Scenario 3




for Scenario 4

V1l1



for Scenario 4



I

I

ix


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

Acknowledgment III

Abstrak IV

Abstract V

List of Tables VI

List of Figures VII






13 Objectives 6

14 Scope of Work 6



21 Barrage 9


x

II

I

Chapter 3

I

Chapter 4

I










METHODOLOGY






41 General 45



is Closed


and Low Tides

xi


and Low Tides


and Low Tides

43 Discussions 59


51 Conclusions 61


REFERENCES 63

Xll

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION












1





Jan-Feb



Jan 1967



Baram




Sadong 3-7 feet





Samarahan 6 feet



Kitang shophouses


2

I



I




Samarahan










5 Oct 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m








3



















4

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9



for Scenario 4



I

I

ix


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

Acknowledgment III

Abstrak IV

Abstract V

List of Tables VI

List of Figures VII






13 Objectives 6

14 Scope of Work 6



21 Barrage 9


x

II

I

Chapter 3

I

Chapter 4

I










METHODOLOGY






41 General 45



is Closed


and Low Tides

xi


and Low Tides


and Low Tides

43 Discussions 59


51 Conclusions 61


REFERENCES 63

Xll

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION












1





Jan-Feb



Jan 1967



Baram




Sadong 3-7 feet





Samarahan 6 feet



Kitang shophouses


2

I



I




Samarahan










5 Oct 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m








3



















4

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

Acknowledgment III

Abstrak IV

Abstract V

List of Tables VI

List of Figures VII






13 Objectives 6

14 Scope of Work 6



21 Barrage 9


x

II

I

Chapter 3

I

Chapter 4

I










METHODOLOGY






41 General 45



is Closed


and Low Tides

xi


and Low Tides


and Low Tides

43 Discussions 59


51 Conclusions 61


REFERENCES 63

Xll

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION












1





Jan-Feb



Jan 1967



Baram




Sadong 3-7 feet





Samarahan 6 feet



Kitang shophouses


2

I



I




Samarahan










5 Oct 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m








3



















4

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9

II

I

Chapter 3

I

Chapter 4

I










METHODOLOGY






41 General 45



is Closed


and Low Tides

xi


and Low Tides


and Low Tides

43 Discussions 59


51 Conclusions 61


REFERENCES 63

Xll

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION












1





Jan-Feb



Jan 1967



Baram




Sadong 3-7 feet





Samarahan 6 feet



Kitang shophouses


2

I



I




Samarahan










5 Oct 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m








3



















4

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9


and Low Tides


and Low Tides

43 Discussions 59


51 Conclusions 61


REFERENCES 63

Xll

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION












1





Jan-Feb



Jan 1967



Baram




Sadong 3-7 feet





Samarahan 6 feet



Kitang shophouses


2

I



I




Samarahan










5 Oct 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m








3



















4

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION












1





Jan-Feb



Jan 1967



Baram




Sadong 3-7 feet





Samarahan 6 feet



Kitang shophouses


2

I



I




Samarahan










5 Oct 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m








3



















4

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9





Jan-Feb



Jan 1967



Baram




Sadong 3-7 feet





Samarahan 6 feet



Kitang shophouses


2

I



I




Samarahan










5 Oct 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m








3



















4

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9



I




Samarahan










5 Oct 2005 Kuching 01 - 03 m








3



















4

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9



















4

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9

















5

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9

13 Objectives







14 Scope of Work








6



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9



Chapter 1




Chapter 2




Chapter 3







7

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9

Chapter 4




Chapter 5



8

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Barrage






211 Kuchlng Barrage





9

study on backwater impact of kuching barrage

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