revolusi kemerdekaan mexico

7/30/2019 Revolusi Kemerdekaan Mexico

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REVOLUSIKEMERDEKAAN

MEXICO

Oleh:

Taat Wulandari


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INTRODUCTION

The independence movement in Mexico took a very different

course from the campaigns in South America.

Concerned about the crisis in Spain, a small group of

peninsulares, rather than Creoles, carried out a coup detat in

1808. The peninsulares desired stability in Mexico and overthrew the

viceregal government when it allowed the Creoles influence. As a

result, the great Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico), a huge region

of more than six million people, was governed by some 15,000

peninsulares.


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Lanjutan

Two years after this coup, a widespread rebellion erupted.

Creoles, including a priest named Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, had

been planning an uprising against the peninsulares, but their plot

was discovered before they had organized their forces to take

action. Hidalgo hurriedly launched the revolt on September 16,

1810, ringing the bell of his parish church in the village of Dolores

and summoning the Native American population to fight the

peninsulares in the name of Ferdinand VII.


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Hidalgo.

In his famous Grito de Dolores, Hidalgo called for

independence and reforms to benefit the oppressed

Native Americans.

Hidalgos call set off a massive revolt by tens of

thousands of Native Americans north of Mexico City,

who were suffering the effects of rising food prices and

falling wages.

The Native Americans were joined by mestizos and

mulattoes, who also were hurt by the economy.


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The revolt was extremely destructive, as Hidalgos army vented its

rage over years of oppression. The damage to haciendas and

mines retarded Mexicos economic development for decades after

the revolt ended. Facing such violent rebellion, few of Mexicos

Creoles joined Hidalgo, instead supporting the peninsulares,

whose government offered stability.


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Hidalgo executed.

After initial victories, Hidalgo marched his army of about 80,000 to

Mexico City. Knowing that his army would turn into a mob if it

captured the capital and aware that a royal army was

approaching, Hidalgo withdrew. While retreating, his army was

defeated by the royalists in January 1811. Hidalgo was captured

by the royalists in March and executed on July 30, 1811


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Morelos

Hidalgo was replaced by another parish priest, Jos Mara Morelos y

Pavn. Morelos, a mestizo, was a better military tactician than Hidalgo.

He also had a more specific political agenda, which called for social and

racial equality as well as independence from Spain. Under his leadership

the patriots captured some territory and declared independence in 1813.

But the royalists still controlled the capital and much of the viceroyalty. In1815 Morelos was captured and executed. For the next six years the

rebellion continued on a smaller scale, much of it carried out by provincial

guerrilla bands.


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Iturbide.

In 1820 the royalists chose Agustn de Iturbide, a Creole officer in the

royalist army, to defeat the remaining guerrillas. Iturbide immediately set

out to find the most important rebel leader, Vicente Guerrero, a mestizo.

But instead of defeating Guerrero, Iturbide made a deal with him to

overthrow Spanish authority. In February 1821 they issued their , which

declared the independence of Mexico. The plans three major provisions called for creation of a monarchy with

limited powers, for Catholicism to be the official state religion, and for

racial equality. Iturbide and Guerreros forces joined to form the Army of

the Three Guarantees.


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It won immediate support from royalists, since it kept Mexico a

monarchy, and from patriots, since it created an independent

Mexico. When a new viceroy arrived from Spain in 1821, he and

Iturbide signed the Treaty of Crdoba, based largely on the Plan

of Iguala, and the independent Mexican empire was created.


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The governing junta of Mexico City appointed Iturbide its president

in September 1821. Under the treaty, a member of European

royalty was to be offered the throne of the new empire, but before

arrangements could be made Iturbide himself became Emperor

Agustn I in May 1822.


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Lanjutan.

Agustn had to govern a large empire with a weak and disrupted

economy. Revolts against his government began soon after he

took office. In 1823 the emperor resigned and went into exile, and

a republic was proclaimed, but the country continued to be divided

among political factions. Agustn returned to Mexico the following

year, but was imprisoned and then executed.

revolusi kemerdekaan mexico

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