Perlaksanaan PolisiPerlaksanaan Polisi

Setelah memutuskan instrumen polisi….. Setelah memutuskan instrumen polisi…..

• Bimbingan Bimbingan

• KewanganKewangan

• Aktiviti/pelan tindakan Aktiviti/pelan tindakan

• PerundanganPerundangan

Perlaksanaan PolisiPerlaksanaan Polisi

•Perlaksanaan merujuk kepada perlaksanaan dasar awam Perlaksanaan merujuk kepada perlaksanaan dasar awam

Antara faktor yang mempengaruhi perlaksanaan polisi:Antara faktor yang mempengaruhi perlaksanaan polisi:

- kapasiti pihak-pihak terlibat (pihak pentadbir, agensi dll) untuk - kapasiti pihak-pihak terlibat (pihak pentadbir, agensi dll) untuk melaksanakan dasar yang telah ditetapkan. melaksanakan dasar yang telah ditetapkan.

- dinamika kumpulan samada kumpulan informal, parti pembangkang dan - dinamika kumpulan samada kumpulan informal, parti pembangkang dan sebagainya.sebagainya.

- sokongan pihak pemerintah.- sokongan pihak pemerintah.

POLICY IMPLEMENTATIONPOLICY IMPLEMENTATION

Perlaksanaan BerterusanPerlaksanaan BerterusanPenghakisan Secara PerlahanPenghakisan Secara PerlahanPertambahan KumulatifPertambahan KumulatifPembaharuanPembaharuan

Perlaksanaan Polisi Berterusan Perlaksanaan Polisi Berterusan

• Polisi yang berjaya dan masih Polisi yang berjaya dan masih dilaksanakan. dilaksanakan.

• Wawasan 2020: Menjadikan Malaysia Wawasan 2020: Menjadikan Malaysia sebuah negara maju sepenuhnya pada sebuah negara maju sepenuhnya pada tahun 2020tahun 2020

Starting Point: 1991Starting Point: 1991 Current: 2008Current: 2008

2020

Penghakisan Secara PerlahanPenghakisan Secara Perlahan

• Polisi yang pada mulanya berjaya tetapi Polisi yang pada mulanya berjaya tetapi akhirnya gagal secara perlahan. akhirnya gagal secara perlahan.

Seperti Bunga Api

Contoh:Contoh:

Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) ProjectMultimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Project

A national policy towards ICTA national policy towards ICT

Launched in 1996Launched in 1996

To gear Malaysian economy rapidly into the digital ageTo gear Malaysian economy rapidly into the digital age

To bridge the digital divide (within Malaysia & between To bridge the digital divide (within Malaysia & between countries)countries)

Declining Policy ImplementationDeclining Policy Implementation

Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) ProjectMultimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Project

Creation of Cyberjaya & Putrajaya ‘Smart Cities’Creation of Cyberjaya & Putrajaya ‘Smart Cities’

Work electronicallyWork electronically

IT Nirvana…Malaysians &IT Nirvana…Malaysians &foreigners work hand in hand inforeigners work hand in hand inhand for multimedia developments hand for multimedia developments

BUTBUT

• Asian financial crisis 1997 – 1998Asian financial crisis 1997 – 1998

• The political struggle btwn Dr. M and The political struggle btwn Dr. M and AnwarAnwar

• Cause capital flight from AsiaCause capital flight from Asia

Yes..internet users increase, but the MSC Yes..internet users increase, but the MSC project was not as successful as it was project was not as successful as it was envisioned to be.envisioned to be.

Cumulative Policy ImplementationCumulative Policy Implementation

• Starts of small and ends up big…Starts of small and ends up big…

Cumulative Policy ImplementationCumulative Policy Implementation

NATIONAL NATIONAL POLICY ON BATIK POLICY ON BATIK

PROMOTIONPROMOTION

Revived Policy ImplementationRevived Policy Implementation

• A policy that begins to shutter but was A policy that begins to shutter but was saved by certain changes (environmental saved by certain changes (environmental or support)or support)

PERTANIAN

2 Phases of 2 Phases of Policy ImplementationPolicy Implementation

• Law : rules and laws are created so that Law : rules and laws are created so that policy could be implemented.policy could be implemented.

• Action : All the programs and activities Action : All the programs and activities carried out by responsible agents/institutions carried out by responsible agents/institutions

to realize the policyto realize the policy

Key Tasks for ImplementationKey Tasks for ImplementationPlanningPlanning

• Responsible agentsResponsible agents

• Timeline: Determine when the policy goal Timeline: Determine when the policy goal should be achieved –short, long, medium..should be achieved –short, long, medium..

• Promotion to target groupsPromotion to target groups

• Assure mechanism of accountabilityAssure mechanism of accountability

• EvaluationEvaluation

Responsible AgentsResponsible Agents

Key tasksKey tasks

EstablishingEstablishing

Organizational Organizational

OwnershipOwnership

IssueIssue

Which Which department?department?

Which agency?Which agency?

CriteriaCriteria

Issue definitionIssue definition

Origin of policy Origin of policy problemproblem

Past ownershipPast ownership

ExperienceExperience

Impact Impact

on on ImplementationImplementation

Level of innovationLevel of innovation

Policy directionPolicy direction

TimelineTimeline

Key tasksKey tasks

DevelopingDeveloping

timeframestimeframes

IssueIssue

Short term?Short term?

Long term?Long term?

How realistic?How realistic?

CriteriaCriteria

Nature of the Nature of the problemproblem

Political Political pressurepressure

Level of Level of consultationconsultation

New IssuesNew Issues

Impact Impact

on on ImplementationImplementation

Project or strategies Project or strategies focusfocus

Adequacy of Adequacy of resourcesresources

PromotionPromotion

Key tasksKey tasks

MarketingMarketing

IssueIssue

Communication Communication channelchannel

Audience Audience identificationidentification

Alerting Alerting stakeholders to stakeholders to policy existencepolicy existence

Selling policySelling policy

Getting feedbackGetting feedback

CriteriaCriteria

Type of policyType of policy

Nature of policy Nature of policy instruments instruments

(coercive or non (coercive or non coercive)coercive)

Complexity of Complexity of issueissue

Impact Impact

on on ImplementationImplementation

Suits the problemSuits the problem

CostCost

Assure Mechanism of Enforcement & Assure Mechanism of Enforcement & AccountabilityAccountability

Key tasksKey tasks

Enforcement andEnforcement and

AccountabilityAccountability

IssueIssue

Ensuring Ensuring authorized policy authorized policy is implementedis implemented

Mechanisms of Mechanisms of enforcement enforcement

(agent, reporting (agent, reporting process etc)process etc)

CoordinationCoordination

Legal issuesLegal issues

etcetc

CriteriaCriteria

Choice of policy Choice of policy instrumentinstrument

Agency Agency seniorityseniority

Political priorityPolitical priority

Impact Impact

on on ImplementationImplementation

Prevent redefinition Prevent redefinition of problemof problem

Reporting processesReporting processes

Performance Performance indicatorsindicators

EvaluationEvaluation

Key tasksKey tasks

Review OutcomesReview Outcomes

IssueIssue

Assessment Assessment criteriacriteria

ProcessesProcesses

TimeframesTimeframes

CriteriaCriteria

Nature of issueNature of issue

MeasurabilityMeasurability

Impact Impact

on on ImplementationImplementation

RenewalRenewal

ModificationModification

Enforcement FailureEnforcement Failure

• Sometimes policies are unsuccessful due Sometimes policies are unsuccessful due to enforcement failure.to enforcement failure.

Reasons for Enforcement FailureReasons for Enforcement Failure

• Resource ConstraintsResource Constraints

Enforcing the policy would be too costly Enforcing the policy would be too costly due to the number of staff or due to the number of staff or administrative requirementsadministrative requirements

Reasons for Enforcement FailureReasons for Enforcement Failure

• Inappropriate implementation strategyInappropriate implementation strategy

Overly complex policy strategies can lead to Overly complex policy strategies can lead to failure in delivery of a policy.failure in delivery of a policy.

CAUSECAUSE EFFECTEFFECTOver complexOver complexstrategiesstrategies

that weakens thethat weakens thecause and effect linkcause and effect link

FailureFailureOf Of

PolicyPolicy

Reasons for Enforcement FailureReasons for Enforcement Failure

• Wrong Implementation OrganizationWrong Implementation Organization

Sometimes the chosen agency is inappropriate for the Sometimes the chosen agency is inappropriate for the task because:task because:

a)a) No prior experienceNo prior experienceb)b) Mismatch between agency’s expertise and culture with Mismatch between agency’s expertise and culture with

that of stakeholder’s. that of stakeholder’s. c)c) No operational expertiseNo operational expertise

Reasons for Enforcement FailureReasons for Enforcement Failure

• Inappropriate Choice of Policy Inappropriate Choice of Policy InstrumentInstrument

Example: Smoking issueExample: Smoking issue

Reasons for Enforcement FailureReasons for Enforcement Failure

• Communication MistakesCommunication Mistakes

Failure to communicate to implementing Failure to communicate to implementing agencies, developers of policy agencies, developers of policy instrument, or due to incorrect instrument, or due to incorrect interpretation of the policyinterpretation of the policy

Reasons for Enforcement FailureReasons for Enforcement Failure

• Operational ImpracticalityOperational Impracticality

Inadequate resources; inadequate Inadequate resources; inadequate training of implementation agents; delay training of implementation agents; delay in operations (and the nature of problem in operations (and the nature of problem has changed); failure to plan has changed); failure to plan implementation sequenceimplementation sequence