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Pemuliaan Tanaman Secara In Vitro Melalui
Metode Embryo Rescue dan Hibridisasi Somatik
PemuliaanTanaman
Perbaikan SIfatTanaman
Konvensional
Menyerbuksilang
Menyerbuksendiri
vegetatif
Inkonvensional –In Vitro
Embryo Culture –Embryo Rescue
HibridisasiSomatik
TanamanHaploid / Diploid
PROSES PEMULIAAN TANAMAN
SECARA IN VITRO
• Penentuan tujuan pemuliaan tanaman
• Ketersediaan materi pemuliaan atau plasma nutfah :
• Penentuan metode yang sesuai / tepat
• Seleksi melalui penilaian genotip atau populasi untuk
memenuhi varietas harapan
• Pengujian genotip atau varietas harapan
• Pelepasan varietas harapan menjadi varietas baru
TUJUAN PEMULIAAN
• Jangka panjang : mengantisipasi perubahan iklim (global
warming) – varietas toleran
• Jangka pendek:
a) memenuhi keinginan konsumen:
- perbaikan kualitas produk: ukuran, warna, kandungan bahan,
ketahanan simpan, keindahan, dll.
b) memenuhi kebutuhan petani/produsen:
- peningkatan hasil panen (kuantitas)
- umur genjah, tahan hama penyakit dll.
c) memenuhi kebutuhan industri:
- meningkatkan kandungan bahan
- pembuangan sifat-sifat yang tidak disukai
Ketersediaan Materi Pemuliaan / Plasma Nutfah
Jenis liar
Jenis lokal
Galurharapan
Varietasyang sudah
ada
Hasilpersilangan
mutan
Sumbangan Pemuliaan Tanaman
terhadap Kemajuan Pertanian
• Menghasilkan sifat baru dengan kualitas unggul
hasil tinggi
- tahan hama/penyakit
- rasa enak
- umur pendek
- estetika tinggi
- kandungan nutrisi tertentu
- dll.
• Pelestarian plasma nutfah sebagai koleksi
Embryo culture
Mature Embryo Culture
Immature Embryo Culture
(Embryo Rescue)
Obtaining
Viable Plants
Embryo rescue – embryo culture:
• The number of in vitro technique to promote
the development of a weak, immature of
hybrid embryos into a viable plants
• Embryo abortion due to endosperm fails to
develop properly
• In interspesific or intergeneric crosses, crosses
between diploid and tetraploid the
endosperm often develops poorly or not at all
Plant A Plant B
Wild
hybridization
Genetic
barriers
Abnormal development
of zygote or seed
Hybrid endosperm
fails to develop or
produce toxin
Abortion
of hybrid embryo
Abortion
of hybrid embryo
RESCUE:
Isolating and
culturing immature
hybrid embryos
RESCUE:
Isolating and
culturing immature
hybrid embryos
Advantage:
possible to
initiate embryo
development
from different
species
Disadvantage:
pre-mature
embryo could
initiate fully
developed plants,
but sterile
Culture medium factors:
• Mineral salts: K, Ca, N most important
• Carbohydrate and osmotic pressure : 2% for
mature embryo, 8-12% for immature embryo, transfer to
progressively low levels as embryo grows, altern. to high
sucrose – auxin and cytokinin
• amino acids:
reduce N, many amino acids can be added to replace N salts
• natural plant extracts:
coconut milk (liquid endosperm of coconut) undefined
hormonal factors, and/or organic compounds
others : extract of dates, bananas, tomato juice, etc.
Culture medium factors:
• PGRs
globular embryos : low concen. of auxin and cytokinin
heart stage and later : none required
germination : GA (promotes) and ABA (suppreses)
SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION
• Development of hybrid plants
• Through the fusion of somatic protoplasts of two different
plant species/varieties
• Subsequent development of the product (heterokaryon)
produce a hybrid plant
SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION
TECHNIQUEIsolation of protoplasts
Fusion of the protoplasts of desired species/varieties
Identification and selection of somatic hybrid cells
Culture of the hybrids cells
Regeneration of hybrid cells
SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION
TECHNIQUE
SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION
TECHNIQUE
IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION
IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION OF SOMATIC
HYBRID CELLS
Culturing them on selective medium
Complimentary selection of somatic hybrids on specific culture medium
Mechanical isolation – visual means
Morphology of the plant after regeneration