jenis cacing tanah yang berpotensi sebagai ...laporan disertasi jenis cacing tanah yang berpotensi...

LAPORAN DISERTASI

JENIS CACING TANAH YANG BERPOTENSI SEBAGAI KANDIDAT BIOINDIKATOR LOGAM Pb DAN Cr

BERDASARKAN KELIMPAHAN, STRUKTUR MORFOMETRI DAN KANDUNGAN SISTEIN

(SPECIES OF EARTHWORM WHICH HAS POTENCY AS LEAD

AND CHROMIUM BIOINDICATOR CANDIDATE BASED ON ABUNDANCE, MORPHOMETRIC STRUCTURE,

AND CYSTEINE CONTENT)

OLEH

WIDOWATI BUDIJASTUTI

NIM. 081217027304

PROGRAM STUDI S3 MIPA

FAKULTAS SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI

UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

2016

ADLN PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

DISERTASI JENIS CACING TANAH... WIDOWATI B.

xvi

PRAKATA

Rasa syukur yang amat dalam atas rahmat “Allah SWT” maka laporan disertasi ini dengan judul ”Potensi Cacing Tanah Sebagai Bioindikator Logam Pb Dan Cr Berdasarkan Indeks Keanekaragaman, Kelimpahan, Struktur Morfometri Dan Kandungan Sistein”, dapat terselesaikan, Tujuan penulisan ini untuk memenuhi kewajiban saya sebagai mahasiswa S3 MIPA di FST Universitas Airlangga Surabaya dan kewajiban saya sebagai akademika untuk mengembangkan ilmu di bidang keahlian yaitu Struktur Perkembangan (khususnya Invertebrata). Ucapan terimakasih terutama saya tujukan kepada promotor dan kopromotor, Prof. Dr. Ir. Agoes Soegianto, DEA dan Dr.Sucipto Hariyanto,DEA, yang telah bekerja keras dalam membimbing dan memecahkan masalah atas seluruh disertasi ini. Dekan FMIPA Unesa Prof.Dr.Suyono,M.Pd beserta staf, Ketua Jurusan Biologi, Dr.Yuliani,M.Si beserta staf. Dekan FST Unair, Prof. Win Darmanto, M.Si. Ph.D beserta staf, Ketua Program Studi S3 MIPA, Dr. Alfinda Novi Kristanti, DEA beserta staf dan seluruh staf laboratorium Biologi, Kimia, dan IPA terpadu di Unesa. Tiada gading yang tak retak, laporan disertasi ini hanyalah hasil jerih payah mahasiswa yang masih membutuhkan ilmu, untuk itu saran dan kritik untuk peningkatan mutu sangat diharapkan dalam laporan ini. Semoga ilmu saya dapat digunakan kebermanfaatannya dengan sebaik-baiknya.

Surabaya, 30 Agustus 2016

Penulis



xviii

Ucapan Terima Kasih

Rasa syukur setinggi-tingginya saya panjatkan kepada “Allah SWT” yang telah memberikan ridho dan rahmatNya dalam menyelesaikan studi S3 ini. Melalui bapak/ibu/sdr saya mendapat bantuan bimbingan, motivasi, tenaga, pikiran, kritik dan saran ataupun material, hanya ucapan terimakasih yang sangat dalam saya sampaikan kepada yang terhormat :

1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Agoes Soegianto, DEA dan Dr.Sucipto Hariyanto,DEA sebagai promotor dan kopromotor, yang selalu dengan terbuka menerima, dan melayani bimbingan dengan sabar dan ikhlas.

2. Prof.Dr.Bambang Irawan, M.Sc, Prof. Win Darmanto, M.Si. Ph.D, dan Dr Fida Rachmadiarti M.Kes, sebagai penguji saya mulai dari proposal hingga ujian tertutup ini,juga kepada Prof Ir Joni Hermana,M Sc.Es.Ph.D dan Dr Bagyo Yanuwiadi selaku penguji pada sidang tertutup, dengan profesional tinggi dan komunikatif juga memberikan sumbangsih pemikiran yang berharga atas penelitian disertasi ini.

3. Dr. Alfiah Hayati.,M.Kes selaku dosen pembimbing akademik sampai mengantarkan saya pada ujian kualifikasi mahasiswa S3 MIPA di FST Universitas Airlangga, dan seluruh staf pengajar S3 MIPA FST Universitas Airlangga yang telah memberikan ilmunya.

4. Prof. Win Darmanto, M.Si. Ph.D, beserta staf selaku Dekan FST Universitas Airlangga. Prof.Dr.Bambang Irawan, M.Sc, selaku Ketua Program Studi S3 MIPA periode 2011-2015 dan dan Dr. Alfinda Novi Kristanti,DEA, selaku Ketua Program Studi S3 MIPA beserta staf 2015-sekarang, yang telah membantu atas kelancaran studi S3 ini.

5. Prof. Dr. Suyono M.Pd, selaku Dekan FMIPA Unesa, Dr. Yuni Sri Rahayu, M.Sc, dan Dr Wasis Akbar, M.Si selaku wakil Dekan yang telah mengijinkan dan membantu saya dalam penggunaan alat di Laboratorium IPA terpadu FMIPA Unesa.

6. Dr. Raharjo M.Si, selaku Ketua Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Unesa periode 2012-2016 dan Dr. Yuliani M.Si, selaku Ketua Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Unesa periode 2016-sekarang yang telah banyak membantu dalam memberikan ijin dan memudahkan masalah dalam studi dan pekerjaan saya.

7. Dr. Isnawati M.Si, Dr. Mahanani M.Si, Dr. Nunik M.Si, Trisiswati,S.Si,M.Si, Drs Edi Praktino, Dra. Faizah (Alm), Verra, S.Si, Nurul.,S.Si, dan Mahrus Ismail,M.Si yang telah membantu penelitian ini di laboratorium Biologi Unesa, Laboratorium Kualitas Air Teknik Lingkungan ITS, Laboratorium Kimia Unesa, Laboratorium IPA terpadu Unesa, dan Laboratorium Molekuler Biologi UIN Malang.

8. Suami tercinta Drs. Eko Wijaya, dan ananda Ewing Mahendra Putra, selain ucapan terimakasih atas motivasi dan keikhlasannya dalam mengijinkan studi,



xix

saya meminta maaf atas kekhilafan dan terganggunya tugas dan kewajiban saya sebagai istri dan ibu bagi ananda.

9. Teriring doa untuk kedua orang tua saya alm ibu Nani Mulyani dan alm Bapak Bisono Wirjohoetomo,BcKn, Alm bapak mertua Nur Cholis, yang semasa hidupnya telah tulus ikhlas membimbing dan mendoakan saya. Ibu mertua saya Sujati, kakak dan adik saya, Ir. Pudji Nastiti, M.M, Ir. Murman Budiyanto,M.Si,M.Sc, Dr. Ir. Rahmat Budisantoso, M.Si dan Ir. Luhur Budiyarso, Adik-adik ipar saya, Heri Pujiyuniarto S.E, Windi Setyawati dan Enny Retnawati A.Md, yang senantiasa memberikan doa dan motivasinya.

10. Para senior dan dosen saya tercinta yang masih aktif di jurusan Biologi Unesa, yaitu Prof. Dr.dr Tjandrakirana,M.S, Sp.And., Prof. Dr. Muslimin Ibrahim, M.Pd, Prof. Dr. Endang Susantini M.Pd, Dr. Tjipto Haryanto,M.Si, Dr.Ir.Dyah Hariani,M.Si, Dr.Fida Rachmadiarti,M.Kes, Dra Wisanti M.S, Dra. Winarsih M.Kes. Saudara-saudara saya civitas akademika di jurusan Biologi Unesa, terutama di rumpun Struktur Perkembangan, Biologi Umum, Ekologi, Fisiologi dan Taksonomi, yang setiap saat selalu memberikan motivasi dan kemudahan pekerjaan dan studi saya.

11. Ucapan terimakasih juga saya tujukan kepada seluruh alumni mahasiswa saya yang telah membantu saya khususnya Iva, Shafira, Nisa dan Bayu. Teman seperjuangan di S3 MIPA Unair, sahabat-sahabat sekolah dan para tetangga yang tidak dapat saya sebut satu persatu yang telah memberikan motivasi.

Akhir kata, saya hanya dapat berdoa semoga Allah membalas kebaikan bapak, ibu dan saudara sekalian sebagai ilmu dan amalan yang tiada terputus. Amin.



xix

Jenis Cacing Tanah kandidat yang berpotensi sebagai Bioindikator Logam Pb Dan Cr Berdasarkan Kelimpahan, Struktur Morfometri

Dan Kandungan Sistein

Abstrak

Penelitian eksplorasi ini bertujuan mengevaluasi cacing tanah sebagai potensi bioindikator logam berat Pb dan Cr berdasarkan indeks keanekaragaman, kelimpahan, struktur morfometri dan kandungan sistein pada cacing tanah yang berada di habitat pohon pisang di Gresik dan Bangkalan, menganalisis data distribusi jenis dan kelimpahan cacing lokal dengan menghubungkan pengaruhnya terhadap logam berat, faktor kimia non logam berat dan fisika tanah.

Penelitian ini menggunakan metoda eksplorasi dengan sa\\\mpling terpilih, dengan menggunakan transek berukuran 25cmX25 cm, kedalaman 20 cm. Data diambil pada bulan Januari-Mei 2014 dan Februari-April 2015. Identifikasi cacing tanah dilakukan dengan menggunakan kunci Blackmore,2010. Morfometri cacing tanah yang diukur adalah berat,panjang,diameter tubuh, ukuran lubang kelamin jantan dan betina, jumlah segmen dan jumlah seta cacing. Analisis logam berat menggunakan Atomic Absorptions Spectrofotometer (AAS), analisis kandungan sistein dengan Kromatograf gas (GC), analisis fisika (suhu, kelembapan,jenis,porositas,berat isi tanah, berat jenis tanah) dan analisis kimia tanah (pH,bahan organik, C,N,P,K) menggunakan metode standart. Sedangkan data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan PCA untuk mengevaluasi hubungan distribusi kelimpahan dengan parameter dan menggunakan GSCA untuk menguji hipotesis antara parameter.

Hasil penelitian menemukan 5 jenis cacing tanah dari famili Megascolexcidae pada habitat pohon pisang di Gresik dan Bangkalan adalah Amynthas. robbustus, Metaphire javanica. M. californica, M. posthuma, dan Pheretima recemosa. Ada pengaruh signifikan potensi bioindikator ditinjau dari morfometri (kecuali diameter vesikula), indeks keanekaragaman, keseragaman, dan dominansi. Ada pengaruh signifikan kelimpahan cacing tanah dengan faktor fisika tanah dan logam berat. Ada pengaruh tidak langsung antara kelimpahan cacing dengan faktor kimia tanah. Jenis spesies dominan adalah A. robbustus. Ada pengaruh signifikan antara kelimpahan cacing dominan ini dengan logam berat dan fisika tanah. Faktor kimia tanah walaupun tidak pengaruh secara langsung, namun hasil analisis pengaruh total menunjukkan faktor yang paling dominan mempengaruhi kelimpahan A. robbustus.

Simpulan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan ada potensi bioindikator dari jenis cacing tanah terhadap logam berat Pb dan Cr berdasarkan kelimpahan, struktur morfometri dan kandungan sistein pada cacing tanah yang berada di habitat pohon pisang di Gresik dan Bangkalan, penyebaran jenis dan kelimpahan cacing yang ditemukan dipengaruhi oleh logam berat, faktor kimia non logam berat dan fisika tanah. Jenis cacing A. robbustus berpotensi sebagai bioindikator logam berat Pb dan Cr.

Kata kunci : potensi bioindikator, morfometri,indeks keanekaragaman, keseragaman dan dominansi



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Species of Earthworm which Has Potency as Lead and Chromium Bioindicator Candidate Based on Abundance, Morphometric

Structure, and Cysteine Content

Abstract

This exploration study aims to 1) evaluate the potency of lead and chromium bioindicator based on index of diversity, abundance, morphometric structure, and cysteine content in the earthworms around banana trees at Gresik and Bangkalan, 2) analyse the data of species distribution and the abundance by connecting its effect toward heavy metals, non-heavy metal chemical factor, and physical factor of soil.

This research used exploration method with chosen samples, using transect in 25x25 cm of size and 20 cm of depth. Findings were taken on January until May 2014 and on February until April 2015. Earthworms were identified using Blackmore key, 2010. The morphometric structure of earthworms were evaluated from the mass, length of body, diameter of body, size of male and female organ reproduction, segment number and setae number. Heavy metal concentration was analysed using AAS method, cysteine content was analysed using Gas Chromatografi method, meanwhile physical factors (temperature, humidity, variety, porosity, mass of soil, density of soil) and chemical factors (pH, organic materials such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) were analysed using standard method. Data was analysed using PCA method to evaluate the relation of abundance distribution with the parameters then GSCA method was used to test the hypotheses between each parameter.

Findings indicated that there were five species of earthworms around banana trees in Gresik and Bangkalan belonging in Megascolexcidaes which are Amynthas robbustus, Metaphire javanica, M. californica, M. posthuma, and Pheretima recemosa. Furthermore, there was significant effect of bioindicator potency according to the morphometric structure (except vesicula diameter), index of diversity, uniformity, and dominance. There was also significant effect of earthworms abundance toward the soil physical factor and heavy metal concentration. Then there was indirect effect between earthworm abundance and soil chemical factor. A. robbustus is the most dominant species showing the significant effect between its abundance with the soil physical and chemical factors. Although the soil chemical factors did not show indirect effect but the total effect analysis result indicated that the most dominant factor influenced the abundance of A. robbustus.

It can be concluded that there is a bioindicator potency of certain earthworms toward lead and chromium based on the abundance, morphometric structure, and cysteine content in the earthworms around banana trees at Gresik and Bangkalan. Furthermore, the species distribution and abundance were influenced by heavy metals, non-heavy metal chemical factor, and physical factor of soil. A. robbustus has abilities as lead and chromium bioindicator.

Keywords: bioindicator potency; morphometric structure; index of diversity, uniformity, and dominance



iv

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ...................................................................................... i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ........................................................................ ii

HALAMAN DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................. iv

DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... ix

DAFTAR TABEL .......................................................................................... xiii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................. xv

HALAMAN PRAKATA ................................................................................ xvi

HALAMAN UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ................................................... xvii

HALAMAN ABSTRACT .............................................................................. xix

BAB I. PENGANTAR

1.1. LATAR BELAKANG MASALAH................................................... 1

1.2. RUMUSAN MASALAH .................................................................. 5

1.3. TUJUAN PENELITIAN ................................................................... 7

1.4. MANFAAT PENELITIAN ............................................................... 8

1.5. BATASAN PENELITIAN ............................................................... 8

1.6. KEBAHARUAN PENELITIAN ...................................................... 9

BAB II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1.BIOEKOLOGI CACING TANAH ..................................................... 10

2.1.1. Biologi Cacing Tanah ............................................................. 10

2.1.2. Sistemika Cacing Tanah .......................................................... 15

2.1.3. Ekologi Cacing Tanah ............................................................. 17

2.1.4. Distribusi Cacing Tanah Di Indonesia dan Negara Lain ......... 21

2.2.CACING TANAH DAN PENCEMARAN TANAH ......................... 22

2.2.1. Hubungan Cacing Tanah Dengan Pencemaran Logam Berat .. 22

2.2.2. Bioindikator dan Biomonitoring Cacing Tanah ....................... 24

2.3.PROFIL ASAM AMINO CACING TANAH .................................... 27

2.3.1. Asam Amino Pada Tubuh Cacing Tanah ................................. 27

2.3.2. Hubungan Jenis Asam Amino Spesifik dan binding logam

(Metallothionein) di Cacing Tanah .......................................... 30



v

2.4 ANALISA MULTIVARATE DAN PRINCIPAL KOMPONEN

ANALISIS (PCA) .............................................................................. 32

2.4.1. Analisis Cluster dan Multivariate ............................................ 32

2.4.2. Principal Komponen Analisis (PCA) ....................................... 33

2.4.3. General Structure Komponen Analisis (GSCA)……………….33

BAB III. HIPOTESIS DAN KONSEP ILMIAH

3.1.HIPOTESIS ......................................................................................... 35

3.2.KERANGKA BERPIKIR ................................................................... 35

BAB IV. METODE PENELITIAN

4.1. JENIS PENELITIAN ......................................................................... 39

4.2. TEMPAT PENELITIAN ................................................................... 39

4.3. SASARAN PENELITIAN ................................................................ 40

4.4. PARAMETER PENELITIAN ........................................................... 40

4.5. DESKRIPSI AREA STUDI ............................................................... 41

4.6. ALAT DAN BAHAN ........................................................................ 43

4.6.1. Alat .......................................................................................... 43

4.6.2. Bahan ...................................................................................... 44

4.7. METODE PENELITIAN .................................................................. 44

4.8. PROSEDUR PELAKSANAAN PENELITIAN ................................ 44

4.8.1. Prosedur Pengambilan Sampel Cacing Tanah ........................ 45

4.8.2. Prosedur Pengukuran Sifat Fisik dan Kimia Tanah ................ 46

4.8.3. Mengukur Kadar Logam Berat dalam Tanah Menggunakan

AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrofotometer) ........................... 50

4.8.4. Identifikas Spesies Cacing Tanah ............................................ 50

4.8.5. Kadar Kandungan Sistein ........................................................ 52

4.9. ANALISIS DATA ............................................................................. 54

BAB V. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN

5.1. HASIL PENELITIAN ....................................................................... 55

5.1.1. Kandungan logam, faktor fisika dan kimia tanah non

logam berat di habitat pohon pisang pada dua lingkungan

berbeda Gresik dan Bangkalan ……………......................

55

5.1.2. Jenis cacing tanah yang ditemukan di Gresik dan 57



vi

Bangkalan…………………………………………….......

5.1.3. Indeks Keanekaragaman, Dominansi dan Keseragaman

di Gresik dan Bangkalan………………………………....

61

5.1.4. Hasil hubungan penyebaran dan kelimpahan cacing tanah

dengan logam berat tanah, sifat kimia dan fisika

tanah…………………………….......................................

63

Hubungan logam berat dengan penyebaran dan

kelimpahan cacing tanah di Gresik………………............

63

Hubungan logam berat dengan penyebaran dan

kelimpahan cacing tanah di Bangkalan………………….

65

. Hubungan faktor kimia non logam berat non logam berat

non logam berat non logam berat non logam berat non

logam berat tanah dengan penyebaran dan kelimpahan

cacing tanah di Gresik……………………………………

67

Hubungan faktor kimia non logam berat tanah dengan

penyebaran dan kelimpahan cacing tanah di Bangkalan...

71

Hubungan Faktor Fisika tanah dengan penyebaran dan

kelimpahan cacing tanah di Gresik………………………

74

Hubungan Fisika tanah dengan penyebaran dan

kelimpahan cacing tanah di Bangkalan…………………..

77

5.1.5. Morfometri jenis cacing tanah pada habitat pohon pisang

di lingkungan yang berbeda Gresik dan Bangkalan……..

80

Hasil Hubungan morfometri dengan penyebaran jenis

dan kelimpahan di Gresik………………………………...

80

Hasil Hubungan morfometri dengan penyebaran jenis

dan kelimpahan di Bangkalan……………………………

83

5.1.6. Potensi bioindikator cacing tanah ditinjau dari

morfometri, indeks keanekaragaman, indeks dominansi

dan indeks keseragaman kelimpahan dan jenis cacing

tanah di Gresik dan Bangkalan…………………………...

86

5.1.7. Pengaruh potensi biondikator dengan kelimpahan cacing

tanah dan hubungan kelimpahan terhadap faktor logam

87



vii

berat tanah, sifat fisika…………………………………...

5.1.8. Jenis cacing tanah kandidat yang adaptif terhadap

lingkungan tercemar di Gresik dan Bangkalan dan

perbandingan deposit logam beratnya……………………

96

5.1.9. Hubungan kelimpahan cacing kandidat yang ditemukan

dengan kandungan logam berat dan faktor kimia non

logam berat tanah di Gresik dan Bangkalan pada waktu

yang berbeda……………………………………………..

97

5.1.10. Kandungan deposit logam dan sistein cacing tanah

A.robbustus……………………………………………….

105

5.1.11. Hubungan kelimpahan cacing kandidat terhadap logam

berat Pb dan Cr tanah, sifat fisika tanah, sifat kimia non

logam berat tanah, deposit logam berat dan kandungan

sistein pada tubuh cacing…………………………………

106

5.2. PEMBAHASAN ................................................................................ 116

5.2.1. Keberadaan logam berat, faktor fisika dan kimia non

logam berat tanah di habitat pohon pisang pada dua

lingkungan berbeda Gresik dan Bangkalan ……………...

116

5.2.2. Keanekaragaman, Dominansi dan Keseragaman cacing

tanah pada habitat pohon pisang di lingkungan yang

berbeda Gresik dan Bangkalan…………………………...

118

5.2.3. Morfometri jenis cacing tanah pada habitat pohon pisang

di lingkungan yang berbeda Gresik dan Bangkalan……..

121

5.2.4. Penentuan potensi cacing tanah sebagai bioindikator…… 124

5.2.5. Penentuan kandidat jenis cacing tanah yang berpotensi

untuk menjadi bioindikator………………………………

128

5.2.6. Monitoring dan evaluasi jenis cacing tanah kandidat

sebagai bioindikator……………………………………...

129

5.2.7 Pembahasan Terintegrasi………………………………… 137

BAB VI. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

6.1 Kesimpulan …………………………………………………………... 142



viii

6.2 Saran ………………………………………………………………… 143

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................... 145

LAMPIRAN



ix

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar Halaman

2.1 Tipe dan bentuk Seta………………………………………………. 10

2.2 Tipe prostomium cacing tanah…………………………………….. 11

2.3 Tipe seca cacing tanah……………………………………………... 11

2.4 Topografi organ dalam cacing tanah………………………………. 12

2.5 Tipe-tipe spermateka/bentuk spermateka………………………….. 14

2.6 Bentuk-bentuk kelenjar prostat……………………………………. 14

4.1 Lokasi penelitian (Digitasi Peta Bumi Indonesia, 2016)…………... 41

4.2 Habitat pohon pisang………………………………………………. 45

4.3 a Plot sampling, b. pengukuran pH,suhu, dan kelembapan…………. 46

4.4 Diameter prostat cacing……………………………………………. 52

5.1 Perbandingan kandungan logam berat Pb, Cr,Fe dan Zn (mg/kg)

Gresik dan Bangkalan……………………………………………...

55

5.2 Perbandingan hasil nilai analisis kimia non logam berat tanah di

Gresik dan Bangkalan……………………………………………...

56

5.3 Perbandingan hasil kandungan sifat fisika tanah di Gresik dan

Bangkalan………………………………………………………......

57

5.4 Perbandingan nilai indeks keanekaragaman, keseragaman, dan

dominansi di Gresik dan Bangkalan………………………………..

62

5.5 Grafik PCA persebaran kelimpahan cacing tanah di Gresik

berdasarkan sifat logam berat a) Penyebaran sifat logam berat

pada komponen utama, b) Proyeksi titik lokasi pengamatan pada

komponent utama..............................................................................

64

5.6 Penyebaran cacing tanah di daerah Gresik berdasarkan sifat logam

berat…………………………………………………………….......

65

5.7 Grafik PCA Penyebaran cacing tanah di Bangkalan berdasarkan

sifat logam berat a). Penyebaran sifat logam berat pada komponen

utama, b). Proyeksi titik lokasi pengamatan pada komponen

utama……………………………………………………………….

66

5.8 Penyebaran cacing tanah di Bangkalan berdasarkan sifat logam 67



x

berat………………………………………………………………...

5.9 Grafik PCA Penyebaran dan kelimpahan Cacing tanah di Gresik

Berdasarkan sifat kimia non logam berat tanah a). Penyebaran

sifat kimia non logam berat tanah pada komponen utama, b).

Proyeksi titik lokasi pengamatan pada komponen

utama……………………………………………………………….

69

5.10 Penyebaran Cacing tanah di Gresik berdasarkan sifat kimia

tanah………………………………………………………………..

70

5.11 Grafik PCA Penyebaran Cacing tanah di Bangkalan berdasarkan

sifat kimia non logam berat tanah a). Penyebaran sifat kimia non

logam berat tanah pada komponen utama, b). Proyeksi titik lokasi

pengamatan pada komponen utama………………………………..

73

5.12 Penyebaran Cacing tanah di Bangkalan berdasarkan sifat kimia

non logam berat tanah……………………………………………...

74

5.13 Grafik PCA Persebaran Cacing tanah di Gresik berdasarkan sifat

fisika tanaha). Penyebaran sifat fisika tanah pada komponen

utama, b). proyeksi titik lokasi pengamatan pada komponen

utama……………………………………………………………….

76

5.14 Penyebaran Cacing tanah di daerah Gresik berdasarkan sifat fisika

tanah……………………………………………………………….

77

5.15 Grafik PCA Persebaran Cacing tanah di Bangkalan berdasarkan

sifat fisika tanah, a). Penyebaran sifat fisika tanah pada komponen

utama, b). proyeksi titik lokasi pengamatan pada komponen

utama……………………………………………………………….

79

5.16 Penyebaran cacing tanah di daerah Bangkalan berdasarkan sifat

fisika tanah…………………………………………………………

80

5.17 Grafik PCA persebaran cacing tanah di Gresik berdasarkan

morfometri a). Penyebaran morfometri pada komponen utama, b).

proyeksi titik lokasi pengamatan pada komponen

utama……………………………………………………………….

82

5.18 Penyebaran Cacing tanah di daerah Gresik berdasarkan

morfometri………………………………………………………….

83



xi

5.19 Grafik PCA Persebaran Cacing tanah di Bangkalan berdasarkan

morfometri a). Penyebaran morfometri cacing tanah pada

komponent utama, b). Proyeksi titik lokasi pengamatan pada

komponen utama…………………………………………………...

85

5.20 Penyebaran cacing di daerah Bangkalan berdasarkan

morfometri………………………………………………………….

86

5.21 Hasil Model Hipotesis Penelitian………………………………….. 90

5.22 Penyebaran kelimpahan A.robbustus berdasarkan logam berat Pb

dan Cr di Gresik dan b. Penyebaran kelimpahan A.robbustus

berdasarkan logam berat Pb dan Cr di Bangkalan…………………

98

5.23 Penyebaran dan kelimpahan A. robbustus berdasarkan sifat kimia

tanah dengan lokasi di Gresik pada pengambilan sampling ke 1…..

99

5.24 Penyebaran dan kelimpahan A. robbustus berdasarkan sifat kimia

tanah dengan lokasi di Bangkalan pada pengambilan sampling ke

1.........................................................................................................

99

5.25 Penyebaran dan kelimpahan cacing tanah A.robbustus berdasarkan

sifat logam berat tanah (Pb dan Cr) pada pengambilang sampling

ke dua di Gresik………………………………………………….....

100

5.26 Penyebaran dan kelimpahan cacing tanah A.robbustus berdasarkan

sifat logam berat tanah (Pb dan Cr) pada sampling ke dua di

Bangkalan…………………………………………………………..

100

5.27 Penyebaran dan kelimpahan cacing tanah A. robbustus

berdasarkan sifat kimia non logam berat tanah sampling ke dua di

Gresik………………………………………………………………

101


berdasarkan sifat kimia non logam berat tanah sampling ke dua di

Bangkalan…………………………………………………………..

102


berdasarkan sifat logam berat tanah (Pb dan Cr) pada

pengambilang sampling ke tiga di Gresik………………………….

103


berdasarkan sifat logam berat tanah (Pb dan Cr) pada

103



xii

pengambilang sampling ke tiga di Bangkalan………………….......


berdasarkan sifat sifat kimia non logam berat tanah pada

pengambilang sampling ke tiga di Gresik………………………….

104


berdasarkan sifat sifat kimia non logam berat tanah pada

pengambilang sampling ke tiga di Bangkalan……………………...

105

5.33 Histogram semi-log data logam tanah, deposit, dan kadar sistein.

(skala log)…………………………………………………………..

106

5.34 Hasil Model Hipotesis Penelitian………………………………….. 109



xiii

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman

2.1 Konsentrasi asam amino (protein kasar g/100g) pada cacing tanah

(penelitian Dedeke et al., 2010) dibandingkan dengan cacing tanah dari

penelitian lainnya……………………………………………………….

28

2.2 Perbedaan hubungan jenis spesies dengan hasil analisis profil asam

amino…………………………………………………………………….

29

2.3 Komposisi Jenis asam amino dari sejumlah besar Cd binding Protein

yang terisolasi dengan ion Q-Sepharose………………………………

31

4.1 Rata-rata kadar Cd dan Pb tanah di beberapa lokasi………………….. 39

4.2 Posisi lokasi pada peta……………………………………………............ 43

5.1 Jenis dan jumlah cacing tanah di lahan pisang Gresik ………………. 57

5.2 Jenis dan jumlah cacing tanah pada masing-masing lokasi di

Gresik……………………………………………………………………

58

5.3 Jenis dan jumlah cacing tanah tercemar di lahan pisang

Bangkalan…………………………………………………………………

58

5.4 Jenis dan jumlah cacing tanah pada masing-masing lokasi di

Bangkalan…………………………………………………………………

59

5.5 Deskripsi ciri-ciri lima jenis cacing tanah yang ditemukan di Gresik dan

Bangkalan……………………………………………................................

60

5.6 Indeks keanekaragaman, indeks keberagaman dan indeks dominasi

cacing tanah di Gresik…………………………………………….............

61

5.7 Indeks keanekaragaman, indeks keberagaman dan indeks dominasi

cacing tanah di Bangkalan………………………………………………..

61

5.8 Measurement model variabel potensi bioindikator………………............. 87

5.9 Measurement model variabel faktor kimia tanah Gresik dan

Bangkalan…………………………………………………………………

88

5.10 Measurement model variabel logam berat tanah Gresik dan

Bangkalan…………………………………………………………………

88

5.11 Measurement model variabel faktor fisika Gresik dan Bangkalan............. 89

5.12 Model struktural hasil GSCA: pengaruh langsung………………............. 90

5.13 Model struktural hasil GSCA pengaruh tidak langsung…………………. 92

5.14 Model struktural hasil GSCA pengaruh total…………………………….. 94



xiv

5.15 Korelasi antar parameter model………………………………………….. 95

5.16 Deposit logam berat empat jenis cacing tanah di Gresik dan

Bangkalan…………………………………………………………………

97

5.17 Hasil rerata kandungan sistein (%)………………………………………. 105

5.18 Measurement Model Variabel Faktor Kimia Tanah……………………... 107

5.19 Measurement model variabel logam berat……………………………….. 107

5.20 Measurement Model Variabel Faktor Fisika…………………………….. 108

5.21 Measurement model variabel deposit logam berat……………………….. 108

5.22 Model Struktural Hasil GSCA Pengaruh Langsung…………………….. 109

5.23 Model Struktural Hasil GSCA Pengaruh Tidak Langsung………............. 111

5.24 Model Struktural Hasil GSCA Pengaruh Total………………………… 113

5.25 Korelasi Antar Parameter Model…………………………………........... 115



xv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran Halaman

I Digitasi peta I

II Foto lokasi, diskripsi lokasi dan prosedur

penelitian

IV

III Ciri umum dan peta distribusi jenis-jenis cacing

tanah di Gresik dan Bangkalan

XI

IV Data uji pendahuluan XXV

V Data indeks keanekaragaman XXVII

VI Peta dominasi A. robbustus XXX

VII Data rata-rata hasil logam berat, faktor fisika dan

kimia tanah (tahap I)

XXXII

VIII Data pendukung Hasil PCA Dan GSCA XLII

IX Data hasil pengamatan tahap II (2015) LXXXVI

X Rata-rata kelimpahan, deposit cacing tahap II

dan kandungan sistein tahap III

XCIII

XI Biodata Mahasiswa XCV



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