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RUSSEL FELIX KOITINGBS09110323

DARRELL JUNIOR HOBS09110109

MOHD NAZRI BIN MOHD HUSINBS09110093

SHYBRON BIN JAFFERYSINBS09110378

ISMAIL BIN JALILBS09110033

NURUL AIN BINTI MOHD SHARIFBS09110026

NOR AISHAH BINTI SALLEHBS09110496

NUR SYAHIRA NABILA BINTI MOHD SHAMSUDINBS09110356

ALSHEENA BINTI ABD. NASIPBS09110197

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Seaweed

Kelp Forest at the Monterey Bay Aquarium

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Algae

MulticellularUnicellular

Seaweed

Boron

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DISTRIBUTION OF SEAWEEDS

Seaweeds is a macroscopic, multicellular,

benthic marine algae.

3 types:- Greenalgae(Phylum chlorophyta)

- Brownalgae (Phylum Phaeophyta)

- Redalgae(Phylum Rhodophyta)

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Less common in the

ocean.

Only about 700 sp. are

marine.

Found in shallow water

rocky shores and tide

pools where the light is

abundant.

Green algae (Ulva lactuca)

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About 1800 sp.

Genus Fucus

rockweed or wracks.

Found in temperatewater.

Genus Sargassum

free floating.

Found in warm water.

Prominent sp. in SargassoSea at North Atlanticocean.

Brown algae (Sargassum muticum)

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About 5000 to 6000 sp.

Found from polar to

tropical waters in tide

pools and coral reefs.

Found deeper than

other algae due to

phycobilins pigment

that can absorb blue

light waves.

Red algae (Chondrus

crispus)

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Specificenvironmentrequirements:

- The presence oflight for photosynthesis.- The presence ofseawater or brackish water.

- Afirm for attachment point.

- Commonly inhabit the littoral zones.

- Frequently on rocky shores.

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Seaweeds occupy a wide range ofecologicalniches.

The highest elevation is wetted by the top ofsea

sprays. The lowest is several meters deep.

The deepest living seaweeds kelps

Kelps: - Large seaweeds belongs to brown algae

- Classified as the order Laminariales- Some species can be very long and form

kelp forest.

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Kelp forests:

- One ofthe most productive and dynamic

ecosystems.- Occur worldwide replacing the coral reefs in

most cold (Arctic) and temperatewaters in

both hemispheres.

- Some other large brown algae occupy the cold

waters around Antarctica.

- In 2007, also discovered in tropicalwaters

near Ecuador.

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Red color indicate thekelp forest in deepwaters.

Green color indicate the

kelp forest in surfacewater.

Macrocystis commonlyalong the coast ofeasternPacific Ocean.

Laminaria mostly at thenorth ofAtlantic Oceanand northern ofPacificOcean.

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Structure of Seaweed

pneumatocysts

General structure of a seaweed

Ain

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Structure ofSeaweed

Blades:

leave-like

symmetrically equipped withphotosynthesizing tissue.

Absorb gases across their entire surface and

even participate in reproduction

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Structure ofSeaweed

Stipes

Stem-like

Strong Photosynthesizing

Shock absorbing links tying the blades (or

sheets or filaments) into a unit.

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Structure ofSeaweed

Holdfast

Root-shaped jumple at the base.

Does not take up water and nutrient as doesthe vascular root it resembles.

But it does anchor the seaweed in place

May provide incidental shelter for a richvariety of animal life.

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Structure ofSeaweed

Gas Bladder

Assist many species in reaching strongly

illuminated surface water.

Range in size from tiny, grapelike bunches to

single, volleyball-sized floats.

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Structure ofSeaweed

Pneumatocycsts

act as floating device

Blades, stipes, and holdfast compose the body

ofthe organism, the thallus

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Red algae

~ phylum Rhodophyta.~ have red pigments called phycobilins.~ found in shallow-water environments.~ Coralina sp deposit Calcium carbonat.

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Brown algae~ phylum phaephyta~ Clour varies from olive green to dark

brown due to yellow-brown pigementscalled Fucoxanthin.

~ Can grow up to 70m long.

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Green algae~ phylum chlorophyta.~ unicellular or filamentous and mostly

microscopic.~ have 1-4 flagella for swimming.~ Halimeda sp have thallus which deposit

calcium carbonat.

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Food andDrinks Cosmetic

Medicine Industry

Importance

Aisha

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Seaweed produce 3 types of hydrocolloidwhich also known as gum:

a) agar

b) alginate

c) carrageenan

Hydrocolloid: non-crystalline substanceswith very large molecule and dissolve inwater to give viscous solution

Food and Drinks

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Agar: produce from boiled red alga extract,Gelidium

: use as thickener in jellies, creamed soups and

also pudding.

Carrageenan: extract from red alga, ChondusCrispus

: 3 type of carrageenan

(produce firm gel, produce soft gel,only gel when pair with protein)

: ideal for thickening ice cream or

other dairy products such as yogurt: inhibit formation of ice crystals and

retain a smooth texture.

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Alginate: extract from brown alga, Laminaria.

: used to increase the viscosity of aqueoussolutions and also used to help otheringredient blend together

: used in industrial food and milk processingsuch as beer, baked bun or bread.

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Industry

Meat processing

Substitutes fats, retains moisture and increase yielde.g: Beef patty

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Fertilizer

Bladderwrack, kelp or laminaria, can be eitherapplied to the soil as a mulch or can be added

to the compost heap.

However, caution should be observed whencollecting seaweed, particularly from areas

that are liable to pollution, such as downriver

(including estuaries) of industrial activities as

seaweed is susceptible to contamination.

Naz

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A potential source of bioethanol

Algae can produce up to 30 times more energyper acre than land crops such as soybeans.

Biodegradable, and so relatively harmless tothe environment if spilled.

Can be collected without killing the algae.

Other uses

An ingredient in toothpaste, cosmetic andpaint.

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Cosmetic

Due to its high nutritional value, it works well on skinDetoxify the skin giving tight, firm and glowing skinRi Na Mara Irish Seaweed Cosmetics uses seaweed in

most of their beauty products

Products ranges from face cream to shower gelIndication of how useful and important seaweed can be

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It is also said that seaweed has the ability to promoteweight loss

Japans Hokkaido University is studying a possibility thatthe brown seaweed or Kelps fucoxanthin is able in doingso

So far they have proven that it works on obese rats Not only that, seaweed also helps in improving immune,

endocrine and digestive system

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Medicine

treat cancer, constipation and ulcers

known as perfectly balanced fooddetoxification, elimination of acidic substance from body

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Seaweeds are rich in trace element (iodine, calcium, phosphorus, etc.)

Iodine in seaweed (eg. Kelp) have the same form of amino acids inhuman thyroid gland

Iodine intake can reduce the goitre as well asreduce fatique and also grey hair

Lack of iodine in thyroid gland can causes goitre

Seaweed also contain alginate (natural rubber)

It can help to reduce amount of fat absorb by thebody by 75%

Very useful in weight loss program and overcomeconstipation

Alginate also appeared to show some activity against HIV. If further researches

success, there will be a cure for the HIV in the future.

Alginate structure

Goitre disease

More

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Contain almost every mineral and trace element forsurvival and health

Increase energy, built endurance and enhance

metabolism Improve circulation particularly to the brain

Relieving nervous tension and stress

Other benefits of seaweed in medicine

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How seaweed can treat cancer?

Seaweed contain anticarcinogenic properties

It can inhibit and delaying the cell cancer growth

Mostly found in laminaria (brown algae)

Certain species of brown seaweed such as kombu andwakame contain rich of fucoidan, a complexpolysaccharides

This treatment is already been studied using animals. It is very effective and

contain more antitumor effect than the other conventional cancer.

Fucoidan can make the cancer cell to self-destructwithin 72 hours

Laminaria sp.

Fucoidan structure

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Issues (Negative)

-High Iodine content may produce iodine toxicityif large amount is consumed

-Rotting may give to hydrogen sulfide (toxicgas) - poisoning (vomiting and diarrhea)

Mail

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Issues (Positive)

-Seaweed culture may bring huge profits-Because low cost, easy to culture-Generate high income

-Nutritious (Health)

Mail

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Thankz!

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