fokus kimia spm

8/19/2019 Fokus Kimia SPM

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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK

CHAPTER 2: MATTER

1. To determine melting point

Water bat ! to en"#re #ni$orm eatin% &'ot %ra( ! ) ! a*i" +Start at ,0 o C-.

2. The kinetic theory of matter +"o'id "o'id !'i/#id 'i/#id 'i/#id%a" %a"- Matter i" made #( o$ tin) and di"rete (arti'e" +atom" ion" or mo'e#'e"- tere i" "(ae beteen te"e

(arti'e".

a- arran%ement o$ (arti'e"(a3 'o"e') to%eter order') arran%ement $ar a(art $rom ea oter

b- Mo4ement o$ (arti'e"4ibrate" rotate "'o') ra(id') 4i%oro#"') random').

- 3ineti ener%) ontentd- an%e in ener%) ontent

e- $ore o$ attration"tron% ea3 ea3er

Example:

5ra( "o" the heating curve o$ e'ement 6.

Decri!e te %ra( in term" o$ tate of matter particle arrangement and change in energy.

"ample an#er:

"tage "tate of matter Particle arrangement Change in energy

to ! t1 7i/#id Te (arti'e" are 'o"e to ea oter.

Te (arti'e" arran%ement i" not order').

Te 3ineti ener%) inrea"e"

t1 t2 7i/#id !

%a"eo#"

Some o$ (arti'e" are 'o"e to ea oter

and "ome $ar a(art.Te (arti'e" arran%ement i" not order').

Te 3ineti ener%) i" on"tant

t2 ! t8 5a"eo#" Te (arti'e" are $ar aa) $rom ea oter.Te (arti'e" arran%ement i" not order').

Te 3ineti ener%) inrea"e"

8. Diffuion ! te mo4ement o$ particle +atom9ion"9mo'e#'e- o$ "#b"tane in beteen te (arti'e" o$

anoter "#b"tane 9 $rom i%') onentrated area to 'e"" onentrated area. 5a" : 'i/#id : "o'id

;. $otope ! are atom o$ te "ame e'ement +"ame n#mber o$ (roton- it di$$erent n#mber o$

ne#tron"9n#'eon n#mber.

1

Tem(erat#reoC

Time "

to t1 t2 t8

%oiling point

CoolingHeating


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E*am('e< Com(are atom &2' and atom &()

* *

Atom ' )

&roton n#mber = =

>o. o$ e'etron = =

?a'ene e'etron ; ;

>#mber o$ ne#tron 9 n#'eon n#mber =9 12 @ 91;Cemia' (ro(ertie" "imi'ar

&)"ia' (ro(ertie" di$$erent

>o. o$ o#(ied "e'' "imi'ar

CHAPTER +: CHEM$CA, -.RM/,A

10 Empirical formula< emia' $orm#'a tat "o" te "im('e"t o'e n#mber ratio o$ atom" o$ ea

e'ement in a om(o#nd CH22. Molecular formula< a emia' $orm#'a tat "o" te at#a' n#mber o$ atom" o$ ea e'ement tat i"

(re"ent in a mo'e#'e o$ te om(o#nd C2H(

a- nreati4e meta' ! reation o*ide meta' it)dro%en %a" +C#O &bO SnO -

!1 Diagram

Reati4e meta' + M% Zn ! b#rn in e*e"" o*)%en 9air - ! more reati4e tan H2

c1 Proceure

Wei% and reord te ma"" o$ omb#"tion t#be

it (ore'ain di"

Add a "(at#'a o$ o((er +II- o*ide on te (ore'aindi". Wei% te t#be a%ain.

A''o )dro%en %a" $'o into te t#be $or , ! 10min#te".

B#rn te e*e"" )dro%en.

Heat o((er +II- o*ide trongly0

T#rn o$$ te $'ame en !lack oli turn !ro#nom('ete').

Contin#e te $'o o$ )dro%en #nti' te "et o$

a((arat#" oo' don to room tem(erat#re. Wei% te omb#"tion t#be it it" ontent.

Repeat te (roe"" eatin% oo'in% andei%in% #nti' a on"tant ma"" i" obtained andreord.

3eigh and reord a r#ib'e it it" 'id

Clean M% ribbon it "and (a(er ten oi' te

M% ribbon and ('ae into te r#ib'e. 3eigh and

reord. Heat trongly4 Wen M% ribbon "tart to b#rn o4er te r#ib'eit 'id.

,ift 5 raie te 'id at interval.

Wen te b#rnin% i" om('ete remo4e te 'id and

eat "tron%').A''o te r#ib'e to cool o#n.

3eigh and reord te r#ib'e it ontent and

'id.Repeat te (roe"" eatin% oo'in% and ei%in%

#nti' a on"tant ma"" i" obtained and reord. .!ervation < Wite $#me 9 "o'id $ormed

Reult :

omb#"tion t#be it (ore'ain di" a %

omb#"tion t#be it (ore'ain di" o((er +II-

o*ide b %

omb#"tion t#be it (ore'ain di" o((er %

ma"" o$ o((er 6 c4 a1 g 7 Ma"" o$ o*)%en 6 !4 c 1 g

ma"" o$ r#ib'e 'id a %

ma"" o$ r#ib'e 'id M% ! %

ma"" o$ r#ib'e 'id ma%ne"i#m o*ide c %

ma"" o$ M% + ! 8 a 1 g

4 ma"" o$ o*)%en + c 8 !1 g

2

=(

@n

=(

=n

'

)

H)dro%en


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Calculation:E'ement 9 atom C# O

Ma"" +%- * )

>#mber o$ mo'e * 9 =; ) 9 1=

Sim('e"t ratio o$ mo'e

E'ement 9 atom M% O

Ma"" +%- * )

>#mber o$ mo'e * 9 2; ) 9 1=

Sim('e"t ratio o$ mo'e

Precaution :

&0 The flo# of H2 mut !e continuou uringcooling 8 to prevent hot copper metal from

oxii9e0

20 Allo# hyrogen ga flo# into the tu!e for 8

&; minute to unure air totally remove. Themixture H2 an air may caue an exploion0

8. To determine a'' air tota'') remo4ed o''et teair and ('ae 'i%ted "('inter te %a" b#rn

;. Zn 2HC'à ZnC'2 H2

,. An)dro#" a'i#m 'oride ! to dr) te H2 %a".

=. C#O H2 à C# H2O

Precaution :

1. Clean M% ribbon it "and (a(er to remo4e te'a)er o$ o*ide on it" "#r$ae.

2. ,ift 5 raie te 'id at interval to allo# air in

+0 Wen M% ribbon "tart to b#rn o4er te r#ib'e

it 'id to a4oid te ite $#me (rod#ed $rom

bein% e"a(e to te air.

;. Repeat te (roe"" eatin% oo'in% andei%in% to make ure all magneium icompletely reacte #ith oxygen0

0 2Mg ? .2 2Mg.

8. Ba"ed on te to $orm#'ae >a2O C#I

6a1 State te oxiation num!er $or "odi#m and o((er.

6!1 >ame bot te om(o#nd ba"ed on I&AC nomen'at#re ")"tem.

6c1 E*('ain te di$$erene beteen te name" o$ te to om(o#nd" ba"ed on $/PAC nomenclature

ytem0

"ample an#er:

@a2. Cu$O*idation n#mber $or

"odi#m and o((er

1 1

I&AC >omen'at#re Sodi#m o*ide Co((er +I- iodide

Rea"on Doe" not a4e roman num!er

bea#"e "odi#m a" only one o*idation n#mber

Ha" roman n#mber bea#"e

o((er a" more than one o*idation n#mber

CHAPTER (: PER$.D$C TA%,E

1. E*('ain te $o''oin% "tatement" re$errin% to te e'etron arran%ement o$ te e'ement".

+a- Te e'ement" o$ 5ro#( 1@ are unreative and e*i"t a" monoatomic (arti'e" +8 mar3"-

The point are:

+D#('et 9otet- e'etron arran%ement. >o tenden) to donate ae(t "are e'etron"

Remain a" iniviual particle

8


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+b- Te reati4it) o$ roup $ e'ement" increae don te %ro#( erea" te reati4it) o$ roup

&B e'ement" ecreae don te %ro#(. +12 mar3"-

The point are:

Explanation roup $ roup &B

1 Can%e in (roton n#mber Inrea"e" Inrea"e"

2 Can%e in n#mber o$ e'etron" and e'etron $i''ed "e''" Inrea"e" Inrea"e"8 Can%e in atomi "ie9radi#"9diameter Inrea"e" Inrea"e"

; Stren%t o$ e'etro"tati attration beteen n#'e#" and

4a'ene e'etron

Derea"e" 9ea3er Derea"e" 9ea3er

, Tenden) to Re'ea"e" e'etron

inrea"e"

Attrat t9 ae(t

e'etron derea"e"

= To beome &o"iti4e ion >e%ati4e ion

F Reati4it) Inrea"e" Derea"e"

+2- E*('ain o te me'tin% (oint o$ roup & e'ement" change o#n the group +; mar3"-

ecreae %rad#a'')

Reaonatomi "ie inrea"e"

metallic !oning beteen te atom" beome ea3er

7e"" ener%) i" re/#ired 9 needed to o4erome ti" meta''i bondin%.

+8- Chemical propertie of element in group &B

I Reation it ater C'2 H2O à HC' HOC'

II Reation it "odi#m )dro*ide C'2 2>aOH à >aC' >aOC' H2O

III Reation it iron 8C'2 2Ge à 2GeC'8 +bron "o'id-

E*am('e< Compare te reati4it) o$ reation" beteen 'orine and bromine it iron. Diagram $$$

Reaction Reactant .!ervation

A Iron 'orine %a" Te ot iron oo' i%nite" ra(id') it a bri%t $'ame.

A bron "o'id i" $ormed.

B Iron bromine %a" Te ot iron oo' %'o" moderate') it $a"t.

A bron "o'id i" $ormed.

"ample an#er:

a- Cemia' e/#ation< 8C'2 2Ge à 2GeC'8

b- Te reactivity o$ reation A i" i%er tan reation B.- Te atomic i9e o$ 'orine i" maller tan bromine.

d- Te force of attraction of the nucleu to#ar the electron are tronger.

e- It i" eaier $or 'orine atom to attract5receive e'etron.

;

C'orine %a"

"oium hyroxie olution

"oa limeHot iron oo'

HC' +on"- KMnO;+"-

To

(rod#e

C'2$$$ $$


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+;- Acro perio + atomi radi#" +atomi "ie- derea"e" 9 electronegativity inrea"e". Explain0

a- &roton n#mber inrea"e" b) one #nit. b- Te n#mber o$ 4a'ene e'etron" in ea atom inrea"e".

- &o"iti4e ar%e o$ te n#'e#" inrea"e" t#"

d- >#'ei attration on 4a'ene e'etron inrea"e".

e- Atomi radi#" +atomi "ie- derea"e"$- Tenden) to reei4e e'etron inrea"e" +to $orm ne%ati4e ion- t#" electronegativity increae.

+,- Cemia' (ro(ertie" o$ the oxie of element aro"" &eriod 8 an%e" from !aic oxie to amphoteric

oxie to aciic oxie0

Ba"i o*ide ! "odi#m o*ide +>a2O-

Am(oteri o*ide ! A'#mini#m o*ide +A'2O8-Aidi o*ide ! "#'(#r dio*ide SO2

CHEPTER : CHEM$CA, %.@D

+a- 5ro#( 1 e'ement" reat it 5ro#( 1F e'ement" to (rod#e om(o#nd" tat a4e high melting point0+; mar3"-

The point are:

$onic compoun (rod#ed

Bea#"e in4o'4e tranfer of electron beteen meta' atom and non meta' atom.

Meta' atom donate" 4a'ene e'etron to $orm (o"iti4e ion non meta' atom ae(t" e'etron tone%ati4e ion.

Te oppoitely ar%ed ion are e'd to%eter b) trong electrotatic force0More heat energy i" needed to overcome te "tron% $ore o$ attration.

-ormation of ionic compoun 6metal =roup &72 &+> an non metal = roup &(7 &7 &* &B>1

"ample an#er:1. E'etron arran%ement o$ atom 6 @a 7 20& Cl 200B 1 55 valence electron2. To aie4e "tab'e 9 otet e'etron arran%ement8. Atom 6 @a- re'ea"e" one 9 valence e'etron to $orm "odi#m ion >a

;. Half e


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2. To contruct the electrochemitry ba"ed on tenency to releae electron 9(otentia' di$$erene" voltaic

cell5 Electrochemical cell0

8. To on"tr#t te e'etroemi"tr) ba"ed on abi'it) 9 tenden) o$ meta'to iplace another metal $rom it "a't" "o'#tion.

Diplacement reaction: a meta' i i" i%er in te e'etroemia'

"erie" i" ab'e to di"('ae a meta' be'o it in a "erie" $rom it" "a't "o'#tion.

Example: Zn C#SO; à ZnSO; C# 99 Znà Zn2 2e 9 C#2 2eà C#

Cell P Cell F

;. Com(are and ontra"t e'' P and F. In'#de in )o#r an"er te ob"er4ation and a'$ e/#ation $or tereation o$ te e'etrode" in bot e''".

Cell P Characteritic Cell FE'etria'àemia' Ener%) an%e Cemia'à e'etria'

4e 9 anode< o((er +O6IDATIO>-

4e 9 atode< o((er

E'etrode 4e9atode< o((er

4e9 anode< 'ead +O6IDATIO>-

C#2 H

OH SO;2

Ion" (re"ent in

te e'etro')te

C#2 H

OH SO;2

Anode


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CHAPTER B: AC$D A@D %A"E

An aci i" emia' "#b"tane i ionie" in ater to (rod#e )dro%en ion H?

A ba"e i" a emia' "#b"tane i ionie" in ater to (rod#e )dro*ide ion" .H4

A'3a'i i" a "o'#b'e ba"e.

%aicity i" te n#mber o$ ioni"ab'e )dro%en atom" (er mo'e#'e o$ an aid.

1. E*('ain ) te"e to "o'#tion" a4e di$$erent (H 4a'#e"• identi$) "tron% aid ea3 aid• de$inition "tron% aid• de$inition ea3 aid• onentration o$ H

• re'ation"i( beteen (H 4a'#e and onentration o$ )dro%en ion" H?

"ample an#er:

1. H)dro'ori aid i" a trong aci i'e metanoi aid i" a #eak aci.

2. H)dro'ori aid om('ete') ionie" in #ater to $orm higher concentration o$ )dro%en ion".

HC' H2O à H8O C' 99 HC'à H C' H8O

)dro*oni#m ion

8. Metanoi aid ionie" (artia'') in #ater to $orm lo#er concentration )dro%en ion"

CH8COOH à CH8COO H

;. Te higher te onentration o$ )dro%en ion" te lo#er te (H 4a'#e.

2. Aim< To etermine the en point uring the neutrali9ation of potaium hyroxie

an hyrochloric aci

A((arat#"< 2, m8 (i(ette b#rette 2,0 m8 onia' $'a"3 retort "tand ite ti'e

Materia'< (ota""i#m )dro*ide and )dro'ori aid 0.1 mo' dm8 (eno'(ata'ein.

Proceure:

1. Rin"e a b#rette it a "ma'' amo#nt )dro'ori aid 0.1 mo' dm8 .

2. C'am( te b#rette on retort "tand.8. Gi'' te b#rette it )dro'ori aid 0.1 mo' dm8 .Ad#"t te meni"#" 'e4e' o$ aid to a readin% at 0.

;. Reord te initia' b#rette readin%.

,. &i(ette 2,.0 m8 o$ (ota""i#m )dro*ide 0.1 mo' dm 8 into onia' $'a"3.=. Add to dro( o$ (eno'(ata'ein.

F. Add )dro'ori aid 0.1 mo' dm8 are$#''). Sir' te onia' $'a"3 d#rin% te (roe"".

@. Wen te o'o#r o$ te mi*t#re t#rn (a'er add )dro'ori aid dro( b) dro(.. Sto( addin% te )dro'ori aid a" "oon a" te "o'#tion t#rn" o'o#r'e"".

10. Reord te $ina' b#rette readin%.

11. Re(eat "te(" 110 tie. Tab#'ate )o#r readin%.

@

Te (H 4a'#e o$ 1.0 mo' dm8 )dro'ori aid i" 1Te (H 4a'#e o$ 1.0 mo' dm8 metanoi aid i" ;

MA?A a

MB?B b


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Reult :

Titration 1 2 8

Gina' b#rette readin% m8

Initia' b#rette readin% m8

?o'#me o$ )dro'ori aid 0.1 mo' dm8 m8

+0 Preparation "tanar olution 6 ;0& mol m4+ @a.H7 &;; cm+1

1. a'#'ate te ma"" o$ "o'#te + mo'e 0.1 * 10091000 0.01 ma""9 ;0-2. ei% 0.;% o$ >aOH in ei%in% bott'e #"in% di%ita' ba'ane 9 e'etroni ba'ane8. (o#r into a bea3er rin"e te bott'e it di"ti''ed ater.;. di""o'4e >aOH it a 'itt'e + 10 ! 20 m8 -di"ti''ed ater.,. tran"$er te mi*t#re into 4o'#metri $'a"3 100 m8 rin"e te bea3er it di"ti''ed ater.=. (o#r te a"in%" into 4o'#metri $'a"3 100 m8

F. add di"ti''ed ater "a3e e''@. add di"ti''ed ater dro( b) dro( to $ina'') brin% te 4o'#me o$ "o'#tion to te 100 m8 mar3 9

a'ibration mar3.

Preparation of a tanar olution !y ilution metho

M&G& M2G2M& 8 initial molarity

G& 4 initial volume

M2 8 final molarity

G2 8 final volume

@.TE : C.@CE@TRAT$.@ 8 &0 M.,AR$T) 4 mol m4+

20 g m4+

@eutrali9ation in our aily live

A%ri#'t#re &odered 'ime +CaO- 'ime"tone +CaCO8- a"e" o$ b#rnt ood"ed to treat aidi "oi'.

Ind#"trie" 1. &odered 'ime +CaO-

"ed to treat aidi e$$'#ent $rom $atorie" aidi %a" SO2 emitted b) (oer "tation and

ind#"trie".

2. Ammonia (re4ent te oa%#'ation o$ 'ate* b) ne#tra'iin% te aid (rod#ed b) bateria in te 'ate*.

Hea't 1. Antiaid" ontain ba"e" "# a" a'#mini#m )dro*ide and ma%ne"i#m )dro*ide to

ne#tra'ie te e*e"" aid in te "toma.

2. ?ine%ar +itri aid- i" #"ed to #re a"( "tin%" tat are a'3a'ine in nat#re.8. Ba3in% (oder +>aHCO8- i" #"ed to #re bee "tin%" and ant bite" tat are aidi in

nat#re.

;. Toot(a"te ontain" ba"e" tat ne#tra'ie te aid (rod#e" b) bateria in o#r mo#t


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CHAPTER "A,T

A alt i" a om(o#nd $ormed en te hyrogen ion7 H $rom an aid i" re('aed b) a metal ion or an

ammonium ion7 @H(?

Preparation of olu!le alt

! aid reati4e meta'+Zn 9 M%-à

"a't H2 9 2H

?

? Mg Mg

2?

? H2 ! aci ? !ae 6 metal oxie1 alt ? #ater

! aid a'3a'ià "a't ater 9 H? ? .H4 H2. 6 @a.H7 I.H7 @H(.H1

! aci ? car!onate metal alt ? C.2 ? H2. 5 2H? ? C.+

2? C.2 ? H2.

Proceure:

&0 pour + 2, ! 100m8- aid + 0., ! 2.0 mo' dm8- into a bea3er

20 eat "'o')

+0 add "o'id 6metal 5 !ae5 car!onate 1 a little #nti' e*e"" 9 no more di""o'4e

(0 tir

0 filter te mi*t#re into evaporating ih

*0 heat +"'o')- te filtrate #nti' 198 $rom ori%ina' 4o'#me 9 "at#rated "o'#tion $ormed

B0 cool o#n te "at#rated "o'#tion +#nti' r)"ta''ied -0 filter +to "e(arate te r)"ta'"-

J0 ry 9 tran"$er onto $i'ter (a(er 9 dr) beteen "eet" o$ $i'ter (a(er

.!ervation

Chemical ea2SO;-

8. tir

;. filter te mi*t#re

,. rine reiue 9 "o'id 9 (rei(itate

=. ry beteen "eet" o$ $i'ter (a(er

.!ervation

Cemia' e/#ation

Ioni e/#ation

Action of heat on alt

Car!onateà o*ide meta' +ba"e- CO2 except >a K and >H;

E*am('e< C#CO8 à C#O CO2

@itrate à o*ide meta' nitro%en o*ide o*)%en except >a K 7 62>a>O8 à 2>a>O2 O2 -

E*am('e < 2M%+>O8-2 à 2M%O ;>O2 O2

6%ro#n ga1

10


11/46


Ammonium chlorie à ammonia %a" )dro%en 'oride %a" +>H;C' à >H8 HC' -

Confirmatory tet for cation an anion

1. State te materia' 9 emia' 9 rea%ent2. (roed#re

8. ob"er4ation

;. on'#"ion

Example: Yo# are %i4en a bott'e o$ ammoni#m 'oride "o'#tion. Decri!e chemical te"t to

4eri$) te ation and anion.

6a1 tet for cation +>H;-

&0 (o#r 2 cm+ te "o'#tion" into a te"t t#be

20 add 1 m8 o((er +II- "#'(ate "o'#tion

+0 b'#e (rei(itate "o'#b'e in e*e"" to $orm ark !lue olution0

.R

(0 add 2 to + rop of @eler reagent into te te"t t#be0 bron (rei(itate.

*0 Ammonium ion 6@H(?1 preent0

6!1 tet for anion 6Cl41

&0 (o#r 2 cm+ te "o'#tion into a te"t t#be

20 add 1 m8 o$ ilute nitri aid and "i'4er nitrate olution.

+0 ite (rei(itate $ormed

(0 on$irm te (re"ene o$ chlorie ion

Example: Yo# are %i4en 'ead +II- nitrate and a'#mini#m nitrate "o'#tion. De"ribe emia' te"t to4eri$) te ation and anion.

6c1 tet for cation

&0 (o#r 2 m8 te "o'#tion" into di$$erent te"t t#be"

20 add 1 m8 (ota""i#m ioie "o'#tion into te te"t t#be"

+0 yello# (rei(itate $ormed

(0 lea 6$$1 ion (re"ent

61 tet for anion

&0 (o#r 2 m8 o$ 'ead +II- nitrate olution into a te"t t#be

20 add 1 m

8

o$ di'#te "#'(#ri aid+0 add 1 m8 o$ iron +II- "#'(ate "o'#tion

(0 "a3e te mi*#re

0 tilt te te"t t#be add concentrate ulphuric aid carefully 99 rop !y rop don te "ide o$

te te"t t#be

*0 te bron rin% $ormed

B0 nitrate ion7 @.+4 preent.

11


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Aim : To on"tr#t te ioni e/#ation $or te $ormation o$ 'ead +II- romate+?I-

=Continuou variation metho>

Apparatu : Te"t t#be" o$ te "ame "ie te"t t#be ra3 b#rette retort "tand it

'am( r#'er %'a"" rod dro((er.

Material : 0., mo' dm8 (ota""i#m romate +?I- "o'#tion 0., mo' dm8 'ead +II-

nitrate "o'#tion.

Proceure : 1. Se4en te"t t#be" o$ te "ame "ie ere 'abe''ed $rom n#mber 1 to F. Te) ere ('aed in a te"t t#be

ra3.

2. A b#rette a" $i''ed ;0 mol m4+ lea 6$$1 nitrate olution7 0;; cm+ of the lea 6$$1 nitrate

olution a" r#n into ea te "e4en t#be".

8. Anoter b#rette a" $i''ed it 0., mo' dm8 (ota""i#m romate +?I- "o'#tion.

;. &ota""i#m romate +?I- "o'#tion $rom te b#rette a" added into ea o$ te "e4en te"t t#be"

aordin% to te 4o'#me" "(ei$ied in te tab'e.

,. Te mi*t#re in ea te"t t#be a" "tirred it a 'ean %'a"" rod.=. Te te"t t#be" ere 'e$t a"ide $or abo#t an o#r.

F. Te ei%t o$ te (rei(itate in ea te"t t#be a" mea"#red. Te o'o#r o$ te "o'#tion abo4e te (rei(itate in ea te"t t#be a" ob"er4ed and reorded.

Reult:Tet tu!e & 2 + ( * B

?o'#me o$ 0., mo'

dm8

&b+>O8-2 9m8

,.00 ,.00 ,.00 ,.00 ,.00 ,.00 ,.00

?o'#me o$ 0., mo'

dm8

K 2Cr O; 9m8

1.00 2.00 8.00 ;.00 ,.00 =.00 F.00

Hei%t o$ (rei(itate+m-

0.=0 1.20 1.@0 2.;0 8.00 8.00 8.00

Co'o#r o$ "o'#tion

abo4e te (rei(itate

o'o#r'e"" o'o#r'e"" o'o#r'e"" o'o#r'e"" o'o#r'e"" )e''o )e''o

Paper 2

Dicuion

Te 4o'#me o$ 0., mo' dm8 (ota""i#m romate +?I- "o'#tion re/#ired to e*at') reat it ,.00 m8 o$ 0.,

mo' dm8 'ead +II- nitrate "o'#tion i" ,.00 m8.

Calculation:

>#mber o$ mo'e" 'ead +II- ion" M?

0., * ,.0091000 0.002, mo'.

>#mber o$ mo'e" romate +?I- ion" M?

0., * ,.0091000 0.002, mo'.Sim('e"t mo'e ratio o$ 'ead +II- ion" < romate +?I- ion"

0.002, < 0.002,

1 < 1

12


13/46


Dicuion:

1. A )e''o (rei(itate o$ 'ead +II- romate +?I- i" $ormed in ea o$ te "e4en te"t t#be".

2. Te ei%t o$ te (rei(itate inrea"e" %rad#a'') $rom te"t t#be" 1 to , bea#"e more and more 'ead +II-

romate +?I- i" $ormed d#e to te inrea"in% amo#nt o$ (ota""i#m romate +?I- added to te te"t t#be".

8. Te o'o#r o$ "o'#tion abo4e te (rei(itate in te"t t#be" 1 to ; are o'o#r'e"" d#e to te e*e"" 'ead +II-nitrate.

;. Te o'o#r o$ "o'#tion abo4e te (rei(itate in te"t t#be" = to F i" )e''o d#e to te e*e"" (ota""i#m

romate +?I-.,. Ioni e/#ation< &b2 Cr 2OF

2 à &bCr 2OF

Concluion:

A" 9 en te 4o'#me o$ (ota""i#m romate +?I- "o'#tion #"ed inrea"e" te ei%t o$ te (rei(itate

inrea"e" #nti' it aie4e" a ma*im#m ei%t.

CHAPTER J : MA@/-ACT/RED "/%"TA@CE" $@ $@D/"TR)

&0 Contact proce: manufacture ulphuric aci

Sta%e E/#ation E*('anation

1 S O2 à SO2 S#'(#r i" b#rned in te e*e"" o$ o*)%en %a" to (rod#e "#'(#r

dio*ide %a".

2 2SO2 O2 à 2SO8 SO2 i" ten eated in e*e"" o*)%en %a" ata')"t ?anadi#m +?-

o*ide 1 atm and ;,0 ! ,,0 o C to (rod#e "#'(#r trio*ide %a".

8 SO8 H2SO; à H2S2OF 5a" "#'$#r trio*ide di""o'4e in "#'(#ri aid to (rod#e o'e#m

; H2S2OF H2O à2H2SO; O'e#m i" added to ater to (rod#e "#'$#ri aid

a ".+ i not iolve in #ater to prouce H2".( traight a#ay !ecaue the reaction #ill prouce a

lot of heat #hich i angerou6 caue the forming of aci fume1

"a%e o$ "#'(#ri aid<

To man#$at#re $erti'ier "oa( and deter%ent

To ma3e e*('o"i4e materia' (aint 9 (i%ment (o')mer A" meta' 'eaner and e'etro')te in ar batter).

20 Ha!er Proce

>2 8H2 à 2>H8

Conition: Cata')"t< iron tem(erat#re< ;,0 ! ,,0 oC &re""#re 200 ! ,00 atm

"a%e< to man#$at#re $erti'ier

2>H8 H2SO; à +>H; -2 SO;

8>H8 H8&O; à +>H; -8 &O;

>H8 H>O8 à >H; >O8

18


14/46


8. Hi% (erenta%e o$ nitro%en i" a %ood $erti'"er $or ('ant". Ho to a'#'ate N> in $erti'i"er#rea CO+>H2-2 and ammoni#m nitrate +>H; >O8- i one i" a better $erti'i"er

RAM < >1;P C12 PO1=P H1

"ample an#er:

N > in rea ma"" o$ nitro%en 9 RMM #rea * 100

2*1; 9 =0 * 100 ;=.=FN

N > in >H; >O8 2*1; 9 @0 * 100 8,.00 N

/rea i a goo fertili9er tan ammoni#m nitrate bea#"e te percentage o$ nitro%en in #rea higher tan

ammoni#m nitrate.

;. De"ribe o toxic #ate (rod#t $rom $ator) a$$et" te /#a'it) o$ te en4ironment. Yo#r de"ri(tion

"o#'d in'#de te $o''oin% a"(et". "ource7 proce an effect0

"ample an#er:

1. "ource> "#'(#r dio*ide %a" (rod#ed b) $ator) or b#rnin% o$ $o""i' $#e'"

2. proce "#'(#r dio*ide %a" di""o'4e" in rain ater 9 ater to $orm aid rain

2SO2 O2 2H2Oà 2H2SO;>

8. effect to*i a"te 9 aid $'o" to into 'a3e" and ri4er" aid rain 'oer" te (H 4a'#e o$ ater "oi'

and air.

;. Gi" and oter a/#ati or%ani"m" die.,. aid rain orrode" onrete b#i'din%" and meta' "tr#t#re"

=. aid de"tro)" tree" in $ore"t

F. Aid rain reat" it minera'" in "oi' to (rod#e" "a't i are 'eaed o#t te to( "oi'.@. &'ant" die o$ ma'n#trition and di"ea"e".

. Soi' beome" aidi #n"#itab'e $or %rot o$ ('ant" and de"tro)" te root" o$ ('ant".

10. "#'(#r dio*ide a#"e" re"(irator) (rob'em" in #man".

,. P.,$MER < large molecule made #( o$ identia' re(eatin% "#b#nit" o$ monomer i are

oined to%eter b) o4a'ent bond".

"ynthetic polymer Monomer /e

&o')tene Etene &'a"ti ba%" ('a"ti ontainer

&o')(ro(ene &ro(ene &i(in% ar batterie"&o')4in)' 'oride &?C C'oroetene Arti$iia' 'eater ater (i(e

&er"(e* Met)'metar)'ate Sa$et) %'a"" re$'etor"

1;monomer + etene- (o')mer +(o')etene-


15/46


A,,.)

An alloy i" a mi*t#re o$ to or more e'ement" it a ertain $i*ed om(o"ition in i te maor

om(onent i" a meta'.

&0 Te om(o"ition (ro(ertie" and #"e" o$ "ome alloy

Alloy Compoition Propertie /e

Brone CuTin

Hard and "tron%

doe" not orrode ea"i')a" "in) "#r$ae

in b#i'din% o$ "tat#e or mon#ment".

in ma3in% o$ meda'""ord" and arti"ti materia'

Bra"" CuZin

arder tan o((er in ma3in% o$ m#"ia' in"tr#ment" and3itenare

Stee' $ron

Carbon

Hard and "tron% in on"tr#tion o$ b#i'din%" and brid%e"

in b#i'din% o$ te bod) o$ ar" and rai'a)tra3"

Stain'e"""tee'

$ronCarbon

Cromi#m

"in)"tron%

doe" not r#"t

in ma3in% o$ #t'er)in ma3in% o$ "#r%ia'

in"tr#ment

D#ra'#min AluminiumCo((er

Ma%ne"i#mman%ane"e

'i%t

"tron%

in b#i'din% o$ te bod) o$ aero('ane and

b#''et train"

&eter Tin Co((er

antimon)

'#"tre "in)

"tron%

In ma3in% o$ "o#4enir"

Brone i" harer tan (#re o((er. E*('ain.

Reaon:

1. Te (re"ene o$ atom" o$ oter meta'" 9 tin tat are ifferent i9e2. Dirupt te order') arran%ement o$ o((er atom"

8. Tin atom" reuce te layer of copper atom $rom "'idin%

;. A''o) i" "tron%er and harer tan (#re meta'

2. Yo# a4e 'earnt te teel i" an a''o) o$ iron. Stee' i" arder tan pure iron. Bot iron and "tee' an r#"ten e*(o"ed to air and ater. Do they rut at the ame rate

Aim : To om(are the rate of ruting beteen iron "tee' and "tain'e"" "tee'

Pro!lem "tatement

Ho# oe the rate of ruting beteen iron "tee' and "tain'e"" "tee' di$$er

Hypothei

Iron r#"t $a"ter tan "tee' and "tee' r#"t $a"ter tan "tain'e"" "tee'.

Garia!le

1,


16/46


Manipulate : Iron "tee' and "tain'e"" "tee'.

Reponing : inten"it) 9 amo#nt o$ dar3 b'#e o'o#r 9 rate of ruting

-ixe : "ie o$ nai' onentration o$ "o'#tion d#ration o$ r#"tin%

Proceure:

1. C'ean te nai'" it "and (a(er +to remo4ed te r#"t $rom a'' te nai'"-

2. &'ae te iron nai' "tee' nai' and "tain'e"" "tee' nai' into te te"t t#be A B and C re"(eti4e').

8. &re(are a , N e'') "o'#tion b) addin% , % e'') to 100 m8

o$ boi'in% ater. Add a $e dro( o$ potaiumhexacyanoferrate 6$$$1 "o'#tion.

;. &o#r te ot e'') into te te"t t#be" #nti' a'' te nai'" are $#'') immer"ed.

,. 7ea4e te nai'" $or 8 da)".=. Ob"er4e and reord te inten"it) o$ te dar3 b'#e o'o#r.

Ta!ulation of ata

Paper 2

Concluion

1. Te onentration o$ Ge2 ion" in te te"t t#be A i" i%er tan in te"t t#be B. >o Ge2 ion" are (re"ent in

te"t t#be C.

2. Te rate o$ r#"tin% in te"t t#be A i" i%er tan tat in te"t t#be B. >o r#"tin% ta3e" ('ae in te"t t#be C.A''o) "'o don te rate o$ r#"tin%.

Propertie7 compoition an ue ifferent type of gla

Type Propertie Chemical

compoition

/e

G#"ed %'a"" ?er) i% "o$tenin% (oint

Hi%') eat re"i"tantDoe" not ra3 en tem(erat#re an%e"

4er) re"i"tant to emia' reation"

di$$i#'t to be "a(ed

SiO2 7en"e" te'e"o(e

mirror" o(tia' $ibre"7aborator) %'a""are.

Soda 'ime

%'a""

'o "o$tenin% (oint

doe" not it"tand eatin%brea3 ea"i')

'e"" re"i"tant to emia' reation"

ea") to be "a(ed

ra3" ea"i') it "#dden an%e in tem(erat#re

SiO2CaCO8 9 >a2CO8

G'at %'a"" 'i%t b#'b

mirror" %'a""ontainer".

Boro"i'iate 'oer terma' oe$$iient

eat re"i"tant Doe" not ra3 en tem(erat#re an%e"

4er) re"i"tant to emia' reation"

doe" not brea3 ea"i')

SiO2B2O8

>a2O

7aborator) %'a""are

oo3in% #ten"i'".A#tomobi'e

ead'i%t".

7ead %'a"" 'o "o$tenin% (oint

i% den"it)

Hi% re$rati4e inde*

SiO2&bO

CaO

Deorati4e item"

r)"ta' %'a"" are

'en" (ri"m ande'ier

Te"t t#be Te inten"it) o$ te dar3 b'#e o'o#r 99

rate o$ r#"tin%

A

B

C

1=


17/46


Compoite Material i" a "tr#t#ra' materia' tat i" $ormed b) com!ining t#o or more di$$erent

"#b"tane" "# a metal7 alloy7 gla7 ceramic an polymer.

Compoitematerial

Component Propertie ofcomponent

Propertie ofcompoite

/e ofcomponent

Rein$ored

onrete

Conrete Hard b#t britt'e 'o

ten"i'e "tren%t

Stron%er i% ten"i'e

"tren%t doe" not

orrode ea"i') anit"tand i%er

a(('ied $ore" and

'oad" ea(er.

Con"tr#tion o$

$rameor3 $or

i%a) brid%e"and i%ri"e

b#i'din%Stee' Hard it i% ten"i'e

"tren%t b#t e*(en"i4eand an orrode.

S#(er

ond#tor

Co((er+II-o*ide

bari#m o*ide

In"#'ator" o$ e'etriit) Cond#t" e'etriit) 5enerator"

tran"$ormer"

e'etri ab'eam('i$ier"

om(#ter (art"MRI

Gibre o(ti" 5'a"" o$ 'o

re$rati4e inde*

Tran"(arent doe" re$'et

'i%t ra)".

re$'et 'i%t ra)" and

a''o 'i%t ra)" to

tra4e' a'on% te $iber

Tran"mit data in te

$orm o$ 'i%t in

te'eomm#niation"

5'a"" o$ i%

re$rati4e inde*

Gibre %'a"" 5'a"" Hea4) "tron% b#t britt'e

and non$'e*ib'e

7i%t "tron% to#%

re"i'ient and $'e*ib'eit i% ten"i'e"tren%t not

in$'ammab'e 'o

den"it) ea"i')o'o#red "a(ed and

mo#'ded.

Water "tora%e

tan3" "ma'' boate'met

&o')e"ter ('a"ti 7i%t $'e*ib'e e'a"ti

b#t ea3 andin$'ammab'e

&oto

romi

%'a""

5'a"" Tran"(arent doe" re$'et

'i%t ra)".

Sen"iti4e to 'i%t <

dar3en" en 'i%t

inten"it) i" i%

beome" 'ear en'i%t inten"it) i" 'o.

&otoromi

o(tia' 'en" amera

'en" ar

ind"ie'd" o(tia'"ite" 'i%t

inten"it) meter".

Si'4er 'orideor "i'4er bromide

Sen"iti4e to 'i%t

1F


18/46


19/46


@ote:

1. Cata')"t ! a "#b"tane #hich alter te rate o$ emia' reation i'e remain chemically

unchange at te end o$ reation.

2. .!erva!le change $or mea"#rin% te rate o$ reation.

+a- 4o'#me o$ %a" 'iberated+b- (rei(itate $ormation

+- an%e in ma"" d#rin% reation o'o#r tem(erat#re (re""#re

1. Cata')"t +Man%ane"e +I?- o*ide-

a- Deom(o"ition o$ "odi#m 'orate +?- 2>aC'O8 à 2>aC' 8O2

b- Deom(o"ition )dro%en (ero*ide 2H2O2 à 2H2O O2

2. Catalytic converter in te ar e*a#"t ")"tem ontain rodi#m ('atin#m or romi#m +III- o*ide Cr 2O8.

Example:

&0 Aim: To in4e"ti%ate te effect of temperature o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate >a2S2O8 olution on te rate o$

reation

Pro!lem "tatement:

Ho# oe tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate >a2S2O8 "o'#tion a$$et te rate o$ reation

Hypothei:

Wen te tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate >a2S2O8 olution inrea"e" te rate o$ reation inrea"e".99 te

i%er te tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate olution te i%er te rate o$ reation.

Garia!le:

Manipulate :Tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate "o'#tion.

Reponing :Rate o$ reation9 Time ta3en $or te ro"" Q6 to di"a((ear $rom te "i%t.

-ixe : Concentration an volume o$ "#'(#ri aid concentration an volume o$ "odi#m

tio"#'(ate "o'#tion.

Apparatu : 1,0 m8 onnia' $'a"3 ,0 m8 mea"#rin% )'inder10m8 mea"#rin% )'inder "to(at

termometer B#n"en b#rner tri(od "tand ire %a#e.

Material: ;02 mol m4+ "odi#m tio#'(ate "o'#tion 1.0 mo' dm8 "#'(#ri aid ite (a(er mar3ed 6

at te entre.

Proceure


20/46


F.Te "to(at i" "to((ed a" "oon a" te mar3 di"a((ear $rom "i%[email protected] ta3en i" reorded.

. Ste(" 1 to are re(eated b) #"in% te di$$erent tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate "o'#tion.

Data an .!ervation

Experiment Temperature 7

6oC1

Time taken for the K'L mark to

iappear from vie#7 t 61

&5 time taken 7

&5t 6 4&1

1 2@2 8,

8 ;0

; ;,

, ,0

Dicuion

Ba"ed on ('otted %ra(< a'#'ation

Te i%er te tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate te "orter te time ta3en $or ro""Q6 to di"a((ear

$rom te "i%t.Te rate o$ reation diret') (ro(ortiona' to te tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate "o'#tion #"ed. 99

A" te tem(erat#re "odi#m tio"#'(ate "o'#tion inrea"e" te time ta3en derea"e". Tere$ore te rate o$ reation inrea"e".

Concluion :

Te rate o$ reation inrea"e" a" te tem(erat#re "odi#m tio#'(ate "o'#tion inrea"e".

Energy profile iagram

20

1. Ea ! ati4ation ener%) ito#t ata')"t2. Ea ati4ation ener%) it ata')"t

8. E*otermi reation ! eat re'ea"ed 9%i4en o#t

;. Ener%) ontent in reatant" i%er tan (rod#t",. U H i" te ener%) di$$erene in reatant" and (rod#t"=. Heat %i4en o#t d#rin% !on formation i" greater tan eat

ab"orbed d#rin% !on !reaking

F. E*otermi reaton. U H


21/46


20 Aim: to in4e"ti%ate effect of catalyt on te rate o$ deom(o"ition )dro%en (ero*ide.

Pro!lem tatement: ho# oe a ata')"t a$$et te rate o$ deom(o"ition )dro%en (ero*ide

Hypothei< man%ane"e +I?- o*ide MnO2 inrea"e" te rate o$ deom(o"ition o$ )dro%en (ero*ide

Garia!le:

Mani(#'ated < (re"ene o$ man%ane"e +I?- o*ide +MnO2-

Re"(ondin% < rate o$ reation

Gi*ed < onentration o$ H2O2 initia' tem(erat#re o$ H2O2 "o'#tion.

Apparatu< te"t t#be 10 m8 mea"#rin% )'inder te"t t#be ra3 "(at#'a.

Material: +,10- ! 4o'#me o$ H2O2 "o'#tion man%ane"e +I?- o*ide +MnO2- (oder ooden "('inter

Proceure:

1. 'abe' to te"t t#be a" A and B2. "in% a mea"#rin% )'inder mea"#re , m8 o$ 20 ! 4o'#me o$ H2O2 "o'#tion and (o#r into te"t

t#be A.

8. Add V "(at#'a o$ man%ane"e +I?- o*ide (oder into te"t t#be A.;. Sa3e te te"t t#be.

,. Immediate') ('ae a %'oin% "('inter into te te"t t#be.

=. Ob"er4e and reord te an%e".F. Re(eat te "ame (roed#re $or te"t t#be B ito#t MnO2

.!ervation: =Paper 2>

Tet tu!e .!ervation

A E$$er4e"ene o#rred. Te %'oin% ooden "('inter re'i%t.

B >o e$$er4e"ene. Te %'oin% ooden "('inter did not re'i%t.

Dicuion:

Man%ane"e +I?- o*ide +MnO2- inrea"e" te rate o$ deom(o"ition o$ )dro%en (ero*ide. Deom(o"ition

o$ )dro%en (ero*ide (rod#e" o*)%en %a". 2H2O2 à 2H2O O2

21


22/46


CHAPTER &&: CAR%.@ C.MP./@D

1. Hyrocar!on ! emia' om(o#nd ontainin% car!on and hyrogen atom only.

2. Alkene ! emia' om(o#nd ontainin% car!on an hyrogen atom and at 'ea"t

one car!on4car!on ou!le !on 6 C C 1

+0 $omer are mo'e#'e" it te ame molecular formula b#t it ifferent tructural formula.

Example: C(H&; 8 !utane

1. C2H; O H2O C2H;+OH-2 (#r('e t#rn" o'o#r'e"" 99 oran%e t#rn" %reen

2. CH8COOH C2HOH CH8COO C2H H2O

8. C2H; H2O C2H,OH

22

H 2SO; on"

H 8 &O; =0 atm 800oC

CH8COO C2H,Et)' etanoate

CH8COOH

Carbo*)'

COOH

C2H;Do#b'e bond beteen

C atom" CC

C=H12O=

C2H=

C2H,Br

C2H;+OH-2

C2H;Br 2

C2H,OH

E"teri$iationH2SO;

CH2 CH2

Ad

d

it

i

o

n

O*idation

Germention

Br 2

H2

KMnO;9 H

K 2Cr 2OF9 H

H2O

H6

CnH 2n 2 n 12 a'3aneCnH2n n 2 8 a'3ene

CnH 2n 1 OH n 1 2 a'oo'

CnH 2n1 COOH n01.. Carbo*)'i aid

C2H,OH

H)dro*)'

OH

KMnO;9H 9 K 2Cr 2OF9 H

nb#tane

2met)'(ro(ane


23/46


;. C=H12O= 2C2H,OH 2CO2

Homologou

erie

eneral formula -unctional group Mem!er 7 example

A'3ane CnH2n 2 n 12.. Sin%'e o4a'ent bond

beteen arbon atom". C C

Etane

A'3ene CnH2n n 2.. Do#b'e o4a'ent bond beteen arbon atom". CC

Etene

A'oo'" CnH2n 1 OH n 12.. H)dro*)' %ro#( 9 OH Etano'

Carbo*)'iaid

CnH2n 1 COOH n 012..

Carbo*)' %ro#( COOH Etanoi aid CH8COOH

28

Yea"t


24/46


;. Yo#r are re/#ired to (re(are one name') e"ter b) #"in% ethanoic aci i" one o$ te reatant". B) #"in% a

namely alcohol ecri!e one e*(eriment to (re(are te e"ter. In )o#r de"ri(tion in'#de te chemical

e


25/46


te boi'in% t#be.d- Heat te #n%'aed (ore'ain i(" trongly0

e- Ten eat te gla #ool gently to 4a(orie te (ro(ano'.

$- De"ri(tion o$ te chemical tet to te %a" o''eted in te te"t t#be.

Add 1 m8 o$ !romine #ater and "a3e e''.

=.!ervation>:Reih !ro#n colour of !romine ecolourie

Or

Add 1 m8 o$ aidi$ied (ota""i#m man%anate+?II- "o'#tion and "a3e e''.

=.!ervation>:

Purple colour of potaium manganate6G$$1 olution ecolourie

Chemical e


26/46


27/46


0 Reord a'' te data obtained.

/nvulcanie ru!!er Gulcanie ru!!er

Reult 5 Data

T)(e o$ r#bber Initia' 'en%t cm 7en%t a$ter remo4a' o$ ei%t cm

4#'ani"ed

#n4#'ani"ed

Compare an contrat the propertie of vulcani9e ru!!er

Gulcani9e ru!!er Elaticity /nvulcanie ru!!er

Harder Hardne"" 7e"" arder

More e'a"ti E'a"tiit) 7e"" e'a"ti

Stron%er Ten"i'e "tren%t Wea3er

Can it"tand i%er tem(erat#re Re"i"tane to eat Cannot it"tand i%er

tem(erat#re

7e"" ea"i') o*idied Re"i"tane to o*idation More ea"i') o*idied

Doe" not beome "o$t and "ti3) ea"i') E$$et o$ or%ani "o'4ent Beome "o$t and "ti3) ea"i')

Concluion:

1. Gulcanie ru!!er i" more elatic tan #n4#'ani"ed r#bber d#e to te (re"ene o$ cro4linkage ofulfur atom beteen te r#bber mo'e#'e". ?#'ani"ed r#bber o#'d ret#rn to it" ori%ina' 'en%t a$ter

remo4a' o$ te ei%t.

To prepare vulcanie ru!!er

R#bber an be 4#'anied b) di((in% nat#ra' r#bber "eet" into iulphur ichlorie olution

in methyl!en9ene or eated it ulphur0

@ote:

?#'ani"ed r#bber i more heat reitance d#e to te (re"ene o$ cro4linkage of ulfur atomincreae the i9e of ru!!er molecule. Gore o$ attration beteen mo'e#'e" i'' inrea"e.

2F


28/46


B0 Compare and ifferentiate beteen name') alkene and alkane

Alkane 6 hexane 1 Alkene 6 hexene 1

1 H)droarbon + ontain C and H atom-2 7o me'tin% and boi'in% (oint

8 In"o'#b'e in ater "o'#b'e in or%ani "o'4ent

; Cannot ond#t e'etriit)

, Den"it) 'e"" tan ater

= Com('ete') omb#"tion (rod#e CO2 H2O

F Sat#rated "in%'e o4a'ent bond CC n"at#rated ontain at 'ea"t one do#b'e bond CC

@ nreati4e ! #nder%o "#b"tit#tion it

a'o%en in te (re"ene o$ "#n'i%t 9 ? ra)

Reati4e ! #nder%o addition reation+ )dro%enation

a'o%enation" o*idation (o')meriation it a'ide

"team+)dration-

5enera' $orm#'a CnH2n2 n 12 CnH2n n 2

10 $entify tet1. Comb#"tion b#rn 'e"" "oot $'ame.

+N o$ arbon (er mo'e#'e i" 'oer-

1. More "oot $'ame.

+ N o$ arbon (er mo'e#'e i" i%er-.

Chemical tet

2. add bromine ater !ro#n o'o#rremain"

8. add aidi$ied KMnO; purple o'o#rremain"

2. deo'oried !ro#n bromine ater

8. purple o'o#r i" deo'o#ried

2@


29/46


CHAPTER &2: RED.'

Reox reaction are emia' reation" in4o'4in% oxiation an reuction o#rrin% imultaneouly.

&0 Tran"$er o$ e'etron M% à M%2 2e 99 C#2 2e à C#

20 7o"" or %ain o*)%en C 2C#O à 2C# CO2

+0 7o"" or %ain )dro%en H2S C'2 à 2HC' "

(0 an%e" in o*idation n#mber

Ruting of iron

1. Wen iron e*(o"ed to #ater and oxygen 2. Iron atom re'ea"e" 2 electron to $orm iron 6$$1 ion Ge2 9 i" o*idied to $orm iron +II- ion Ge2

8. Ge à Ge2 2e 99 +anode- = oxiation>

;. Iron at" a" reucing agent

,. O*)%en and ater receive 5gain electron to $orm )dro*ide ion".=. O2 2H2O ;e à ;OH

+atode- =reuction>

F. O*)%en at" a oxii9ing agent.@. Iron +II- ion Ge2 ombine it )dro*ide ion OH to $orm iron +II- )dro*ide Ge+OH-2.

. Iron +II- )dro*ide Ge+OH-2 o*idied b) o*)%en to $orm iron 6$$$1 oxie !ro#n oli5precipitate

Ge2O8.* H2O. 99 Ge2 à Ge8 e

Effect of the contact of other metal on the ruting of iron0

2


30/46


Aim : To in4e"ti%ate the effect o$ in ontat o$ oter meta'" on ter#"tin% o$ iron.

Pro!lem tatement<Ho doe" te effect on r#"tin% en iron i" in ontat it anoter meta' 99

Ho doe" di$$erent t)(e o$ meta' in ontat it affect te r#"tin% o$ iron

Hypothei :Wen a more e'etro(o"iti4e meta' i" in contact it iron te meta' inhi!it r#"tin%.

Wen a 'e"" e'etro(o"iti4e meta' i" in contact it iron te meta' pee up te r#"tin%.

Garia!le:

Mani(#'ated < T)(e o$ meta' tat in ontat it iron.

Re"(ondin% < R#"tin% o$ ironGi*ed < Iron nai'" tem(erat#re medi#m in i iron nai'" are 3e(t.

Apparatu < Te"t t#be te"t t#be ra3

Material : iron nai'" ma%ne"i#m ribbon o((er "tri( in "tri( tin "tri( ot e'') "o'#tion (ota""i#me*a)ano$erat +III- K 8Ge+C>-= "o'#tion (eno'(ta'ein indiator "and (a(er.

Proceure:

1. Gi4e iron nai'" ma%ne"i#m ribbon o((er "tri( in "tri( and tin "tri( ere 'eaned it "and (a(er.

2. Go#r iron nai'" ere oi'ed ti%t') it te ma%ne"i#m ribbon o((er "tri( in "tri( and tin "tri(

re"(eti4e').8. A'' $i4e iron nai'" ere ('aed in "e(arate te"t t#be.

;. Te 4o'#me o$ ot e'') "o'#tion tat a" mi*ed it a 'itt'e K 8Ge+C>-= "o'#tion and (eno'(ta'ein

indiator a" (o#red into te ea te"t t#be to om('ete') o4er a'' te nai'".,. Te te"t t#be" ere 3e(t in a te"t t#be ra3 and ere a"ide $or a da).=. A'' ob"er4ation" ere reorded.

.!ervation

Meta' Ob"er4ation

Inten"it) o$ dar3

b'#e o'o#ration

Inten"it) o$ (in3

o'o#ration

Condition o$ nai'

Ge 7o Te "#r$ae o$ te nai' a" (artia'') o4ered it

reddi" bron "o'id

Ge

M%

Hi% >o reddi" bron "o'id a" $o#nd on te "#r$ae o$

te nai'.GeZn Hi% >o reddi" bron "o'id a" $o#nd on te "#r$ae o$

te nai'.

GeSn Moderate 7o Te o'e "#r$ae o$ te nai' a" o4ered it

reddi" bron "o'id

GeC# Hi% 7o Te o'e "#r$ae o$ te nai' a" ea4i') o4ered

it reddi" bron "o'id

Te nai' in te"t t#be A r#"ted a 'itt'e. >o r#"tin% o#rred to te nai'" in te"t t#be" B and C .Te nai' in te"t

t#be D r#"ted b#t te nai' in te"t t#be E r#"ted e4en more.

80


31/46


32/46


1. Si'4er M and 7

2. 7 an di"('ae "i'4er $rom "i'4er nitrate "o'#tion.

8. 7 i" more e'etro(o"iti4e tan "i'4er 99 7 i" i%er tan "i'4er in e'etroemia' "erie".;. M meta' an di"('ae "i'4er $rom "i'4er nitrate "o'#tion.

,. M i" more e'etro(o"iti4e tan "i'4er 99 M i" i%er tan "i'4er in te e'etroemia' "erie".

=. M annot di"('ae 7 $rom 7 nitrate "o'#tion.

F. M i" 'e"" e'etro(o"iti4e tan 7 99 7 i" i%er tan M in te e'etroemia' "erie".

20 Diplacement of Halogen:

Aim: To invetigate oxiation an reuction in the iplacement of halogen from it halie olution0

Proceure:

&0 Pour 2m cm+ of potaium !romie olution into a tet tu!e0

20 A 2 cm+ of chlorine #ater to the tet tu!e an hake the mixture0

+0 A 2 cm+ of &7&7&4trichloroethane 5 tetrachlorometane to the tet tu!e an hake the mixture an

leave it on the tet tu!e rack

(0 Recor theo!ervation00 Repeat tep & to ( uing another halogen an halie olution0

Ta!ulation of ata:

Halogen

Halie

olution

Chlorine %romine $oine

Potaium chlorie ' '

Potaium !romine 5 '

Potaium ioie 5 5

Example: Cl2 ? 2I$ 2ICl ? $2 55 Cl2 ? 2$4 $2 ? 2Cl

4

82


33/46


Cl2 ? 2e 2Cl4 6 reuction1 2$4 $2 ? 2e 6oxiation

+0 Tranfer of electron at a itance 8 /4tu!e

Proceure:

1. 'am( a t#be to a retort "tand

2. (o#r di'#te "#'(#ri aid8. add "olution 6oxii9ing agent1 into one end o$ te arm o$ te t#be

;. Add olution 6reucing agent1 into te oter end.,. ('ae 9 di( arbon e'etrode" into ea arm o$ te t#be=. onnet te e'etrode" to a 4o'tmeter9 %a'4anometer #"in% onnetin% ire

F. 'ea4e te a((arat#" $or 80min#te"

@. reord te ob"er4ation

;. Ba"ed on e'etron tran"$er 7 E'P,A$@ te o*idation and red#tion reation in

+i- Can%in% o$ Ge2 ion" to Ge8 ion"

+ii- Can%in% o$ Ge8

ion" to Ge2

ion"

"e a uita!le example $or ea o$ te reation. In'#de a'$ e/#ation" in )o#r an"er.

"ample an#er:

6i1a. Ge2 → Ge8 e

b. Br 2 2e → 2Br !

2. Iron +II- ion" re'ea"e" 9 donate" e'etron to beome iron+III- ion". Iron+II- ion" are o*idied.8. Bromine mo'e#'e" reei4e9 %ain e'etron" to $orm bromide ion". Bromine mo'e#'e" are red#ed.

+an) "#itab'e o*idiin% a%ent C'2 KMnO;9H -

6ii11. Ge8 e → Ge2

2. Zn → Zn2 2e

8. Iron+III- ion" %ain e'etron to beome iron+II- ion". Iron+III- ion" are red#ed.

;. Zin atom" re'ea"e"9 donate" e'etron" to $orm in ion". Zin atom" are o*idied.+a< an) "#itab'e red#in% a%ent-

88

(ota""i#m iodide "o'#tion bromine ater


34/46


,. De"ribe an experiment to in4e"ti%ate o*idation and red#tion in te an%e o$ iron+II- ion" to iron+III-ion" and 4ie 4er"a.

+i- Changing of -e2? ion to -e+? ion

Proceure:

1. &o#r 2 m8 o$ $re"') (re(ared iron+II-"#'(ate "o'#tion into a te"t t#be.

2. "in% dro((er add bromine ater dro( b) dro( #nti' no $#rter an%e" are ob"er4ed.8. Heat "'o') 9 %ent')

;. Add 8 dro(" o$ (ota""i#m e*a)ano$errate +II- "o'#tion 9 "odi#m )dro*ide "o'#tion.

,. Dar3 b'#e (rei(itate 99 bron (rei(itate $ormed.

+ii- Changing of -e+? ion to -e2? ion

Proceure:

1. &o#r 2 m8 o$ iron+III-"#'(ate "o'#tion into a te"t t#be.

2. Add a'$ "(at#'a o$ in 9 M% (oder to te "o'#tion.

8. Sa3e te mi*t#re #nti' no $#rter an%e" are ob"er4ed.

;. Gi'ter te mi*t#re.,. Add 8 dro(" o$ (ota""i#m e*a)ano$errate +III- "o'#tion 9 "odi#m )dro*ide "o'#tion into the filtrate.

=. Dar3 b'#e (rei(itate 99 %reen (rei(itate $ormed.

Reactivity erie

&0 reactive metal #ith oxygen

Aim: 1. to in4e"ti%ate te reati4it) o$ meta' it o*)%en

2. To arran%e meta'" in term o$ teir reati4it) it o*)%en

Proceure:

1. t one "(at#'a o$ (ota""i#m man%anate+?II- KMnO;

into a boi'in% t#be.2. " "ome %'a"" oo' into te boi'in% t#be and 'am( orionta'').

8. &'ae one "(at#'a ma%ne"i#m (oder on a (iee o$ a"be"to" (a(er

and (#t into te boi'in% t#be.

;. Heat ma%ne"i#m (oder trongly and ten eat te "o'id KMnO;.,. Ob"er4e and reord o vigorou the reaction and o'o#r o$

te re"id#e en it i" hot an #hen it i col.

2Mg ? .2 2Mg.

8;

K

>aCa

M%A'

C

Zn

H

Ge

Sn

&bC#

H%A%A#

&o"ition" o$arbon and

)dro%en in te

reatin% "erie"

o$ meta'

&rod#e o*)%en


35/46


20 hyrogen ga #ith oxie of le

reactive metal

H2 ? P!. P! ? H2.

+0 car!on #ith oxie metal

C ? 2Cu. 2Cu ? C.2

Aim:

To determine te (o"ition o$ arbon in te

reati4it) "erie" o$ meta'"

Proceure:

1. Mi* toro#%') a "(at#'a o$ arbon (oder and

a "(at#'a o$ o((er+II-o*ide in a r#ib'e.

2. Heat te mi*t#re trongly08. Reord te ob"er4ation.

;. Re(eat "te(" 1 to 8 #"in% ma%ne"i#m o*ide a'#mini#m o*ide and in o*ide to re('ae

o((er+II-o*ide.

(0 Car!on ioxie #ith metalC.2 ? 2Mg 2Mg. ? C

Application of reactivity erie in the extraction of metal

E*tration o$ iron $rom it" ore" ematite Ge2O8E*tration o$ tin $rom it" ore" a""iterite SnO2 in !lat furnace arbon 9 o3e a" a red#in% a%ent.

E*am('e<C O2 à CO2

C CO2 à 2CO

C CO2 2CO red#ed te iron o*ide" to iron

8,

O*idiin% red#in%

a%ent a%ent


36/46


2 Ge2O8 8C à ;Ge 8CO2

Ge2O8 8CO à 2Ge 2CO2

CaCO8 à CaO CO2 + 'ime "tone deom(o"ed-

CaO SiO2 à CaSiO8 + im(#ritie" -

Reox reaction in variou chemical cell

8=


37/46


CHAPTER &+: THERM.CHEM$"TR)

1. Exothermic

! A emia' reation tat give out heat to te "#rro#ndin%" Te reatant" 'o"e eat ener%) to $orm te (rod#t"

Te ener%) ontent o$ reatant" i" higher tan (rod#t"

XH ne%ati4e2. Ener%) 'e4e' dia%ram +'abe' energy reatant" and (rod#t it orret emia' 9 ioni $orm#'a eat o$

reation it unit.

8. Heat o$ reation ! eat an%e9re'ea"e" en & mole o$ (rod#t $ormed. 3Jmo'

mCǾ

9 mo'e

Heat o$ ne#tra'iation ! eat re'ea"e" en & mole of H? ombine" it & mol of .H4 to $orm

& mole of #ater. H? ? .H4 H2.

;. Heat o$ omb#"tion ! eat re'ea"e" en & mole o$ a'oo' b#rnt om('ete') in e*e"" o*)%en.

C2H.H ? +.2 2C.2 ? +H2.

,. A" te n#mber o$ arbon atom (er mo'e#'e inrea"e" te eat o$ omb#"tion inrea"e" d#e to more

prouct forme +CO2 H2O- . Tere$ore more eat re'ea"ed en more !on are forme.

8F


38/46


=. To determine eat o$ omb#"tion +materia' and a((arat#" (roed#re tab#'ation o$ data a'#'ation

ob"er4ation" (rea#tion"-.

Proceure:

1. +100 ! 200- m8 o$ #ater i" mea"#red #"in% a mea"#rin% )'inder

2. and (o#red into a o((er tin.

8. Te initia' tem(erat#re o$ ater i" mea"#red and reorded 1;. A "(irit 'am( i" $i''ed it b#tano'9 oter a'oo' and ei%ed * %ram

,.Te "(irit 'am( i" 'i%t and (#t #nder te o((er an.

=.Te ater i" "tirred ontin#o#"') it a termometer.F.Wen te tem(erat#re o$ ater increae !y +;oC te $'ame i" (#t o$$.

@.Te "(irit 'am( i" ei%ed a%ain ) %ram

.Te i%e"t tem(erat#re i" reorded 2

Reult:

Ma"" o$ ei%t o$ "(irit 'am( b#tano' 9% *

Gina' ma"" o$ "(irit 'am( b#tano' 9% )Ma"" o$ b#tano' #"ed9% +*)- 99

Hi%e"t tem(erat#re o$ ater 9oC 1Initia' tem(erat#re o$ ater 9oC 2Inrea"ed in tem(erat#re 9oC +1 2 - 99 8

Calculation:

Heat an%e m

100 * ;.2 * +2 ! 1- a J

Precaution:

1. Ma3e "#re te $'ame $rom te omb#"tion o$ etano' to#e" te bottom o$ te o((er an 99 Te

"(irit 'am( i" ('aed 4er) 'o"e or #"t beneat te bottom o$ te o((er an.2. "tir te ater in te o((er an ontin#o#"').

8. Te "(irit 'am( m#"t be ei%ed immediate') +bea#"e te etano' i" 4er) 4o'ati'e-.

;. A #in hiel m#"t be #"ed d#rin% e*(eriment.

Heat of iplacement

Aim: To determine te eat o$ di"('aement o$ o((er b) in and iron

Proceure:1. Mea"#re 2, m8 o$ 0.2 mo' dm8 o$ o((er+II-"#'(ate "o'#tion and (o#r into a ('a"ti #( 9 (o')"trene #(.

2. Reord te initia' tem(erat#re o$ te "o'#tion.8. &o#r 0.,% o$ in (oder into te "o'#tion.

;. Stir te mi*t#re it termometer

,. Mea"#re and reord te highet temperature o$ te reatin% mi*#tre.

Ta!ulation of ata:

Metal $nitial temperature7 oC Highet temperature7 oC

8@

Heat o$ omb#"tion o$ b#tano' a J

+9F;- mo'


39/46


inc

$ron

Heat of precipitation

Aim: To etermine the heat of precipitaion of ilver chlorie7 AgCl

Apparatu: ('a"ti #( termometer mea"#rin% )'inder

Material : "i'4er nitrate "o'#tion 0., mo' dm8

"odi#m 'oride "o'#tion 0., mo' dm8

Proceure:

1. Mea"#re 20 m8 0., mo' dm8 o$ "i'4er nitrate "o'#tion and (o#r into ('a"ti #(.2. Mea"#re and reord te initia' tem(erat#re o$ "i'4er nitrate "o'#tion.

8. Mea"#re 20 m8 0., mo' dm8 o$ "odi#m 'oride "o'#tion and (o#r into ('a"ti #(.

;. Mea"#re and reord te initia' tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m 'oride "o'#tion.,. Add te "odi#m 'oride "o't#ion" into te "i'4er nitrate "o'#tion H; >O8- Ca'i#m 'oride or

ma%ne"i#m "#'(ate

"odi#m aetate r)"ta'"


40/46


CHAPTER &(: CHEM$CA," -.R C.@"/MER"

Example:

1. +a- A "t#dent a"ed i" "o3" i ad oi') "tain". E*('ain te 'ean"in% ation o$ "oa( on te oi')"tain".In ater oap ioni9e to $orm ion"9anion CH8+CH2-* C..4 and ation "odi#m ion" >a

Te anion" on"i"t" o$ hyrophilic part + COO - and hyropho!ic part +)droarbon-

Hyrophilic part iolve in #ater on') b#t )dro(obi (art di""o'4e in %rea"e on').Te anion reuce urface tenion of #ater a#"in% ettin% o$ %rea") "#r$ae.

D#rin% a"in% and "r#bbin% te anion" (#'' te %rea"e and 'i$ted it o$$ te "#r$ae and brea3 it into

a "ma'' dro('et" +Em#'"i$)in% a%ent-Rin"in% aa) te dirt) ater remo4e" te %rea"e +te dirt- and e*e"" "oa( and te "#r$ae i" 'ean.

+b- Anoter "t#dent arriedo#t $o#r e*(eriment" to

in4e"ti%ate te 'ean"in% e$$et

o$ "oa( and deter%ent onoi') "tain" in "o$t ater and

ard ater re"(eti4e').

;0


41/46


Compare te 'ean"in% e$$et beteen+i- E*(eriment" I and II

+ii- E*(eriment II and I?

Explain the ifference in the o!ervation

Exp0 $ an $$

Te oi') "tain di"a((ear" in E*(eriment I b#t remain" oi') in E*(eriment II.

Har #ater contain Ca2? an Mg2? ion i reat" it "oa( ion" to $orm

cum 6inolu!le alt1

Te $ormation o$ "#m ma3e" anion" 'e"" e$$iient $or 'eanin% te oi') "tain on te "o3 In "o$t ater a'' anion" are #"ed to 'ean te oi') "tain

T#" "oa( i" on') e$$eti4e a" a 'ean"in% a%ent in "o$t ater and ine$$eti4e in ard ater.

Exp0 $$ an $G

Te "o3 in E*(eriment II remain" oi') b#t i" 'ean in e*(eriment I?.Te "oa( anion" $orm "#m en reat" it Ca2 and M%2 ion" in ard ater.Te $ormation o$ "#m ma3e" anion" 'e"" e$$iient $or 'eanin%

Te deter%ent anion" CH8+CH2-* .".+4 9 CH8+CH2-* ".+

4 do not $orm a (rei(itate it Ca2

and M%2 in ard ater.

Hene deter%ent 'ean" e$$eti4e') in ard ater b#t "oa( doe" not 'ean e$$eti4e') in ard ater.

20 Preparation of oap

Proceure

1. (o#r 10 m8 (a'm oi' + 4e%etab'e oi' - into a bea3er 2. add ,0 m8 o$ 0; mol m4+ >aOH 9 KOH "o'#tion

8. eat te mi*t#re $or +10 min#te"-

;. "tir,. "to( eatin% add ,0 m8 di"ti''ed ater and oli @aCl=. boi' te mi*t#re $or , min#te"

F. oo'@. $i'ter a" 9 rin"e

. dr) + (re"" te re"id#e beteen $i'ter (a(er"

;1

O


42/46


Tet

10. &'ae a "ma'' amo#nt o$ te re"id#e into a te"t t#be add di"ti''ed ater "a3e it e''.

(rod#e a 'ot o$ 'ater + 4er) $oam)-

.!ervation < ite "o'id "'i((er) and (rod#e a 'ot o$ 'ater + 4er) $oam)-.

Chemical e


43/46


Concluion:

1. Hard ater ontain" M%2 or Ca2. Soa( anion $ormed cum +in"o'#b'e "a't- en react it M%2 or Ca2.

2. Soa( i" not an e$$eti4e 'ean"in% a%ent in ard ater b#t on') e$$eti4e in "o$t ater.

Compare an contrat oap an etergent

"oap Detergent

Sodi#m arbo*)'ate Sodi#m a'3)' "#'(ate Sodi#m a'3)'benene "#'(onate

Materia' < $at 4e%etab'e oi'

>aOH 9 KOH mo' dm8&etro'e#m $ration" < 'on% ain

a'oo' >aOH 9 KOH

, mo' dm8 H2SO;

&etro'e#m $ration" < 'on% ain

a'3ene >aOH 9 KOH

, mo' dm8 H2SO;

&re(aration

Sa(oni$iation

1. "#'(onation

2. ne#tra'iation

1. a'3)'ation

2. "#'(onation

8. ne#tra'iation

The aitive in etergent

Type -unction Example

Gra%rane" To add $ra%rane to bot te deter%ent and

$abri"

Bio'o%ia'

en)me"

To remo4e (rotein "tain" "# a" b'ood Am)'a"e" (rotea"e" e''#'o"e" 'i(a"e"

Witenin% a%ent" To on4ert "tain" into o'o#r'e""

"#b"tane"

Sodi#m (erborate

S#"(en"ion a%ent" To (re4ent te dirt (arti'e" remo4ed $rom

rede(o"itin% onto 'eaned $abri"

Carbo*)met)'e''#'o"e +CMC-

Gi''er" To add to te b#'3 o$ te deter%ent and

enab'e it to be (o#r ea"i')

Sodi#m "#'(ate "odi#m "i'iate

O(tia' itenin% To add bri%tne"" and itene"" to ite

$abri".

G'#ore"ent d)e"

;8

CH8 +CH2-1, COO >a


44/46


B#i'der To enane te 'eanin% e$$iien) o$

deter%ent b) "o$tenin% te ater

Sodi#m tri(o')(o"(ate

-oo aitive

Type -unction Example

&re"er4ati4e" To "'o don9 (re4ent te%rot o$ miroor%ani"m

tere$ore $ood an 3e(t $or'on%er (eriod" o$ time

"alt5ugar< ra# the #ater o#t o$ te e''" o$miroor%ani"m and retar the gro#th of

microorganim0Ginegar: (ro4ide" an aidi ondition tat inhi!it the

gro#th of microorganim0

@a@.+ +B#r%er-

%en9oic aci 5 oium !en9oate< to lo# o#n the

gro#th of microorganim0

Antio*idant" To (re4ent o*idation tat ana#"e" ranid $at" and bron

$r#it"

Acor!ic aci and vitamin E +Too(ero'-

G'a4orin%" To im(ro4e te ta"te o$ $ood

and re"tore ta"te 'o"" bea#"eo$ (roe""in%.

S#%ar "a't MS5 4ine%ar a"(artame and ")nteti

e""ene" +e"ter-

Stabi'ier" To (re4ent em#'"ion $rom

"e(aratin% o#t.

7eitin $att) aid

Ti3ener" It" #"e to ti3en $ood" &etin aaia %#m %e'atin

D)e" To add or re"tore te o'o#r in

$ood in order to enane it"

4i"#a' a((ea' and maton"#mer" e*(etation".

>at#ra' d)e" and arti$iia' d)e"< A9o compoun ortriphenyl compoun0

Meicine

Type -unction Example Effect on health

Ana'%e"i To re'ie4e (ain ito#t a$$eted

on"io#"ne""

A"(irin Interna' b'eedin% and

#'erationan a#"e brain and 'i4er

dama%e to i'dren

&araetamo' O4er do"e an a#"e brain and

'i4er dama%e

;;


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Codeine Addition de(re""ion and

na#"ea

Antibioti" To treat in$etion" a#"e b)

bateria +t#ber#'o"i" TB- and

pneumonia. Can 3i'' or "'odon te %rot o$ bateria.

&enii''in

+ Penicillium

notatum)

Can a#"e a''er%i reation.

Stre(tom)in Can a#"e na#"ea 4omitin%

diine"" ra"e" $e4er

&")otera(e#ti To a'ter te abnorma' tin3in%$ee'in%" and bea4ior". Di4ide

into 8 ate%orie" <

a- timulant< to red#e $ati%#e

b- antiepreant:

to red#e ten"ion and an*iet)

- antipychotic: to treat (")iatri i''ne""

Amphetamine

Hi% do"e an 'ead to an*iet)a''#ination" "e4ere

de(re""ion and (")o'o%ia'

de(endene.

%ar!iturate 5

tran


46/46


"ome common meical plant an their function

fokus kimia spm

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