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CHAPTER 2: MATTER
1. To determine melting point
Water bat ! to en"#re #ni$orm eatin% &'ot %ra( ! ) ! a*i" +Start at ,0 o C-.
2. The kinetic theory of matter +"o'id "o'id !'i/#id 'i/#id 'i/#id%a" %a"- Matter i" made #( o$ tin) and di"rete (arti'e" +atom" ion" or mo'e#'e"- tere i" "(ae beteen te"e
(arti'e".
a- arran%ement o$ (arti'e"(a3 'o"e') to%eter order') arran%ement $ar a(art $rom ea oter
b- Mo4ement o$ (arti'e"4ibrate" rotate "'o') ra(id') 4i%oro#"') random').
- 3ineti ener%) ontentd- an%e in ener%) ontent
e- $ore o$ attration"tron% ea3 ea3er
Example:
5ra( "o" the heating curve o$ e'ement 6.
Decri!e te %ra( in term" o$ tate of matter particle arrangement and change in energy.
"ample an#er:
"tage "tate of matter Particle arrangement Change in energy
to ! t1 7i/#id Te (arti'e" are 'o"e to ea oter.
Te (arti'e" arran%ement i" not order').
Te 3ineti ener%) inrea"e"
t1 t2 7i/#id !
%a"eo#"
Some o$ (arti'e" are 'o"e to ea oter
and "ome $ar a(art.Te (arti'e" arran%ement i" not order').
Te 3ineti ener%) i" on"tant
t2 ! t8 5a"eo#" Te (arti'e" are $ar aa) $rom ea oter.Te (arti'e" arran%ement i" not order').
Te 3ineti ener%) inrea"e"
8. Diffuion ! te mo4ement o$ particle +atom9ion"9mo'e#'e- o$ "#b"tane in beteen te (arti'e" o$
anoter "#b"tane 9 $rom i%') onentrated area to 'e"" onentrated area. 5a" : 'i/#id : "o'id
;. $otope ! are atom o$ te "ame e'ement +"ame n#mber o$ (roton- it di$$erent n#mber o$
ne#tron"9n#'eon n#mber.
1
Tem(erat#reoC
Time "
to t1 t2 t8
%oiling point
CoolingHeating
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
E*am('e< Com(are atom &2' and atom &()
* *
Atom ' )
&roton n#mber = =
>o. o$ e'etron = =
?a'ene e'etron ; ;
>#mber o$ ne#tron 9 n#'eon n#mber =9 12 @ 91;Cemia' (ro(ertie" "imi'ar
&)"ia' (ro(ertie" di$$erent
>o. o$ o#(ied "e'' "imi'ar
CHAPTER +: CHEM$CA, -.RM/,A
10 Empirical formula< emia' $orm#'a tat "o" te "im('e"t o'e n#mber ratio o$ atom" o$ ea
e'ement in a om(o#nd CH22. Molecular formula< a emia' $orm#'a tat "o" te at#a' n#mber o$ atom" o$ ea e'ement tat i"
(re"ent in a mo'e#'e o$ te om(o#nd C2H(
a- nreati4e meta' ! reation o*ide meta' it)dro%en %a" +C#O &bO SnO -
!1 Diagram
Reati4e meta' + M% Zn ! b#rn in e*e"" o*)%en 9air - ! more reati4e tan H2
c1 Proceure
Wei% and reord te ma"" o$ omb#"tion t#be
it (ore'ain di"
Add a "(at#'a o$ o((er +II- o*ide on te (ore'aindi". Wei% te t#be a%ain.
A''o )dro%en %a" $'o into te t#be $or , ! 10min#te".
B#rn te e*e"" )dro%en.
Heat o((er +II- o*ide trongly0
T#rn o$$ te $'ame en !lack oli turn !ro#nom('ete').
Contin#e te $'o o$ )dro%en #nti' te "et o$
a((arat#" oo' don to room tem(erat#re. Wei% te omb#"tion t#be it it" ontent.
Repeat te (roe"" eatin% oo'in% andei%in% #nti' a on"tant ma"" i" obtained andreord.
3eigh and reord a r#ib'e it it" 'id
Clean M% ribbon it "and (a(er ten oi' te
M% ribbon and ('ae into te r#ib'e. 3eigh and
reord. Heat trongly4 Wen M% ribbon "tart to b#rn o4er te r#ib'eit 'id.
,ift 5 raie te 'id at interval.
Wen te b#rnin% i" om('ete remo4e te 'id and
eat "tron%').A''o te r#ib'e to cool o#n.
3eigh and reord te r#ib'e it ontent and
'id.Repeat te (roe"" eatin% oo'in% and ei%in%
#nti' a on"tant ma"" i" obtained and reord. .!ervation < Wite $#me 9 "o'id $ormed
Reult :
omb#"tion t#be it (ore'ain di" a %
omb#"tion t#be it (ore'ain di" o((er +II-
o*ide b %
omb#"tion t#be it (ore'ain di" o((er %
ma"" o$ o((er 6 c4 a1 g 7 Ma"" o$ o*)%en 6 !4 c 1 g
ma"" o$ r#ib'e 'id a %
ma"" o$ r#ib'e 'id M% ! %
ma"" o$ r#ib'e 'id ma%ne"i#m o*ide c %
ma"" o$ M% + ! 8 a 1 g
4 ma"" o$ o*)%en + c 8 !1 g
2
=(
@n
=(
=n
'
)
H)dro%en
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
Calculation:E'ement 9 atom C# O
Ma"" +%- * )
>#mber o$ mo'e * 9 =; ) 9 1=
Sim('e"t ratio o$ mo'e
E'ement 9 atom M% O
Ma"" +%- * )
>#mber o$ mo'e * 9 2; ) 9 1=
Sim('e"t ratio o$ mo'e
Precaution :
&0 The flo# of H2 mut !e continuou uringcooling 8 to prevent hot copper metal from
oxii9e0
20 Allo# hyrogen ga flo# into the tu!e for 8
&; minute to unure air totally remove. Themixture H2 an air may caue an exploion0
8. To determine a'' air tota'') remo4ed o''et teair and ('ae 'i%ted "('inter te %a" b#rn
;. Zn 2HC'à ZnC'2 H2
,. An)dro#" a'i#m 'oride ! to dr) te H2 %a".
=. C#O H2 à C# H2O
Precaution :
1. Clean M% ribbon it "and (a(er to remo4e te'a)er o$ o*ide on it" "#r$ae.
2. ,ift 5 raie te 'id at interval to allo# air in
+0 Wen M% ribbon "tart to b#rn o4er te r#ib'e
it 'id to a4oid te ite $#me (rod#ed $rom
bein% e"a(e to te air.
;. Repeat te (roe"" eatin% oo'in% andei%in% to make ure all magneium icompletely reacte #ith oxygen0
0 2Mg ? .2 2Mg.
8. Ba"ed on te to $orm#'ae >a2O C#I
6a1 State te oxiation num!er $or "odi#m and o((er.
6!1 >ame bot te om(o#nd ba"ed on I&AC nomen'at#re ")"tem.
6c1 E*('ain te di$$erene beteen te name" o$ te to om(o#nd" ba"ed on $/PAC nomenclature
ytem0
"ample an#er:
@a2. Cu$O*idation n#mber $or
"odi#m and o((er
1 1
I&AC >omen'at#re Sodi#m o*ide Co((er +I- iodide
Rea"on Doe" not a4e roman num!er
bea#"e "odi#m a" only one o*idation n#mber
Ha" roman n#mber bea#"e
o((er a" more than one o*idation n#mber
CHAPTER (: PER$.D$C TA%,E
1. E*('ain te $o''oin% "tatement" re$errin% to te e'etron arran%ement o$ te e'ement".
+a- Te e'ement" o$ 5ro#( 1@ are unreative and e*i"t a" monoatomic (arti'e" +8 mar3"-
The point are:
+D#('et 9otet- e'etron arran%ement. >o tenden) to donate ae(t "are e'etron"
Remain a" iniviual particle
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+b- Te reati4it) o$ roup $ e'ement" increae don te %ro#( erea" te reati4it) o$ roup
&B e'ement" ecreae don te %ro#(. +12 mar3"-
The point are:
Explanation roup $ roup &B
1 Can%e in (roton n#mber Inrea"e" Inrea"e"
2 Can%e in n#mber o$ e'etron" and e'etron $i''ed "e''" Inrea"e" Inrea"e"8 Can%e in atomi "ie9radi#"9diameter Inrea"e" Inrea"e"
; Stren%t o$ e'etro"tati attration beteen n#'e#" and
4a'ene e'etron
Derea"e" 9ea3er Derea"e" 9ea3er
, Tenden) to Re'ea"e" e'etron
inrea"e"
Attrat t9 ae(t
e'etron derea"e"
= To beome &o"iti4e ion >e%ati4e ion
F Reati4it) Inrea"e" Derea"e"
+2- E*('ain o te me'tin% (oint o$ roup & e'ement" change o#n the group +; mar3"-
ecreae %rad#a'')
Reaonatomi "ie inrea"e"
metallic !oning beteen te atom" beome ea3er
7e"" ener%) i" re/#ired 9 needed to o4erome ti" meta''i bondin%.
+8- Chemical propertie of element in group &B
I Reation it ater C'2 H2O à HC' HOC'
II Reation it "odi#m )dro*ide C'2 2>aOH à >aC' >aOC' H2O
III Reation it iron 8C'2 2Ge à 2GeC'8 +bron "o'id-
E*am('e< Compare te reati4it) o$ reation" beteen 'orine and bromine it iron. Diagram $$$
Reaction Reactant .!ervation
A Iron 'orine %a" Te ot iron oo' i%nite" ra(id') it a bri%t $'ame.
A bron "o'id i" $ormed.
B Iron bromine %a" Te ot iron oo' %'o" moderate') it $a"t.
A bron "o'id i" $ormed.
"ample an#er:
a- Cemia' e/#ation< 8C'2 2Ge à 2GeC'8
b- Te reactivity o$ reation A i" i%er tan reation B.- Te atomic i9e o$ 'orine i" maller tan bromine.
d- Te force of attraction of the nucleu to#ar the electron are tronger.
e- It i" eaier $or 'orine atom to attract5receive e'etron.
;
C'orine %a"
"oium hyroxie olution
"oa limeHot iron oo'
HC' +on"- KMnO;+"-
To
(rod#e
C'2$$$ $$
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
+;- Acro perio + atomi radi#" +atomi "ie- derea"e" 9 electronegativity inrea"e". Explain0
a- &roton n#mber inrea"e" b) one #nit. b- Te n#mber o$ 4a'ene e'etron" in ea atom inrea"e".
- &o"iti4e ar%e o$ te n#'e#" inrea"e" t#"
d- >#'ei attration on 4a'ene e'etron inrea"e".
e- Atomi radi#" +atomi "ie- derea"e"$- Tenden) to reei4e e'etron inrea"e" +to $orm ne%ati4e ion- t#" electronegativity increae.
+,- Cemia' (ro(ertie" o$ the oxie of element aro"" &eriod 8 an%e" from !aic oxie to amphoteric
oxie to aciic oxie0
Ba"i o*ide ! "odi#m o*ide +>a2O-
Am(oteri o*ide ! A'#mini#m o*ide +A'2O8-Aidi o*ide ! "#'(#r dio*ide SO2
CHEPTER : CHEM$CA, %.@D
+a- 5ro#( 1 e'ement" reat it 5ro#( 1F e'ement" to (rod#e om(o#nd" tat a4e high melting point0+; mar3"-
The point are:
$onic compoun (rod#ed
Bea#"e in4o'4e tranfer of electron beteen meta' atom and non meta' atom.
Meta' atom donate" 4a'ene e'etron to $orm (o"iti4e ion non meta' atom ae(t" e'etron tone%ati4e ion.
Te oppoitely ar%ed ion are e'd to%eter b) trong electrotatic force0More heat energy i" needed to overcome te "tron% $ore o$ attration.
-ormation of ionic compoun 6metal =roup &72 &+> an non metal = roup &(7 &7 &* &B>1
"ample an#er:1. E'etron arran%ement o$ atom 6 @a 7 20& Cl 200B 1 55 valence electron2. To aie4e "tab'e 9 otet e'etron arran%ement8. Atom 6 @a- re'ea"e" one 9 valence e'etron to $orm "odi#m ion >a
;. Half e
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
2. To contruct the electrochemitry ba"ed on tenency to releae electron 9(otentia' di$$erene" voltaic
cell5 Electrochemical cell0
8. To on"tr#t te e'etroemi"tr) ba"ed on abi'it) 9 tenden) o$ meta'to iplace another metal $rom it "a't" "o'#tion.
Diplacement reaction: a meta' i i" i%er in te e'etroemia'
"erie" i" ab'e to di"('ae a meta' be'o it in a "erie" $rom it" "a't "o'#tion.
Example: Zn C#SO; à ZnSO; C# 99 Znà Zn2 2e 9 C#2 2eà C#
Cell P Cell F
;. Com(are and ontra"t e'' P and F. In'#de in )o#r an"er te ob"er4ation and a'$ e/#ation $or tereation o$ te e'etrode" in bot e''".
Cell P Characteritic Cell FE'etria'àemia' Ener%) an%e Cemia'à e'etria'
4e 9 anode< o((er +O6IDATIO>-
4e 9 atode< o((er
E'etrode 4e9atode< o((er
4e9 anode< 'ead +O6IDATIO>-
C#2 H
OH SO;2
Ion" (re"ent in
te e'etro')te
C#2 H
OH SO;2
Anode
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CHAPTER B: AC$D A@D %A"E
An aci i" emia' "#b"tane i ionie" in ater to (rod#e )dro%en ion H?
A ba"e i" a emia' "#b"tane i ionie" in ater to (rod#e )dro*ide ion" .H4
A'3a'i i" a "o'#b'e ba"e.
%aicity i" te n#mber o$ ioni"ab'e )dro%en atom" (er mo'e#'e o$ an aid.
1. E*('ain ) te"e to "o'#tion" a4e di$$erent (H 4a'#e"• identi$) "tron% aid ea3 aid• de$inition "tron% aid• de$inition ea3 aid• onentration o$ H
• re'ation"i( beteen (H 4a'#e and onentration o$ )dro%en ion" H?
"ample an#er:
1. H)dro'ori aid i" a trong aci i'e metanoi aid i" a #eak aci.
2. H)dro'ori aid om('ete') ionie" in #ater to $orm higher concentration o$ )dro%en ion".
HC' H2O à H8O C' 99 HC'à H C' H8O
)dro*oni#m ion
8. Metanoi aid ionie" (artia'') in #ater to $orm lo#er concentration )dro%en ion"
CH8COOH à CH8COO H
;. Te higher te onentration o$ )dro%en ion" te lo#er te (H 4a'#e.
2. Aim< To etermine the en point uring the neutrali9ation of potaium hyroxie
an hyrochloric aci
A((arat#"< 2, m8 (i(ette b#rette 2,0 m8 onia' $'a"3 retort "tand ite ti'e
Materia'< (ota""i#m )dro*ide and )dro'ori aid 0.1 mo' dm8 (eno'(ata'ein.
Proceure:
1. Rin"e a b#rette it a "ma'' amo#nt )dro'ori aid 0.1 mo' dm8 .
2. C'am( te b#rette on retort "tand.8. Gi'' te b#rette it )dro'ori aid 0.1 mo' dm8 .Ad#"t te meni"#" 'e4e' o$ aid to a readin% at 0.
;. Reord te initia' b#rette readin%.
,. &i(ette 2,.0 m8 o$ (ota""i#m )dro*ide 0.1 mo' dm 8 into onia' $'a"3.=. Add to dro( o$ (eno'(ata'ein.
F. Add )dro'ori aid 0.1 mo' dm8 are$#''). Sir' te onia' $'a"3 d#rin% te (roe"".
@. Wen te o'o#r o$ te mi*t#re t#rn (a'er add )dro'ori aid dro( b) dro(.. Sto( addin% te )dro'ori aid a" "oon a" te "o'#tion t#rn" o'o#r'e"".
10. Reord te $ina' b#rette readin%.
11. Re(eat "te(" 110 tie. Tab#'ate )o#r readin%.
@
Te (H 4a'#e o$ 1.0 mo' dm8 )dro'ori aid i" 1Te (H 4a'#e o$ 1.0 mo' dm8 metanoi aid i" ;
MA?A a
MB?B b
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
Reult :
Titration 1 2 8
Gina' b#rette readin% m8
Initia' b#rette readin% m8
?o'#me o$ )dro'ori aid 0.1 mo' dm8 m8
+0 Preparation "tanar olution 6 ;0& mol m4+ @a.H7 &;; cm+1
1. a'#'ate te ma"" o$ "o'#te + mo'e 0.1 * 10091000 0.01 ma""9 ;0-2. ei% 0.;% o$ >aOH in ei%in% bott'e #"in% di%ita' ba'ane 9 e'etroni ba'ane8. (o#r into a bea3er rin"e te bott'e it di"ti''ed ater.;. di""o'4e >aOH it a 'itt'e + 10 ! 20 m8 -di"ti''ed ater.,. tran"$er te mi*t#re into 4o'#metri $'a"3 100 m8 rin"e te bea3er it di"ti''ed ater.=. (o#r te a"in%" into 4o'#metri $'a"3 100 m8
F. add di"ti''ed ater "a3e e''@. add di"ti''ed ater dro( b) dro( to $ina'') brin% te 4o'#me o$ "o'#tion to te 100 m8 mar3 9
a'ibration mar3.
Preparation of a tanar olution !y ilution metho
M&G& M2G2M& 8 initial molarity
G& 4 initial volume
M2 8 final molarity
G2 8 final volume
@.TE : C.@CE@TRAT$.@ 8 &0 M.,AR$T) 4 mol m4+
20 g m4+
@eutrali9ation in our aily live
A%ri#'t#re &odered 'ime +CaO- 'ime"tone +CaCO8- a"e" o$ b#rnt ood"ed to treat aidi "oi'.
Ind#"trie" 1. &odered 'ime +CaO-
"ed to treat aidi e$$'#ent $rom $atorie" aidi %a" SO2 emitted b) (oer "tation and
ind#"trie".
2. Ammonia (re4ent te oa%#'ation o$ 'ate* b) ne#tra'iin% te aid (rod#ed b) bateria in te 'ate*.
Hea't 1. Antiaid" ontain ba"e" "# a" a'#mini#m )dro*ide and ma%ne"i#m )dro*ide to
ne#tra'ie te e*e"" aid in te "toma.
2. ?ine%ar +itri aid- i" #"ed to #re a"( "tin%" tat are a'3a'ine in nat#re.8. Ba3in% (oder +>aHCO8- i" #"ed to #re bee "tin%" and ant bite" tat are aidi in
nat#re.
;. Toot(a"te ontain" ba"e" tat ne#tra'ie te aid (rod#e" b) bateria in o#r mo#t
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
CHAPTER "A,T
A alt i" a om(o#nd $ormed en te hyrogen ion7 H $rom an aid i" re('aed b) a metal ion or an
ammonium ion7 @H(?
Preparation of olu!le alt
! aid reati4e meta'+Zn 9 M%-à
"a't H2 9 2H
?
? Mg Mg
2?
? H2 ! aci ? !ae 6 metal oxie1 alt ? #ater
! aid a'3a'ià "a't ater 9 H? ? .H4 H2. 6 @a.H7 I.H7 @H(.H1
! aci ? car!onate metal alt ? C.2 ? H2. 5 2H? ? C.+
2? C.2 ? H2.
Proceure:
&0 pour + 2, ! 100m8- aid + 0., ! 2.0 mo' dm8- into a bea3er
20 eat "'o')
+0 add "o'id 6metal 5 !ae5 car!onate 1 a little #nti' e*e"" 9 no more di""o'4e
(0 tir
0 filter te mi*t#re into evaporating ih
*0 heat +"'o')- te filtrate #nti' 198 $rom ori%ina' 4o'#me 9 "at#rated "o'#tion $ormed
B0 cool o#n te "at#rated "o'#tion +#nti' r)"ta''ied -0 filter +to "e(arate te r)"ta'"-
J0 ry 9 tran"$er onto $i'ter (a(er 9 dr) beteen "eet" o$ $i'ter (a(er
.!ervation
Chemical ea2SO;-
8. tir
;. filter te mi*t#re
,. rine reiue 9 "o'id 9 (rei(itate
=. ry beteen "eet" o$ $i'ter (a(er
.!ervation
Cemia' e/#ation
Ioni e/#ation
Action of heat on alt
Car!onateà o*ide meta' +ba"e- CO2 except >a K and >H;
E*am('e< C#CO8 à C#O CO2
@itrate à o*ide meta' nitro%en o*ide o*)%en except >a K 7 62>a>O8 à 2>a>O2 O2 -
E*am('e < 2M%+>O8-2 à 2M%O ;>O2 O2
6%ro#n ga1
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Ammonium chlorie à ammonia %a" )dro%en 'oride %a" +>H;C' à >H8 HC' -
Confirmatory tet for cation an anion
1. State te materia' 9 emia' 9 rea%ent2. (roed#re
8. ob"er4ation
;. on'#"ion
Example: Yo# are %i4en a bott'e o$ ammoni#m 'oride "o'#tion. Decri!e chemical te"t to
4eri$) te ation and anion.
6a1 tet for cation +>H;-
&0 (o#r 2 cm+ te "o'#tion" into a te"t t#be
20 add 1 m8 o((er +II- "#'(ate "o'#tion
+0 b'#e (rei(itate "o'#b'e in e*e"" to $orm ark !lue olution0
.R
(0 add 2 to + rop of @eler reagent into te te"t t#be0 bron (rei(itate.
*0 Ammonium ion 6@H(?1 preent0
6!1 tet for anion 6Cl41
&0 (o#r 2 cm+ te "o'#tion into a te"t t#be
20 add 1 m8 o$ ilute nitri aid and "i'4er nitrate olution.
+0 ite (rei(itate $ormed
(0 on$irm te (re"ene o$ chlorie ion
Example: Yo# are %i4en 'ead +II- nitrate and a'#mini#m nitrate "o'#tion. De"ribe emia' te"t to4eri$) te ation and anion.
6c1 tet for cation
&0 (o#r 2 m8 te "o'#tion" into di$$erent te"t t#be"
20 add 1 m8 (ota""i#m ioie "o'#tion into te te"t t#be"
+0 yello# (rei(itate $ormed
(0 lea 6$$1 ion (re"ent
61 tet for anion
&0 (o#r 2 m8 o$ 'ead +II- nitrate olution into a te"t t#be
20 add 1 m
8
o$ di'#te "#'(#ri aid+0 add 1 m8 o$ iron +II- "#'(ate "o'#tion
(0 "a3e te mi*#re
0 tilt te te"t t#be add concentrate ulphuric aid carefully 99 rop !y rop don te "ide o$
te te"t t#be
*0 te bron rin% $ormed
B0 nitrate ion7 @.+4 preent.
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Aim : To on"tr#t te ioni e/#ation $or te $ormation o$ 'ead +II- romate+?I-
=Continuou variation metho>
Apparatu : Te"t t#be" o$ te "ame "ie te"t t#be ra3 b#rette retort "tand it
'am( r#'er %'a"" rod dro((er.
Material : 0., mo' dm8 (ota""i#m romate +?I- "o'#tion 0., mo' dm8 'ead +II-
nitrate "o'#tion.
Proceure : 1. Se4en te"t t#be" o$ te "ame "ie ere 'abe''ed $rom n#mber 1 to F. Te) ere ('aed in a te"t t#be
ra3.
2. A b#rette a" $i''ed ;0 mol m4+ lea 6$$1 nitrate olution7 0;; cm+ of the lea 6$$1 nitrate
olution a" r#n into ea te "e4en t#be".
8. Anoter b#rette a" $i''ed it 0., mo' dm8 (ota""i#m romate +?I- "o'#tion.
;. &ota""i#m romate +?I- "o'#tion $rom te b#rette a" added into ea o$ te "e4en te"t t#be"
aordin% to te 4o'#me" "(ei$ied in te tab'e.
,. Te mi*t#re in ea te"t t#be a" "tirred it a 'ean %'a"" rod.=. Te te"t t#be" ere 'e$t a"ide $or abo#t an o#r.
F. Te ei%t o$ te (rei(itate in ea te"t t#be a" mea"#red. Te o'o#r o$ te "o'#tion abo4e te (rei(itate in ea te"t t#be a" ob"er4ed and reorded.
Reult:Tet tu!e & 2 + ( * B
?o'#me o$ 0., mo'
dm8
&b+>O8-2 9m8
,.00 ,.00 ,.00 ,.00 ,.00 ,.00 ,.00
?o'#me o$ 0., mo'
dm8
K 2Cr O; 9m8
1.00 2.00 8.00 ;.00 ,.00 =.00 F.00
Hei%t o$ (rei(itate+m-
0.=0 1.20 1.@0 2.;0 8.00 8.00 8.00
Co'o#r o$ "o'#tion
abo4e te (rei(itate
o'o#r'e"" o'o#r'e"" o'o#r'e"" o'o#r'e"" o'o#r'e"" )e''o )e''o
Paper 2
Dicuion
Te 4o'#me o$ 0., mo' dm8 (ota""i#m romate +?I- "o'#tion re/#ired to e*at') reat it ,.00 m8 o$ 0.,
mo' dm8 'ead +II- nitrate "o'#tion i" ,.00 m8.
Calculation:
>#mber o$ mo'e" 'ead +II- ion" M?
0., * ,.0091000 0.002, mo'.
>#mber o$ mo'e" romate +?I- ion" M?
0., * ,.0091000 0.002, mo'.Sim('e"t mo'e ratio o$ 'ead +II- ion" < romate +?I- ion"
0.002, < 0.002,
1 < 1
12
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
Dicuion:
1. A )e''o (rei(itate o$ 'ead +II- romate +?I- i" $ormed in ea o$ te "e4en te"t t#be".
2. Te ei%t o$ te (rei(itate inrea"e" %rad#a'') $rom te"t t#be" 1 to , bea#"e more and more 'ead +II-
romate +?I- i" $ormed d#e to te inrea"in% amo#nt o$ (ota""i#m romate +?I- added to te te"t t#be".
8. Te o'o#r o$ "o'#tion abo4e te (rei(itate in te"t t#be" 1 to ; are o'o#r'e"" d#e to te e*e"" 'ead +II-nitrate.
;. Te o'o#r o$ "o'#tion abo4e te (rei(itate in te"t t#be" = to F i" )e''o d#e to te e*e"" (ota""i#m
romate +?I-.,. Ioni e/#ation< &b2 Cr 2OF
2 à &bCr 2OF
Concluion:
A" 9 en te 4o'#me o$ (ota""i#m romate +?I- "o'#tion #"ed inrea"e" te ei%t o$ te (rei(itate
inrea"e" #nti' it aie4e" a ma*im#m ei%t.
CHAPTER J : MA@/-ACT/RED "/%"TA@CE" $@ $@D/"TR)
&0 Contact proce: manufacture ulphuric aci
Sta%e E/#ation E*('anation
1 S O2 à SO2 S#'(#r i" b#rned in te e*e"" o$ o*)%en %a" to (rod#e "#'(#r
dio*ide %a".
2 2SO2 O2 à 2SO8 SO2 i" ten eated in e*e"" o*)%en %a" ata')"t ?anadi#m +?-
o*ide 1 atm and ;,0 ! ,,0 o C to (rod#e "#'(#r trio*ide %a".
8 SO8 H2SO; à H2S2OF 5a" "#'$#r trio*ide di""o'4e in "#'(#ri aid to (rod#e o'e#m
; H2S2OF H2O à2H2SO; O'e#m i" added to ater to (rod#e "#'$#ri aid
a ".+ i not iolve in #ater to prouce H2".( traight a#ay !ecaue the reaction #ill prouce a
lot of heat #hich i angerou6 caue the forming of aci fume1
"a%e o$ "#'(#ri aid<
To man#$at#re $erti'ier "oa( and deter%ent
To ma3e e*('o"i4e materia' (aint 9 (i%ment (o')mer A" meta' 'eaner and e'etro')te in ar batter).
20 Ha!er Proce
>2 8H2 à 2>H8
Conition: Cata')"t< iron tem(erat#re< ;,0 ! ,,0 oC &re""#re 200 ! ,00 atm
"a%e< to man#$at#re $erti'ier
2>H8 H2SO; à +>H; -2 SO;
8>H8 H8&O; à +>H; -8 &O;
>H8 H>O8 à >H; >O8
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
8. Hi% (erenta%e o$ nitro%en i" a %ood $erti'"er $or ('ant". Ho to a'#'ate N> in $erti'i"er#rea CO+>H2-2 and ammoni#m nitrate +>H; >O8- i one i" a better $erti'i"er
RAM < >1;P C12 PO1=P H1
"ample an#er:
N > in rea ma"" o$ nitro%en 9 RMM #rea * 100
2*1; 9 =0 * 100 ;=.=FN
N > in >H; >O8 2*1; 9 @0 * 100 8,.00 N
/rea i a goo fertili9er tan ammoni#m nitrate bea#"e te percentage o$ nitro%en in #rea higher tan
ammoni#m nitrate.
;. De"ribe o toxic #ate (rod#t $rom $ator) a$$et" te /#a'it) o$ te en4ironment. Yo#r de"ri(tion
"o#'d in'#de te $o''oin% a"(et". "ource7 proce an effect0
"ample an#er:
1. "ource> "#'(#r dio*ide %a" (rod#ed b) $ator) or b#rnin% o$ $o""i' $#e'"
2. proce "#'(#r dio*ide %a" di""o'4e" in rain ater 9 ater to $orm aid rain
2SO2 O2 2H2Oà 2H2SO;>
8. effect to*i a"te 9 aid $'o" to into 'a3e" and ri4er" aid rain 'oer" te (H 4a'#e o$ ater "oi'
and air.
;. Gi" and oter a/#ati or%ani"m" die.,. aid rain orrode" onrete b#i'din%" and meta' "tr#t#re"
=. aid de"tro)" tree" in $ore"t
F. Aid rain reat" it minera'" in "oi' to (rod#e" "a't i are 'eaed o#t te to( "oi'.@. &'ant" die o$ ma'n#trition and di"ea"e".
. Soi' beome" aidi #n"#itab'e $or %rot o$ ('ant" and de"tro)" te root" o$ ('ant".
10. "#'(#r dio*ide a#"e" re"(irator) (rob'em" in #man".
,. P.,$MER < large molecule made #( o$ identia' re(eatin% "#b#nit" o$ monomer i are
oined to%eter b) o4a'ent bond".
"ynthetic polymer Monomer /e
&o')tene Etene &'a"ti ba%" ('a"ti ontainer
&o')(ro(ene &ro(ene &i(in% ar batterie"&o')4in)' 'oride &?C C'oroetene Arti$iia' 'eater ater (i(e
&er"(e* Met)'metar)'ate Sa$et) %'a"" re$'etor"
1;monomer + etene- (o')mer +(o')etene-
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
A,,.)
An alloy i" a mi*t#re o$ to or more e'ement" it a ertain $i*ed om(o"ition in i te maor
om(onent i" a meta'.
&0 Te om(o"ition (ro(ertie" and #"e" o$ "ome alloy
Alloy Compoition Propertie /e
Brone CuTin
Hard and "tron%
doe" not orrode ea"i')a" "in) "#r$ae
in b#i'din% o$ "tat#e or mon#ment".
in ma3in% o$ meda'""ord" and arti"ti materia'
Bra"" CuZin
arder tan o((er in ma3in% o$ m#"ia' in"tr#ment" and3itenare
Stee' $ron
Carbon
Hard and "tron% in on"tr#tion o$ b#i'din%" and brid%e"
in b#i'din% o$ te bod) o$ ar" and rai'a)tra3"
Stain'e"""tee'
$ronCarbon
Cromi#m
"in)"tron%
doe" not r#"t
in ma3in% o$ #t'er)in ma3in% o$ "#r%ia'
in"tr#ment
D#ra'#min AluminiumCo((er
Ma%ne"i#mman%ane"e
'i%t
"tron%
in b#i'din% o$ te bod) o$ aero('ane and
b#''et train"
&eter Tin Co((er
antimon)
'#"tre "in)
"tron%
In ma3in% o$ "o#4enir"
Brone i" harer tan (#re o((er. E*('ain.
Reaon:
1. Te (re"ene o$ atom" o$ oter meta'" 9 tin tat are ifferent i9e2. Dirupt te order') arran%ement o$ o((er atom"
8. Tin atom" reuce te layer of copper atom $rom "'idin%
;. A''o) i" "tron%er and harer tan (#re meta'
2. Yo# a4e 'earnt te teel i" an a''o) o$ iron. Stee' i" arder tan pure iron. Bot iron and "tee' an r#"ten e*(o"ed to air and ater. Do they rut at the ame rate
Aim : To om(are the rate of ruting beteen iron "tee' and "tain'e"" "tee'
Pro!lem "tatement
Ho# oe the rate of ruting beteen iron "tee' and "tain'e"" "tee' di$$er
Hypothei
Iron r#"t $a"ter tan "tee' and "tee' r#"t $a"ter tan "tain'e"" "tee'.
Garia!le
1,
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
Manipulate : Iron "tee' and "tain'e"" "tee'.
Reponing : inten"it) 9 amo#nt o$ dar3 b'#e o'o#r 9 rate of ruting
-ixe : "ie o$ nai' onentration o$ "o'#tion d#ration o$ r#"tin%
Proceure:
1. C'ean te nai'" it "and (a(er +to remo4ed te r#"t $rom a'' te nai'"-
2. &'ae te iron nai' "tee' nai' and "tain'e"" "tee' nai' into te te"t t#be A B and C re"(eti4e').
8. &re(are a , N e'') "o'#tion b) addin% , % e'') to 100 m8
o$ boi'in% ater. Add a $e dro( o$ potaiumhexacyanoferrate 6$$$1 "o'#tion.
;. &o#r te ot e'') into te te"t t#be" #nti' a'' te nai'" are $#'') immer"ed.
,. 7ea4e te nai'" $or 8 da)".=. Ob"er4e and reord te inten"it) o$ te dar3 b'#e o'o#r.
Ta!ulation of ata
Paper 2
Concluion
1. Te onentration o$ Ge2 ion" in te te"t t#be A i" i%er tan in te"t t#be B. >o Ge2 ion" are (re"ent in
te"t t#be C.
2. Te rate o$ r#"tin% in te"t t#be A i" i%er tan tat in te"t t#be B. >o r#"tin% ta3e" ('ae in te"t t#be C.A''o) "'o don te rate o$ r#"tin%.
Propertie7 compoition an ue ifferent type of gla
Type Propertie Chemical
compoition
/e
G#"ed %'a"" ?er) i% "o$tenin% (oint
Hi%') eat re"i"tantDoe" not ra3 en tem(erat#re an%e"
4er) re"i"tant to emia' reation"
di$$i#'t to be "a(ed
SiO2 7en"e" te'e"o(e
mirror" o(tia' $ibre"7aborator) %'a""are.
Soda 'ime
%'a""
'o "o$tenin% (oint
doe" not it"tand eatin%brea3 ea"i')
'e"" re"i"tant to emia' reation"
ea") to be "a(ed
ra3" ea"i') it "#dden an%e in tem(erat#re
SiO2CaCO8 9 >a2CO8
G'at %'a"" 'i%t b#'b
mirror" %'a""ontainer".
Boro"i'iate 'oer terma' oe$$iient
eat re"i"tant Doe" not ra3 en tem(erat#re an%e"
4er) re"i"tant to emia' reation"
doe" not brea3 ea"i')
SiO2B2O8
>a2O
7aborator) %'a""are
oo3in% #ten"i'".A#tomobi'e
ead'i%t".
7ead %'a"" 'o "o$tenin% (oint
i% den"it)
Hi% re$rati4e inde*
SiO2&bO
CaO
Deorati4e item"
r)"ta' %'a"" are
'en" (ri"m ande'ier
Te"t t#be Te inten"it) o$ te dar3 b'#e o'o#r 99
rate o$ r#"tin%
A
B
C
1=
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
Compoite Material i" a "tr#t#ra' materia' tat i" $ormed b) com!ining t#o or more di$$erent
"#b"tane" "# a metal7 alloy7 gla7 ceramic an polymer.
Compoitematerial
Component Propertie ofcomponent
Propertie ofcompoite
/e ofcomponent
Rein$ored
onrete
Conrete Hard b#t britt'e 'o
ten"i'e "tren%t
Stron%er i% ten"i'e
"tren%t doe" not
orrode ea"i') anit"tand i%er
a(('ied $ore" and
'oad" ea(er.
Con"tr#tion o$
$rameor3 $or
i%a) brid%e"and i%ri"e
b#i'din%Stee' Hard it i% ten"i'e
"tren%t b#t e*(en"i4eand an orrode.
S#(er
ond#tor
Co((er+II-o*ide
bari#m o*ide
In"#'ator" o$ e'etriit) Cond#t" e'etriit) 5enerator"
tran"$ormer"
e'etri ab'eam('i$ier"
om(#ter (art"MRI
Gibre o(ti" 5'a"" o$ 'o
re$rati4e inde*
Tran"(arent doe" re$'et
'i%t ra)".
re$'et 'i%t ra)" and
a''o 'i%t ra)" to
tra4e' a'on% te $iber
Tran"mit data in te
$orm o$ 'i%t in
te'eomm#niation"
5'a"" o$ i%
re$rati4e inde*
Gibre %'a"" 5'a"" Hea4) "tron% b#t britt'e
and non$'e*ib'e
7i%t "tron% to#%
re"i'ient and $'e*ib'eit i% ten"i'e"tren%t not
in$'ammab'e 'o
den"it) ea"i')o'o#red "a(ed and
mo#'ded.
Water "tora%e
tan3" "ma'' boate'met
&o')e"ter ('a"ti 7i%t $'e*ib'e e'a"ti
b#t ea3 andin$'ammab'e
&oto
romi
%'a""
5'a"" Tran"(arent doe" re$'et
'i%t ra)".
Sen"iti4e to 'i%t <
dar3en" en 'i%t
inten"it) i" i%
beome" 'ear en'i%t inten"it) i" 'o.
&otoromi
o(tia' 'en" amera
'en" ar
ind"ie'd" o(tia'"ite" 'i%t
inten"it) meter".
Si'4er 'orideor "i'4er bromide
Sen"iti4e to 'i%t
1F
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
@ote:
1. Cata')"t ! a "#b"tane #hich alter te rate o$ emia' reation i'e remain chemically
unchange at te end o$ reation.
2. .!erva!le change $or mea"#rin% te rate o$ reation.
+a- 4o'#me o$ %a" 'iberated+b- (rei(itate $ormation
+- an%e in ma"" d#rin% reation o'o#r tem(erat#re (re""#re
1. Cata')"t +Man%ane"e +I?- o*ide-
a- Deom(o"ition o$ "odi#m 'orate +?- 2>aC'O8 à 2>aC' 8O2
b- Deom(o"ition )dro%en (ero*ide 2H2O2 à 2H2O O2
2. Catalytic converter in te ar e*a#"t ")"tem ontain rodi#m ('atin#m or romi#m +III- o*ide Cr 2O8.
Example:
&0 Aim: To in4e"ti%ate te effect of temperature o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate >a2S2O8 olution on te rate o$
reation
Pro!lem "tatement:
Ho# oe tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate >a2S2O8 "o'#tion a$$et te rate o$ reation
Hypothei:
Wen te tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate >a2S2O8 olution inrea"e" te rate o$ reation inrea"e".99 te
i%er te tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate olution te i%er te rate o$ reation.
Garia!le:
Manipulate :Tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate "o'#tion.
Reponing :Rate o$ reation9 Time ta3en $or te ro"" Q6 to di"a((ear $rom te "i%t.
-ixe : Concentration an volume o$ "#'(#ri aid concentration an volume o$ "odi#m
tio"#'(ate "o'#tion.
Apparatu : 1,0 m8 onnia' $'a"3 ,0 m8 mea"#rin% )'inder10m8 mea"#rin% )'inder "to(at
termometer B#n"en b#rner tri(od "tand ire %a#e.
Material: ;02 mol m4+ "odi#m tio#'(ate "o'#tion 1.0 mo' dm8 "#'(#ri aid ite (a(er mar3ed 6
at te entre.
Proceure
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
F.Te "to(at i" "to((ed a" "oon a" te mar3 di"a((ear $rom "i%[email protected] ta3en i" reorded.
. Ste(" 1 to are re(eated b) #"in% te di$$erent tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate "o'#tion.
Data an .!ervation
Experiment Temperature 7
6oC1
Time taken for the K'L mark to
iappear from vie#7 t 61
&5 time taken 7
&5t 6 4&1
1 2@2 8,
8 ;0
; ;,
, ,0
Dicuion
Ba"ed on ('otted %ra(< a'#'ation
Te i%er te tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate te "orter te time ta3en $or ro""Q6 to di"a((ear
$rom te "i%t.Te rate o$ reation diret') (ro(ortiona' to te tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m tio"#'(ate "o'#tion #"ed. 99
A" te tem(erat#re "odi#m tio"#'(ate "o'#tion inrea"e" te time ta3en derea"e". Tere$ore te rate o$ reation inrea"e".
Concluion :
Te rate o$ reation inrea"e" a" te tem(erat#re "odi#m tio#'(ate "o'#tion inrea"e".
Energy profile iagram
20
1. Ea ! ati4ation ener%) ito#t ata')"t2. Ea ati4ation ener%) it ata')"t
8. E*otermi reation ! eat re'ea"ed 9%i4en o#t
;. Ener%) ontent in reatant" i%er tan (rod#t",. U H i" te ener%) di$$erene in reatant" and (rod#t"=. Heat %i4en o#t d#rin% !on formation i" greater tan eat
ab"orbed d#rin% !on !reaking
F. E*otermi reaton. U H
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
20 Aim: to in4e"ti%ate effect of catalyt on te rate o$ deom(o"ition )dro%en (ero*ide.
Pro!lem tatement: ho# oe a ata')"t a$$et te rate o$ deom(o"ition )dro%en (ero*ide
Hypothei< man%ane"e +I?- o*ide MnO2 inrea"e" te rate o$ deom(o"ition o$ )dro%en (ero*ide
Garia!le:
Mani(#'ated < (re"ene o$ man%ane"e +I?- o*ide +MnO2-
Re"(ondin% < rate o$ reation
Gi*ed < onentration o$ H2O2 initia' tem(erat#re o$ H2O2 "o'#tion.
Apparatu< te"t t#be 10 m8 mea"#rin% )'inder te"t t#be ra3 "(at#'a.
Material: +,10- ! 4o'#me o$ H2O2 "o'#tion man%ane"e +I?- o*ide +MnO2- (oder ooden "('inter
Proceure:
1. 'abe' to te"t t#be a" A and B2. "in% a mea"#rin% )'inder mea"#re , m8 o$ 20 ! 4o'#me o$ H2O2 "o'#tion and (o#r into te"t
t#be A.
8. Add V "(at#'a o$ man%ane"e +I?- o*ide (oder into te"t t#be A.;. Sa3e te te"t t#be.
,. Immediate') ('ae a %'oin% "('inter into te te"t t#be.
=. Ob"er4e and reord te an%e".F. Re(eat te "ame (roed#re $or te"t t#be B ito#t MnO2
.!ervation: =Paper 2>
Tet tu!e .!ervation
A E$$er4e"ene o#rred. Te %'oin% ooden "('inter re'i%t.
B >o e$$er4e"ene. Te %'oin% ooden "('inter did not re'i%t.
Dicuion:
Man%ane"e +I?- o*ide +MnO2- inrea"e" te rate o$ deom(o"ition o$ )dro%en (ero*ide. Deom(o"ition
o$ )dro%en (ero*ide (rod#e" o*)%en %a". 2H2O2 à 2H2O O2
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
CHAPTER &&: CAR%.@ C.MP./@D
1. Hyrocar!on ! emia' om(o#nd ontainin% car!on and hyrogen atom only.
2. Alkene ! emia' om(o#nd ontainin% car!on an hyrogen atom and at 'ea"t
one car!on4car!on ou!le !on 6 C C 1
+0 $omer are mo'e#'e" it te ame molecular formula b#t it ifferent tructural formula.
Example: C(H&; 8 !utane
1. C2H; O H2O C2H;+OH-2 (#r('e t#rn" o'o#r'e"" 99 oran%e t#rn" %reen
2. CH8COOH C2HOH CH8COO C2H H2O
8. C2H; H2O C2H,OH
22
H 2SO; on"
H 8 &O; =0 atm 800oC
CH8COO C2H,Et)' etanoate
CH8COOH
Carbo*)'
COOH
C2H;Do#b'e bond beteen
C atom" CC
C=H12O=
C2H=
C2H,Br
C2H;+OH-2
C2H;Br 2
C2H,OH
E"teri$iationH2SO;
CH2 CH2
Ad
d
it
i
o
n
O*idation
Germention
Br 2
H2
KMnO;9 H
K 2Cr 2OF9 H
H2O
H6
CnH 2n 2 n 12 a'3aneCnH2n n 2 8 a'3ene
CnH 2n 1 OH n 1 2 a'oo'
CnH 2n1 COOH n01.. Carbo*)'i aid
C2H,OH
H)dro*)'
OH
KMnO;9H 9 K 2Cr 2OF9 H
nb#tane
2met)'(ro(ane
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
;. C=H12O= 2C2H,OH 2CO2
Homologou
erie
eneral formula -unctional group Mem!er 7 example
A'3ane CnH2n 2 n 12.. Sin%'e o4a'ent bond
beteen arbon atom". C C
Etane
A'3ene CnH2n n 2.. Do#b'e o4a'ent bond beteen arbon atom". CC
Etene
A'oo'" CnH2n 1 OH n 12.. H)dro*)' %ro#( 9 OH Etano'
Carbo*)'iaid
CnH2n 1 COOH n 012..
Carbo*)' %ro#( COOH Etanoi aid CH8COOH
28
Yea"t
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
;. Yo#r are re/#ired to (re(are one name') e"ter b) #"in% ethanoic aci i" one o$ te reatant". B) #"in% a
namely alcohol ecri!e one e*(eriment to (re(are te e"ter. In )o#r de"ri(tion in'#de te chemical
e
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
te boi'in% t#be.d- Heat te #n%'aed (ore'ain i(" trongly0
e- Ten eat te gla #ool gently to 4a(orie te (ro(ano'.
$- De"ri(tion o$ te chemical tet to te %a" o''eted in te te"t t#be.
Add 1 m8 o$ !romine #ater and "a3e e''.
=.!ervation>:Reih !ro#n colour of !romine ecolourie
Or
Add 1 m8 o$ aidi$ied (ota""i#m man%anate+?II- "o'#tion and "a3e e''.
=.!ervation>:
Purple colour of potaium manganate6G$$1 olution ecolourie
Chemical e
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
0 Reord a'' te data obtained.
/nvulcanie ru!!er Gulcanie ru!!er
Reult 5 Data
T)(e o$ r#bber Initia' 'en%t cm 7en%t a$ter remo4a' o$ ei%t cm
4#'ani"ed
#n4#'ani"ed
Compare an contrat the propertie of vulcani9e ru!!er
Gulcani9e ru!!er Elaticity /nvulcanie ru!!er
Harder Hardne"" 7e"" arder
More e'a"ti E'a"tiit) 7e"" e'a"ti
Stron%er Ten"i'e "tren%t Wea3er
Can it"tand i%er tem(erat#re Re"i"tane to eat Cannot it"tand i%er
tem(erat#re
7e"" ea"i') o*idied Re"i"tane to o*idation More ea"i') o*idied
Doe" not beome "o$t and "ti3) ea"i') E$$et o$ or%ani "o'4ent Beome "o$t and "ti3) ea"i')
Concluion:
1. Gulcanie ru!!er i" more elatic tan #n4#'ani"ed r#bber d#e to te (re"ene o$ cro4linkage ofulfur atom beteen te r#bber mo'e#'e". ?#'ani"ed r#bber o#'d ret#rn to it" ori%ina' 'en%t a$ter
remo4a' o$ te ei%t.
To prepare vulcanie ru!!er
R#bber an be 4#'anied b) di((in% nat#ra' r#bber "eet" into iulphur ichlorie olution
in methyl!en9ene or eated it ulphur0
@ote:
?#'ani"ed r#bber i more heat reitance d#e to te (re"ene o$ cro4linkage of ulfur atomincreae the i9e of ru!!er molecule. Gore o$ attration beteen mo'e#'e" i'' inrea"e.
2F
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
B0 Compare and ifferentiate beteen name') alkene and alkane
Alkane 6 hexane 1 Alkene 6 hexene 1
1 H)droarbon + ontain C and H atom-2 7o me'tin% and boi'in% (oint
8 In"o'#b'e in ater "o'#b'e in or%ani "o'4ent
; Cannot ond#t e'etriit)
, Den"it) 'e"" tan ater
= Com('ete') omb#"tion (rod#e CO2 H2O
F Sat#rated "in%'e o4a'ent bond CC n"at#rated ontain at 'ea"t one do#b'e bond CC
@ nreati4e ! #nder%o "#b"tit#tion it
a'o%en in te (re"ene o$ "#n'i%t 9 ? ra)
Reati4e ! #nder%o addition reation+ )dro%enation
a'o%enation" o*idation (o')meriation it a'ide
"team+)dration-
5enera' $orm#'a CnH2n2 n 12 CnH2n n 2
10 $entify tet1. Comb#"tion b#rn 'e"" "oot $'ame.
+N o$ arbon (er mo'e#'e i" 'oer-
1. More "oot $'ame.
+ N o$ arbon (er mo'e#'e i" i%er-.
Chemical tet
2. add bromine ater !ro#n o'o#rremain"
8. add aidi$ied KMnO; purple o'o#rremain"
2. deo'oried !ro#n bromine ater
8. purple o'o#r i" deo'o#ried
2@
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
CHAPTER &2: RED.'
Reox reaction are emia' reation" in4o'4in% oxiation an reuction o#rrin% imultaneouly.
&0 Tran"$er o$ e'etron M% à M%2 2e 99 C#2 2e à C#
20 7o"" or %ain o*)%en C 2C#O à 2C# CO2
+0 7o"" or %ain )dro%en H2S C'2 à 2HC' "
(0 an%e" in o*idation n#mber
Ruting of iron
1. Wen iron e*(o"ed to #ater and oxygen 2. Iron atom re'ea"e" 2 electron to $orm iron 6$$1 ion Ge2 9 i" o*idied to $orm iron +II- ion Ge2
8. Ge à Ge2 2e 99 +anode- = oxiation>
;. Iron at" a" reucing agent
,. O*)%en and ater receive 5gain electron to $orm )dro*ide ion".=. O2 2H2O ;e à ;OH
+atode- =reuction>
F. O*)%en at" a oxii9ing agent.@. Iron +II- ion Ge2 ombine it )dro*ide ion OH to $orm iron +II- )dro*ide Ge+OH-2.
. Iron +II- )dro*ide Ge+OH-2 o*idied b) o*)%en to $orm iron 6$$$1 oxie !ro#n oli5precipitate
Ge2O8.* H2O. 99 Ge2 à Ge8 e
Effect of the contact of other metal on the ruting of iron0
2
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
Aim : To in4e"ti%ate the effect o$ in ontat o$ oter meta'" on ter#"tin% o$ iron.
Pro!lem tatement<Ho doe" te effect on r#"tin% en iron i" in ontat it anoter meta' 99
Ho doe" di$$erent t)(e o$ meta' in ontat it affect te r#"tin% o$ iron
Hypothei :Wen a more e'etro(o"iti4e meta' i" in contact it iron te meta' inhi!it r#"tin%.
Wen a 'e"" e'etro(o"iti4e meta' i" in contact it iron te meta' pee up te r#"tin%.
Garia!le:
Mani(#'ated < T)(e o$ meta' tat in ontat it iron.
Re"(ondin% < R#"tin% o$ ironGi*ed < Iron nai'" tem(erat#re medi#m in i iron nai'" are 3e(t.
Apparatu < Te"t t#be te"t t#be ra3
Material : iron nai'" ma%ne"i#m ribbon o((er "tri( in "tri( tin "tri( ot e'') "o'#tion (ota""i#me*a)ano$erat +III- K 8Ge+C>-= "o'#tion (eno'(ta'ein indiator "and (a(er.
Proceure:
1. Gi4e iron nai'" ma%ne"i#m ribbon o((er "tri( in "tri( and tin "tri( ere 'eaned it "and (a(er.
2. Go#r iron nai'" ere oi'ed ti%t') it te ma%ne"i#m ribbon o((er "tri( in "tri( and tin "tri(
re"(eti4e').8. A'' $i4e iron nai'" ere ('aed in "e(arate te"t t#be.
;. Te 4o'#me o$ ot e'') "o'#tion tat a" mi*ed it a 'itt'e K 8Ge+C>-= "o'#tion and (eno'(ta'ein
indiator a" (o#red into te ea te"t t#be to om('ete') o4er a'' te nai'".,. Te te"t t#be" ere 3e(t in a te"t t#be ra3 and ere a"ide $or a da).=. A'' ob"er4ation" ere reorded.
.!ervation
Meta' Ob"er4ation
Inten"it) o$ dar3
b'#e o'o#ration
Inten"it) o$ (in3
o'o#ration
Condition o$ nai'
Ge 7o Te "#r$ae o$ te nai' a" (artia'') o4ered it
reddi" bron "o'id
Ge
M%
Hi% >o reddi" bron "o'id a" $o#nd on te "#r$ae o$
te nai'.GeZn Hi% >o reddi" bron "o'id a" $o#nd on te "#r$ae o$
te nai'.
GeSn Moderate 7o Te o'e "#r$ae o$ te nai' a" o4ered it
reddi" bron "o'id
GeC# Hi% 7o Te o'e "#r$ae o$ te nai' a" ea4i') o4ered
it reddi" bron "o'id
Te nai' in te"t t#be A r#"ted a 'itt'e. >o r#"tin% o#rred to te nai'" in te"t t#be" B and C .Te nai' in te"t
t#be D r#"ted b#t te nai' in te"t t#be E r#"ted e4en more.
80
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
1. Si'4er M and 7
2. 7 an di"('ae "i'4er $rom "i'4er nitrate "o'#tion.
8. 7 i" more e'etro(o"iti4e tan "i'4er 99 7 i" i%er tan "i'4er in e'etroemia' "erie".;. M meta' an di"('ae "i'4er $rom "i'4er nitrate "o'#tion.
,. M i" more e'etro(o"iti4e tan "i'4er 99 M i" i%er tan "i'4er in te e'etroemia' "erie".
=. M annot di"('ae 7 $rom 7 nitrate "o'#tion.
F. M i" 'e"" e'etro(o"iti4e tan 7 99 7 i" i%er tan M in te e'etroemia' "erie".
20 Diplacement of Halogen:
Aim: To invetigate oxiation an reuction in the iplacement of halogen from it halie olution0
Proceure:
&0 Pour 2m cm+ of potaium !romie olution into a tet tu!e0
20 A 2 cm+ of chlorine #ater to the tet tu!e an hake the mixture0
+0 A 2 cm+ of &7&7&4trichloroethane 5 tetrachlorometane to the tet tu!e an hake the mixture an
leave it on the tet tu!e rack
(0 Recor theo!ervation00 Repeat tep & to ( uing another halogen an halie olution0
Ta!ulation of ata:
Halogen
Halie
olution
Chlorine %romine $oine
Potaium chlorie ' '
Potaium !romine 5 '
Potaium ioie 5 5
Example: Cl2 ? 2I$ 2ICl ? $2 55 Cl2 ? 2$4 $2 ? 2Cl
4
82
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
Cl2 ? 2e 2Cl4 6 reuction1 2$4 $2 ? 2e 6oxiation
+0 Tranfer of electron at a itance 8 /4tu!e
Proceure:
1. 'am( a t#be to a retort "tand
2. (o#r di'#te "#'(#ri aid8. add "olution 6oxii9ing agent1 into one end o$ te arm o$ te t#be
;. Add olution 6reucing agent1 into te oter end.,. ('ae 9 di( arbon e'etrode" into ea arm o$ te t#be=. onnet te e'etrode" to a 4o'tmeter9 %a'4anometer #"in% onnetin% ire
F. 'ea4e te a((arat#" $or 80min#te"
@. reord te ob"er4ation
;. Ba"ed on e'etron tran"$er 7 E'P,A$@ te o*idation and red#tion reation in
+i- Can%in% o$ Ge2 ion" to Ge8 ion"
+ii- Can%in% o$ Ge8
ion" to Ge2
ion"
"e a uita!le example $or ea o$ te reation. In'#de a'$ e/#ation" in )o#r an"er.
"ample an#er:
6i1a. Ge2 → Ge8 e
b. Br 2 2e → 2Br !
2. Iron +II- ion" re'ea"e" 9 donate" e'etron to beome iron+III- ion". Iron+II- ion" are o*idied.8. Bromine mo'e#'e" reei4e9 %ain e'etron" to $orm bromide ion". Bromine mo'e#'e" are red#ed.
+an) "#itab'e o*idiin% a%ent C'2 KMnO;9H -
6ii11. Ge8 e → Ge2
2. Zn → Zn2 2e
8. Iron+III- ion" %ain e'etron to beome iron+II- ion". Iron+III- ion" are red#ed.
;. Zin atom" re'ea"e"9 donate" e'etron" to $orm in ion". Zin atom" are o*idied.+a< an) "#itab'e red#in% a%ent-
88
(ota""i#m iodide "o'#tion bromine ater
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
,. De"ribe an experiment to in4e"ti%ate o*idation and red#tion in te an%e o$ iron+II- ion" to iron+III-ion" and 4ie 4er"a.
+i- Changing of -e2? ion to -e+? ion
Proceure:
1. &o#r 2 m8 o$ $re"') (re(ared iron+II-"#'(ate "o'#tion into a te"t t#be.
2. "in% dro((er add bromine ater dro( b) dro( #nti' no $#rter an%e" are ob"er4ed.8. Heat "'o') 9 %ent')
;. Add 8 dro(" o$ (ota""i#m e*a)ano$errate +II- "o'#tion 9 "odi#m )dro*ide "o'#tion.
,. Dar3 b'#e (rei(itate 99 bron (rei(itate $ormed.
+ii- Changing of -e+? ion to -e2? ion
Proceure:
1. &o#r 2 m8 o$ iron+III-"#'(ate "o'#tion into a te"t t#be.
2. Add a'$ "(at#'a o$ in 9 M% (oder to te "o'#tion.
8. Sa3e te mi*t#re #nti' no $#rter an%e" are ob"er4ed.
;. Gi'ter te mi*t#re.,. Add 8 dro(" o$ (ota""i#m e*a)ano$errate +III- "o'#tion 9 "odi#m )dro*ide "o'#tion into the filtrate.
=. Dar3 b'#e (rei(itate 99 %reen (rei(itate $ormed.
Reactivity erie
&0 reactive metal #ith oxygen
Aim: 1. to in4e"ti%ate te reati4it) o$ meta' it o*)%en
2. To arran%e meta'" in term o$ teir reati4it) it o*)%en
Proceure:
1. t one "(at#'a o$ (ota""i#m man%anate+?II- KMnO;
into a boi'in% t#be.2. " "ome %'a"" oo' into te boi'in% t#be and 'am( orionta'').
8. &'ae one "(at#'a ma%ne"i#m (oder on a (iee o$ a"be"to" (a(er
and (#t into te boi'in% t#be.
;. Heat ma%ne"i#m (oder trongly and ten eat te "o'id KMnO;.,. Ob"er4e and reord o vigorou the reaction and o'o#r o$
te re"id#e en it i" hot an #hen it i col.
2Mg ? .2 2Mg.
8;
K
>aCa
M%A'
C
Zn
H
Ge
Sn
&bC#
H%A%A#
&o"ition" o$arbon and
)dro%en in te
reatin% "erie"
o$ meta'
&rod#e o*)%en
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
20 hyrogen ga #ith oxie of le
reactive metal
H2 ? P!. P! ? H2.
+0 car!on #ith oxie metal
C ? 2Cu. 2Cu ? C.2
Aim:
To determine te (o"ition o$ arbon in te
reati4it) "erie" o$ meta'"
Proceure:
1. Mi* toro#%') a "(at#'a o$ arbon (oder and
a "(at#'a o$ o((er+II-o*ide in a r#ib'e.
2. Heat te mi*t#re trongly08. Reord te ob"er4ation.
;. Re(eat "te(" 1 to 8 #"in% ma%ne"i#m o*ide a'#mini#m o*ide and in o*ide to re('ae
o((er+II-o*ide.
(0 Car!on ioxie #ith metalC.2 ? 2Mg 2Mg. ? C
Application of reactivity erie in the extraction of metal
E*tration o$ iron $rom it" ore" ematite Ge2O8E*tration o$ tin $rom it" ore" a""iterite SnO2 in !lat furnace arbon 9 o3e a" a red#in% a%ent.
E*am('e<C O2 à CO2
C CO2 à 2CO
C CO2 2CO red#ed te iron o*ide" to iron
8,
O*idiin% red#in%
a%ent a%ent
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
2 Ge2O8 8C à ;Ge 8CO2
Ge2O8 8CO à 2Ge 2CO2
CaCO8 à CaO CO2 + 'ime "tone deom(o"ed-
CaO SiO2 à CaSiO8 + im(#ritie" -
Reox reaction in variou chemical cell
8=
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
CHAPTER &+: THERM.CHEM$"TR)
1. Exothermic
! A emia' reation tat give out heat to te "#rro#ndin%" Te reatant" 'o"e eat ener%) to $orm te (rod#t"
Te ener%) ontent o$ reatant" i" higher tan (rod#t"
XH ne%ati4e2. Ener%) 'e4e' dia%ram +'abe' energy reatant" and (rod#t it orret emia' 9 ioni $orm#'a eat o$
reation it unit.
8. Heat o$ reation ! eat an%e9re'ea"e" en & mole o$ (rod#t $ormed. 3Jmo'
mCǾ
9 mo'e
Heat o$ ne#tra'iation ! eat re'ea"e" en & mole of H? ombine" it & mol of .H4 to $orm
& mole of #ater. H? ? .H4 H2.
;. Heat o$ omb#"tion ! eat re'ea"e" en & mole o$ a'oo' b#rnt om('ete') in e*e"" o*)%en.
C2H.H ? +.2 2C.2 ? +H2.
,. A" te n#mber o$ arbon atom (er mo'e#'e inrea"e" te eat o$ omb#"tion inrea"e" d#e to more
prouct forme +CO2 H2O- . Tere$ore more eat re'ea"ed en more !on are forme.
8F
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
=. To determine eat o$ omb#"tion +materia' and a((arat#" (roed#re tab#'ation o$ data a'#'ation
ob"er4ation" (rea#tion"-.
Proceure:
1. +100 ! 200- m8 o$ #ater i" mea"#red #"in% a mea"#rin% )'inder
2. and (o#red into a o((er tin.
8. Te initia' tem(erat#re o$ ater i" mea"#red and reorded 1;. A "(irit 'am( i" $i''ed it b#tano'9 oter a'oo' and ei%ed * %ram
,.Te "(irit 'am( i" 'i%t and (#t #nder te o((er an.
=.Te ater i" "tirred ontin#o#"') it a termometer.F.Wen te tem(erat#re o$ ater increae !y +;oC te $'ame i" (#t o$$.
@.Te "(irit 'am( i" ei%ed a%ain ) %ram
.Te i%e"t tem(erat#re i" reorded 2
Reult:
Ma"" o$ ei%t o$ "(irit 'am( b#tano' 9% *
Gina' ma"" o$ "(irit 'am( b#tano' 9% )Ma"" o$ b#tano' #"ed9% +*)- 99
Hi%e"t tem(erat#re o$ ater 9oC 1Initia' tem(erat#re o$ ater 9oC 2Inrea"ed in tem(erat#re 9oC +1 2 - 99 8
Calculation:
Heat an%e m
100 * ;.2 * +2 ! 1- a J
Precaution:
1. Ma3e "#re te $'ame $rom te omb#"tion o$ etano' to#e" te bottom o$ te o((er an 99 Te
"(irit 'am( i" ('aed 4er) 'o"e or #"t beneat te bottom o$ te o((er an.2. "tir te ater in te o((er an ontin#o#"').
8. Te "(irit 'am( m#"t be ei%ed immediate') +bea#"e te etano' i" 4er) 4o'ati'e-.
;. A #in hiel m#"t be #"ed d#rin% e*(eriment.
Heat of iplacement
Aim: To determine te eat o$ di"('aement o$ o((er b) in and iron
Proceure:1. Mea"#re 2, m8 o$ 0.2 mo' dm8 o$ o((er+II-"#'(ate "o'#tion and (o#r into a ('a"ti #( 9 (o')"trene #(.
2. Reord te initia' tem(erat#re o$ te "o'#tion.8. &o#r 0.,% o$ in (oder into te "o'#tion.
;. Stir te mi*t#re it termometer
,. Mea"#re and reord te highet temperature o$ te reatin% mi*#tre.
Ta!ulation of ata:
Metal $nitial temperature7 oC Highet temperature7 oC
8@
Heat o$ omb#"tion o$ b#tano' a J
+9F;- mo'
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
inc
$ron
Heat of precipitation
Aim: To etermine the heat of precipitaion of ilver chlorie7 AgCl
Apparatu: ('a"ti #( termometer mea"#rin% )'inder
Material : "i'4er nitrate "o'#tion 0., mo' dm8
"odi#m 'oride "o'#tion 0., mo' dm8
Proceure:
1. Mea"#re 20 m8 0., mo' dm8 o$ "i'4er nitrate "o'#tion and (o#r into ('a"ti #(.2. Mea"#re and reord te initia' tem(erat#re o$ "i'4er nitrate "o'#tion.
8. Mea"#re 20 m8 0., mo' dm8 o$ "odi#m 'oride "o'#tion and (o#r into ('a"ti #(.
;. Mea"#re and reord te initia' tem(erat#re o$ "odi#m 'oride "o'#tion.,. Add te "odi#m 'oride "o't#ion" into te "i'4er nitrate "o'#tion H; >O8- Ca'i#m 'oride or
ma%ne"i#m "#'(ate
"odi#m aetate r)"ta'"
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
CHAPTER &(: CHEM$CA," -.R C.@"/MER"
Example:
1. +a- A "t#dent a"ed i" "o3" i ad oi') "tain". E*('ain te 'ean"in% ation o$ "oa( on te oi')"tain".In ater oap ioni9e to $orm ion"9anion CH8+CH2-* C..4 and ation "odi#m ion" >a
Te anion" on"i"t" o$ hyrophilic part + COO - and hyropho!ic part +)droarbon-
Hyrophilic part iolve in #ater on') b#t )dro(obi (art di""o'4e in %rea"e on').Te anion reuce urface tenion of #ater a#"in% ettin% o$ %rea") "#r$ae.
D#rin% a"in% and "r#bbin% te anion" (#'' te %rea"e and 'i$ted it o$$ te "#r$ae and brea3 it into
a "ma'' dro('et" +Em#'"i$)in% a%ent-Rin"in% aa) te dirt) ater remo4e" te %rea"e +te dirt- and e*e"" "oa( and te "#r$ae i" 'ean.
+b- Anoter "t#dent arriedo#t $o#r e*(eriment" to
in4e"ti%ate te 'ean"in% e$$et
o$ "oa( and deter%ent onoi') "tain" in "o$t ater and
ard ater re"(eti4e').
;0
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
Compare te 'ean"in% e$$et beteen+i- E*(eriment" I and II
+ii- E*(eriment II and I?
Explain the ifference in the o!ervation
Exp0 $ an $$
Te oi') "tain di"a((ear" in E*(eriment I b#t remain" oi') in E*(eriment II.
Har #ater contain Ca2? an Mg2? ion i reat" it "oa( ion" to $orm
cum 6inolu!le alt1
Te $ormation o$ "#m ma3e" anion" 'e"" e$$iient $or 'eanin% te oi') "tain on te "o3 In "o$t ater a'' anion" are #"ed to 'ean te oi') "tain
T#" "oa( i" on') e$$eti4e a" a 'ean"in% a%ent in "o$t ater and ine$$eti4e in ard ater.
Exp0 $$ an $G
Te "o3 in E*(eriment II remain" oi') b#t i" 'ean in e*(eriment I?.Te "oa( anion" $orm "#m en reat" it Ca2 and M%2 ion" in ard ater.Te $ormation o$ "#m ma3e" anion" 'e"" e$$iient $or 'eanin%
Te deter%ent anion" CH8+CH2-* .".+4 9 CH8+CH2-* ".+
4 do not $orm a (rei(itate it Ca2
and M%2 in ard ater.
Hene deter%ent 'ean" e$$eti4e') in ard ater b#t "oa( doe" not 'ean e$$eti4e') in ard ater.
20 Preparation of oap
Proceure
1. (o#r 10 m8 (a'm oi' + 4e%etab'e oi' - into a bea3er 2. add ,0 m8 o$ 0; mol m4+ >aOH 9 KOH "o'#tion
8. eat te mi*t#re $or +10 min#te"-
;. "tir,. "to( eatin% add ,0 m8 di"ti''ed ater and oli @aCl=. boi' te mi*t#re $or , min#te"
F. oo'@. $i'ter a" 9 rin"e
. dr) + (re"" te re"id#e beteen $i'ter (a(er"
;1
O
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
Tet
10. &'ae a "ma'' amo#nt o$ te re"id#e into a te"t t#be add di"ti''ed ater "a3e it e''.
(rod#e a 'ot o$ 'ater + 4er) $oam)-
.!ervation < ite "o'id "'i((er) and (rod#e a 'ot o$ 'ater + 4er) $oam)-.
Chemical e
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
Concluion:
1. Hard ater ontain" M%2 or Ca2. Soa( anion $ormed cum +in"o'#b'e "a't- en react it M%2 or Ca2.
2. Soa( i" not an e$$eti4e 'ean"in% a%ent in ard ater b#t on') e$$eti4e in "o$t ater.
Compare an contrat oap an etergent
"oap Detergent
Sodi#m arbo*)'ate Sodi#m a'3)' "#'(ate Sodi#m a'3)'benene "#'(onate
Materia' < $at 4e%etab'e oi'
>aOH 9 KOH mo' dm8&etro'e#m $ration" < 'on% ain
a'oo' >aOH 9 KOH
, mo' dm8 H2SO;
&etro'e#m $ration" < 'on% ain
a'3ene >aOH 9 KOH
, mo' dm8 H2SO;
&re(aration
Sa(oni$iation
1. "#'(onation
2. ne#tra'iation
1. a'3)'ation
2. "#'(onation
8. ne#tra'iation
The aitive in etergent
Type -unction Example
Gra%rane" To add $ra%rane to bot te deter%ent and
$abri"
Bio'o%ia'
en)me"
To remo4e (rotein "tain" "# a" b'ood Am)'a"e" (rotea"e" e''#'o"e" 'i(a"e"
Witenin% a%ent" To on4ert "tain" into o'o#r'e""
"#b"tane"
Sodi#m (erborate
S#"(en"ion a%ent" To (re4ent te dirt (arti'e" remo4ed $rom
rede(o"itin% onto 'eaned $abri"
Carbo*)met)'e''#'o"e +CMC-
Gi''er" To add to te b#'3 o$ te deter%ent and
enab'e it to be (o#r ea"i')
Sodi#m "#'(ate "odi#m "i'iate
O(tia' itenin% To add bri%tne"" and itene"" to ite
$abri".
G'#ore"ent d)e"
;8
CH8 +CH2-1, COO >a
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
B#i'der To enane te 'eanin% e$$iien) o$
deter%ent b) "o$tenin% te ater
Sodi#m tri(o')(o"(ate
-oo aitive
Type -unction Example
&re"er4ati4e" To "'o don9 (re4ent te%rot o$ miroor%ani"m
tere$ore $ood an 3e(t $or'on%er (eriod" o$ time
"alt5ugar< ra# the #ater o#t o$ te e''" o$miroor%ani"m and retar the gro#th of
microorganim0Ginegar: (ro4ide" an aidi ondition tat inhi!it the
gro#th of microorganim0
@a@.+ +B#r%er-
%en9oic aci 5 oium !en9oate< to lo# o#n the
gro#th of microorganim0
Antio*idant" To (re4ent o*idation tat ana#"e" ranid $at" and bron
$r#it"
Acor!ic aci and vitamin E +Too(ero'-
G'a4orin%" To im(ro4e te ta"te o$ $ood
and re"tore ta"te 'o"" bea#"eo$ (roe""in%.
S#%ar "a't MS5 4ine%ar a"(artame and ")nteti
e""ene" +e"ter-
Stabi'ier" To (re4ent em#'"ion $rom
"e(aratin% o#t.
7eitin $att) aid
Ti3ener" It" #"e to ti3en $ood" &etin aaia %#m %e'atin
D)e" To add or re"tore te o'o#r in
$ood in order to enane it"
4i"#a' a((ea' and maton"#mer" e*(etation".
>at#ra' d)e" and arti$iia' d)e"< A9o compoun ortriphenyl compoun0
Meicine
Type -unction Example Effect on health
Ana'%e"i To re'ie4e (ain ito#t a$$eted
on"io#"ne""
A"(irin Interna' b'eedin% and
#'erationan a#"e brain and 'i4er
dama%e to i'dren
&araetamo' O4er do"e an a#"e brain and
'i4er dama%e
;;
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
Codeine Addition de(re""ion and
na#"ea
Antibioti" To treat in$etion" a#"e b)
bateria +t#ber#'o"i" TB- and
pneumonia. Can 3i'' or "'odon te %rot o$ bateria.
&enii''in
+ Penicillium
notatum)
Can a#"e a''er%i reation.
Stre(tom)in Can a#"e na#"ea 4omitin%
diine"" ra"e" $e4er
&")otera(e#ti To a'ter te abnorma' tin3in%$ee'in%" and bea4ior". Di4ide
into 8 ate%orie" <
a- timulant< to red#e $ati%#e
b- antiepreant:
to red#e ten"ion and an*iet)
- antipychotic: to treat (")iatri i''ne""
Amphetamine
Hi% do"e an 'ead to an*iet)a''#ination" "e4ere
de(re""ion and (")o'o%ia'
de(endene.
%ar!iturate 5
tran
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CHEMISTRY 2012 HJH ROSSITA RADZAK
"ome common meical plant an their function