DEMOGRAFI PERANCIS

Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.

Bandar raya-bandar raya Perancis metropolitan dengan lebih 100,000 penduduk

Dengan jumlah penduduk yang dianggarkan pada 64 juta orang, Perancis ialah negara ke-23 paling ramai penduduknya di dunia. Bandar raya-bandar raya terbesar di Perancis ialah Paris, Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse, Nice, dan Nantes.

Pada tahun 2003, pertumbuhan populasi semulajadi Perancis (tidak termasuk imigrasi) merupakan punca terbesar keseluruhan perumbuhan populasi semulajadi dalam Kesatuan Eropah. Pada tahun 2004, kadar pertumbuhan populasi ialah 0.68% dan kemudian pada tahun 2005 kadar kelahiran dan kesuburan terus meningkat. Peningkatan semula kelahiran berbanding kematian meningkat kepada 299,800 pada tahun 2006. Kadar kesuburan sepanjang hayat meningkat ke 2.00 pada tahun 2007, berbanding 1.92 pada tahun 2004.[1] Pada tahun 2004, sejumlah 140,033 orang berhijrah ke Perancis; antaranya 90,250 orang berasal dari Afrika dan 13,710 orang pula dari Eropah.[2] Pada tahun 2005, tahap imigrasi jatuh sedikit pada 135,890.[3] Perancis ialah sebuah negara yang pelbgai kaum. Menurut Institut Kebangsaan Perancis untuk Kajian Statistik dan Ekonomi, Perancis mempunyai kira-kira 4.9 juta orang pendatang kelahiran asing, antaranya 2 juta have sudah meraih kewarganegaraan Perancis.[4] Perancis merupakan destinasi leading perlindungan utama di Eropah Barat dengan anggaran 50,000 permohonan pada tahun 2005 (jatuh 15% dari tahun 2004).[5] Kesatuan Eropah membenarkan pergerakan bebas antara negara-negara ahlinya. Meskipun UK (serta Ireland) tidak mengenakan apa-apa sekatan, namun Perancis pula mengenakan in sekatan untuk mengawal penghijrahan Eropah Timur.

Peninggalan Perancis: peta dunia berbahasa Perancis ██ bahasa ibunda ██ bahasa pentadbiran ██ bahasa sekunder atau bukan rasmi ██ bahasa minoriti

Evolusi demografi dari tahun 1960–2010 (menurut DESA, 2012). Perangkaan diberi dalam berjuta-juta orang penduduk

Menurut Artikel 2 Perlembagaan, bahasa Perancis ialah satu-satunya bahasa rasmi Perancis sejak tahun 1992. Ini menjadikan Perancis satu-satunya negara Eropah barat (tidak termasuk negara kecil) yang mempunyai satu bahasa rasmi sahaja.

Ibu negaradan bandar terbesar Paris

Bahasa rasmi Bahasa PerancisKerajaan Republik Semiberpresiden

 - Presiden François Hollande - Perdana Menteri Manuel Valls

Penubuhan - Republik kelima 1958 - Perairan (%) -

Populasi - 2007 (anggaran) 64,102,140 (ke-20)

KDNK (PPP) 2006 anggaran - Jumlah $2.232 trilion (ke-6) - Per kapita $35,404 (ke-18)

HDI (2004) 0.942 (tinggi / ke-16)Mata wang Euro (€), CFP franc1 (EUR, XPF)Zon waktu CET (UTC+1)

 - Musim panas (DST) CEST (UTC+2)Kod panggilan 33Internet TLD .fr

1di wilayah luar negeri sahaja

EkonomiRencana utama: Ekonomi Perancis

Airbus A380 lengkap yang pertama di acara "A380 Reveal" di Toulouse pada 18 Januari 2005. Airbus ialah lambang globalisasi ekonomi Perancis dan Eropah

Ekonomi Perancis menggabungkan keusahawanan swasta berleluasa (hampir 2.5 juta syarikat berdaftar) dengan campur tangan kerajaan yang banyak (namun kian merosot) (lihat dirigisme). Kerajaan masih berpengaruh besar terhadap segmen-segmen penting dalam sektor prasarana, melalui milikan majoriti firma-firma kereta api, elektrik, pesawat, dan telekomunikasi. Kerajaan selama ini telah meringankan pegangannya terhadap sektor-sektor inis sejak awal 1990-an. Kerajaan sedang beransur-ansur menjual pegangannya dalam France Télécom, Air France, serta industri insuran, perbankan dan pertahanan.

Perancis selaku ahli kumpulan negara-negara berindustri peneraju G8 merupakan ekonomi keenam terbesar di dunia pada tahun 2005, mengekori Amerika Syarikat, Jepun, Jerman, Republik Rakyat China dan United Kingdom. France menyertai 11 negara ahli Kesatuan Eropah yang lain untuk melancarkan matawang Euro pada 1 Januari 1999, manakala duit syiling dan wang kertas euro menggantikan franc Perancis (₣) sepenuhnya pada awal tahun 2002.

Menurut OECD, pada tahun 2004 Perancis adalah pengeksport kelima terbesar dan pengimport keempat terbesar barang buatan kilang. Pada tahun 2003, Perancis adalah penerima pelaburan langsung asing kedua terbesar di kalangan negara-negara OECD pada $47 bilion, mengekori Luxembourg (yang pelaburan langsung asingnya pokoknya merupakan pindahan kewangan ke bank-bank yang terletak di negara itu) tetapi mengatasi Amerika Syarikat ($39.9 bilion), United Kingdom ($14.6 bilion), Jerman ($12.9 bilion), atau Jepun ($6.3 bilion). pada tahun yanf sama, syarikat-syarikat Perancis melabur $57.3 bilion di luar Perancis, menjadikan Perancis pelabur langsung di luar negara kedua terpenting dalam OECD, mengekori Amerika Syarikat ($173.8 bilion), dan mendahului United Kingdom ($55.3 bilion), Jepun ($28.8 bilion) dan Jerman ($2.6 bilion).

Dengan menerima 82 juta pelancong asing setiap tahun.[14], Perancis merupakan tempat destinasi pelancongan teratas di dunia, mengatasi Sepanyol (55.6 juta pada tahun 2005) dan Amerika Syarikat (49.4 juta pada tahun 2005). Perangkaan ini tidak termasuk sesiapa yang menetap selama kurang 24 jam di Perancis, seperti orang Eropah utara yang merentasi Perancis dalam perjalanan ke Sepanyol atau Itali pada musim panas. Perancis menampilkan bandaraya-bandaraya yang penuh dengan kepentingan kebudayaan (Paris sebagai peneraju), pantai-pantai dan resort-resort tepi laut, resort-resort ski, dan kawasan laur bandar di mana keindahan dan ketenangan boleh dinikmati (pelancongan hijau). Selain pelancongan kasual, Perancis menarik ramai jemaah-jemaah keagamaan ke Lourdes, sebuah bandar di département Hautes-Pyrénées, yang merumahkan beberapa juta pelancong setiap tahun.

Perancis mempunyai industri aeroangkasa penting yang diterajui konsortium Eropah Airbus, dan merupakan satu-satunya kuasa Eropah (tidak termasuk Rusia) yang mempunyai spaceport kebangsaan sendirinya (Centre Spatial Guyanais). Perancis juga merupakan negara barat yang paling kurang bergantung kepada tenaga kerana pelaburan besar-besaran dalam kuasa nuklear yang menjadikan Perancis penghasil karbon dioksida yang paling kurang di kalangan tujuh negara paling berindustri di dunia. Oleh sebab pelaburan besar-besaran dalam teknologi nuklear, kebanyakan tenaga elektrik yang dihasilkan dalam negara ini dijana oleh loji tenaga nuklear (78.1% pada tahun 2006,[15] iaitu meningkat dari cuma 8% pada tahun 1973, 24% pada tahun 1980, dan 75% pada tahun 1990).

PolitikRencana utama: Politik Perancis

Fail:Logo de la République française.svg

Logo Republik Perancis. Cogan katanya bererti: "Kebebasan, kesamaan dan persaudaraan"

Republik Perancis ialah sebuah republik semiberpresiden kesatuan dengan tradisi demokratik yang kukuh. Perlembagaan Republik Kelima diluluskan melalui pungutan suara pada 28 September 1958 dan banyak mengukuhkan kekuasaan cabang eksekutif berhubungan dengan parlimen. Cabang eksekutif itu sendirinya dipimpin dua orang ketua, iaitu: Presiden Republik yang diundi secara langsung oleh hak undi dewasa universal untuk penggal 5 tahun (dahulunya 7 tahun) dan merupakan Ketua Negara, dan Kerajaan, yang dipimpin Perdana Menteri yang dilantik oleh Presiden.

Parlimen Perancis ialah sebuah badan perundangan dwidewan yang terdiri daripada sebuah Dewan Undangan Negara (Assemblée Nationale) dan sebuah Senat. Timbalan-timbalan Dewan Undangan Negara mewakili kawasan-kawasan pengundian setempan dan diundi

secara langsung untuk penggal 5 tahun. Dewan Undangan berkuasa melucutkan Kabinet, dan maka itu majoriti dalam Dewan Undanganlah yang menentukan pilihan kerajaan. Senator-senator pula dipilih oleh sebuah kumpulan pengundi untuk penggal 6 tahun (asalnya 9 tahun), dan separuh kerusi-kerusinya diserahkan kepada pilihanraya setiap tahun bermula September 2008.[9] Kuasa perundangan Senat adalah terhad; sekiranya timbul perselisihan antara kedua-dua dewan, Dewan Undanganlah yang menentukan keputusan muktamad, kecuali bagi undang-undang perlembagaan dan lois organiques (undang-undang yang disediakan secara langsung oleh perlembagaan) dalam sesetengah kes. Kerajaan berpengaruh kuat terhadap pembentukan agenda Parlimen.

Politik Perancis disifatkan oleh dua kelompok yang bertentangan haluan politik: satunya berhaluan kiri, berpusatkan Parti Sosialis, dan yang lain itu berhaluan kanan, mula-mulanya berpusatkan Rassemblement pour la République (RPR) dan kini pewarisnya Kesatuan Pergerakan Popular. Cabang eksekutif kini didominasi ahli UPM.

GeografiRencana utama: Geografi Perancis

Sementara Perancis Metropolitan terletak di Eropah Barat, Perancis juga mempunyai sebilangan wilayah di Amerika Utara, Caribbean, Amerika Selatan, bahagian selatan Lautan Hindi, Lautan Pasifik, dan Antartika.[10] Wilayah-wilayah ini mempunyai bentuk kerajaan yang berbeza-beza dari jabatan seberang laut hingga kolektiviti seberang laut.

Perancis Metropolitan meliputi 551,695 kilometer persegi (213,010 batu persegi) menjadikannya negara yang terbesar dari segi keluasan dalam Kesatuan Eropah, hanya sedikit lebih besar berbanding Sepanyol. Perancis memiliki pelbagai landskap, dari dataran pantai di utara dan barat hingga banjaran gunung Alp di tenggara, Massif Central (Pusat Puncak Gunung) di selatan tengah dan Pyrenee di barat daya. Pada ketinggian 4,807 meter (15,770 kaki) atas paras laut, puncak tertinggi di Eropah Barat, Mont Blanc, terletak di banjaran Alp pada sempadan antara Perancis dan Itali.[11] Perancis Metropolitan juga mempunyai sistem sungai menyeluruh seperti Sungai Loire, Garonne, Seine dan Rhône, yang memisahkan Massif Central daripada Alp dan mengalir ke laut Mediterranean di Camargue, titik terendah di Perancis (2 m / 6.5 kaki bawah paras laut).[11] Corsica terletak di luar pesisiran Mediterranean.

Gambar satelit Perancis metropolitan, Ogos 2002

Jumlah keluasan tanah Perancis, termasuk jabatan-jabatan dan wilayah-wilayah seberang lautnya (kecuali Tanah Adélie), ialah 674,843 kilometer persegi (260,558 batu persegi), iaitu

0.45% jumlah keluasan tanah Bumi. Namun begitu, Perancis memiliki Zon Ekonomi Eksklusif kedua terbesar di dunia, meliputi 11,035,000 kilometer persegi (4,260,000 batu persegi), iaitu kira-kira 8% jumlah keluasan segala Zon Ekonomi Eksklusif di dunia, mengekori Amerika Syarikat (11,351,000 km² / 4,383,000 batu persegi) dan mendahului Australia (8,232,000 km² / 3,178,000 batu persegi).[12]

Perancis Metropolitan terletak di antara selarian 41° dan 50° Utara, pada sisi barar Eropah dan maka itu, terletak dalam lingkungan zon sederhana utara. Bahagian utara dan barat laut mengalami iklim sederhana, namun, satu gabungan pengaruh maritim, latitud dan altitud menghasilkan kepelbagaian iklim di baahgian-bahagian lain dalam Perancis Metropolitan.[13] Bahagian tenggara didominasi iklim Mediterranean. Di barat, iklimnya ditakluki iklim lautan dengan curahan hujan yang banyak, musim sejuk yang ringan dan musim panas yang nyaman. Di pedalaman, iklimnya lebih cenderung kepada iklim benua dengan musim panas yang terik dan diselubungi ribut, musim sejuk yang lebih dingin dan kurangnya hujan. Iklim Alp dan kawasan pergunungan lain terutamanya beriklim Alp secara semula jadi dengan bilangan hari-hari yang mengalami suhu di bawah paras beku melebihi 150 setiap tahun dan liputan salji bertahan sehingga enam bulan.

Population

66,259,012 note: the above figure is for metropolitan France and five overseas regions; the metropolitan France population is 62,814,233 (July 2014 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 18.7% (male 6,337,877/female 6,053,185) 15-24 years: 11.9% (male 4,018,044/female 3,837,191) 25-54 years: 38.6% (male 12,851,278/female 12,719,073) 55-64 years: 12.5% (male 4,012,614/female 4,290,624) 65 years and over: 18.3% (male 5,197,519/female 6,941,607) (2014 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 57.4 % youth dependency ratio: 28.6 % elderly dependency ratio: 28.8 % potential support ratio: 3.5 (2014 est.)

Median agetotal: 40.9 years male: 39.3 years female: 42.4 years (2014 est.)

Population growth rate 0.45% (2014 est.)Birth rate 12.49 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)Death rate 9.06 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)Net migration rate 1.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.)

Urbanization urban population: 85.8% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 1.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Major cities - populationPARIS (capital) 10.62 million; Marseille-Aix-en-Provence 14,890,100; Lyon 1.488 million; Lille 1.042 million; Nice-Cannes 991,000; Toulouse 933,000 (2011)

Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2014 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth 28.1 (2010 est.)

Infant mortality ratetotal: 3.31 deaths/1,000 live births male: 3.63 deaths/1,000 live births female: 2.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)

Life expectancy at birthtotal population: 81.66 years male: 78.55 years female: 84.91 years (2014 est.)

Total fertility rate 2.08 children born/woman (2014 est.)Contraceptive prevalence rate

76.4% note: percent of women aged 20-49 (2008)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate 0.4% (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS 150,000 (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths 1,700 (2009 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2012 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2012 est.)

Nationality noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women) adjective: French

Ethnic groups

Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, Basque minorities overseas departments: black, white, mulatto, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian

Religions

Roman Catholic 83%-88%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim 5%-10%, unaffiliated 4% overseas departments: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, pagan

Languages French (official) 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan,

Basque, Flemish) overseas departments: French, Creole patois, Mahorian (a Swahili dialect)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99% (2003 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 16 years male: 16 years female: 16 years (2011)

Education expenditures 5.9% of GDP (2010)Maternal mortality rate 8 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)Health expenditures 11.6% of GDP (2011)Physicians density 3.38 physicians/1,000 population (2011)Hospital bed density 6.6 beds/1,000 population (2010)Obesity - adult prevalence rate 18.2% (2008)

Brazil

BrazilDaripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.

Republik Persekutuan Brazilڤرسكوتوان ريڤوبليك

البرازيلRepública Federativa do Brasil (Portugis)

Moto: "Ordem e Progresso"(Portugis)

"Ketenteraman dan Kemajuan"

Lagu: Hino Nacional Brasileiro(Portugis)

"Lagu Kebangsaan Brazil"

Mohor negaraSelo Nacional do Brasil

(Portugis)

"Mohor Negara Brazil"

Ibu negaraBrasília

15°45′S 47°57′WBandar terbesar São Paulo

Bahasa rasmi Portugis

Kumpulan etnik (2008

[1] )

48.43% Putih43.80% Perang (Berbilang kaum)6.84% Hitam0.58% Asia0.28% Amerindian

Kerajaan Republik berperlembagaan berpresiden persekutuan

 - Presiden Dilma Rousseff (PT)Perundangan Kongres Kebangsaan Brazil

 - Dewan Perundangan Senat Persekutuan

 - Dewan Rakyat Dewan PerwakilanKemerdekaan dari Negara Beraja Portugal

 - Diisytiharkan 7 September 1822 - Diiktiraf 29 Ogos 1825 - Republik 15 November 1889 - Perlembagaan 5 Oktober 1988

semasaKawasan

 - Jumlah 8,514,877 km2 (ke-5)3,287,597 sq mi

 - Perairan (%) 0.65Populasi

 - 2010 (anggaran) 190,732,694 [2]

 - Kepadatan 22/km2 (ke-182)57/sq mi

KDNK (PPP) 2010 anggaran - Jumlah $2.181 trillion[3] (ke-7) - Per kapita $11,289[3] (ke-71)

KDNK (nominal) 2010 anggaran - Jumlah $2.023 trillion[3] (ke-8) - Per kapita $10,471[3] (ke-55)

Gini (2008) ▼ 49,3[4])HDI (2010) 0.699[5] (tinggi / ke-73)

Mata wang Real (R$) (BRL)Zon waktu BRT [6] (UTC -2 hingga -4 [6] )

 - Musim panas (DST) BRST (UTC -2 hingga -4)Format tarikh dd/mm/yyyy (CE)

Memandu pada kananKod panggilan +55Internet TLD .br

Brazil (Bahasa Portugis: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), nama rasmi: Republik Persekutuan Brazil[7] (Bahasa Portugis: República Federativa do Brasil,  dengar (bantuan·maklumat)), ialah negara terbesar di Amerika Selatan, dan juga negara kelima terbesar di dunia, dari segi keluasan geografi dan jumlah keluasan dengan lebih 190 juta orang penduduk.[8][9] Brazil merupakan berbahasa Portugis yang tunggal di benua Amerika, dan yang terbesar di dunia.[8]

Disempadani oleh Lautan Atlantik di timur, Brazil mempunyai garis tepi laut sepanjang lebih 7,491 kilometer (4,655 batu).[8] Brazil bersempadan dengan Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname Guiana Perancis (sebuah wilayah tanggungan Perancis) di utara; Colombia di barat laut; Bolivia dan Peru di barat; Argentina dan Paraguay di barat daya, dan Uruguay di selatan. Wilayah Brazil juga dilengkapi dengan beberapa gugus kepulauan, seperti Fernando de Noronha, Atol Rocas, Batuan Saint Peter dan Paul, dan Trindade dan Martim Vaz.[8] Brazil bersempadan dengan hampir semua negara Amerika Selatan kecuali Ecuador dan Chile.

Brazil pernah menjadi tanah jajahan Portugal sejak ketibaan Pedro Álvares Cabral pada tahun 1500 hingga tahun 1815, apabila ia dinaik taraf ke Kerajaan Bersatu bersama Portugal dan Algarves. Ikatan kolonial itu akhirnya renggang pada tahun 1808, apabila ibu negara Negara Beraja Portugal dipindahkan dari Lisbon ke Rio de Janeiro, ekoran serangan Napoleon terhadap Portugal.[10] Kemerdekaan Brazil dari Portugal tercapai pada 1822. Mula-mulanya diasaskan sebagai Empayar Brazil, negara ini menjadi republik pada tahun 1889, namun sistem perundangan dwidewan, kini bergelar Kongres, diasaskan pada tahun 1824, apabila perlembagaan pertama negara diratifikasi.[10] Perlembagaan sekarang mentakrifkan Brazil sebagai sebuah Republik Persekutuan.[11] Persekutuan ini terbentuk oleh kesatuan Wilayah Persekutuan, 26 Negeri, dan 5,564 Kawasan Perbandaran.[11][12]

Ekonomi Brazil ialah ekonomi kelapan terbesar dari segi KDNK [13] dan ketujuh terbesar dari segi pariti kuasa beli.[14] Brazil merupakan salah sebuah ekonomi utama dunia yang paling pesat membangun. Atas berkat pembaharuan ekonomi, negara ini mendapat pengiktirafan antarabangsa.[15] Brazil merupakan salah sebuah negara pengasas Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu, G-20, CPLP, Kesatuan Latin, Pertubuhan Negara Ibero-Amerika, Mercosul dan Kesatuan Negara Amerika Selatan, dan juga salah sebuah negara BRIC. Brazil juga menjadi tempat letaknya kepelbagaian hidupan liar, persekitaran alam, dan sumber alam yang kaya di pelbagai habitat terlindung.

PolitikRencana utama: Politik Brazil

Kongres Negara di Brasília, ibu negara Brazil.

Persekutuan Brazil merupakan “kesatuan berkekalan” yang menyatukan tiga entiti politik yang berbeza, iaitu: Negeri-Negeri, Majlis-Majlis Perbandaran dan Wilayah Persekutuan.[11] Kesatuan, negeri-negeri dan Wilayah Persekutan, serta majlis-majlis perbandaran, merupakan “lingkungan kerajaan”. Persekutuan terletak pada lima prinsip asas:[11] kedaulatan, kewarganegaraan, martabat insan, nilai sosial buruh dan kebebasan perusahaan, serta kemajmukan politik. Kedudukan tiga cabang kerajaan (eksekutif, perundangan, dan kehakiman di bawah sistem sekatan dan imbangan) dimantapkan secara rasmi oleh Perlembagaan.[11] Badan eksekutif dan perundangan ditubuhkan secara berasingan di ketiga-tiga lingkungan kerajaan, manakala cabang kehakiman hanya ditubuhkan di peringkat persekutuan dan negeri/Wilayah Persekutuan.

Kesemua ahli badan eksekutif dan perundangan dipilih secara langsung.[145][146][147] Para hakim dan pegawai-pegawai kehakiman yang lain dilantik selepas lulus dalam peperiksaan kemasukan.[145] Brazil mengamalkan sistem berbilang parti sepanjang kebanyakan sejarahnya. Mengundi adalah wajib bagi warga-warga yang celik huruf dan berusia 18 hingga 70 tahun, tetapi tidak wajib bagi golongan yang buta huruf, yang berusia 16 hingga 18 tahun atau melebihi 70 tahun.[11] Selain beberapa parti kecil, terdapat empat buah parti politik yang menonjol, iaitu: Parti Buruh (PT), Parti Demokratik Sosial Brazil (PSDB), Parti Pergerakan Demokratik Brazil (PMDB), dan Demokrat (DEM). Hampir kesemua fungsi kerajaan dan pentadbiran dilaksanakan oleh pihak berkuasa dan agensi-agensi yang bersekutu dengan badan Eksekutif.

Kerajaan Brazil berbentuk republik demokratik yang bersistem presiden,[11] yang mana Presiden merupakan ketua negara dan ketua kerajaan Kesatuan, dan dipilih oleh rakyat untuk penggal empat tahun,[11] dengan kemungkinan dipilih semula untuk penggal kedua berturut-turut. Presiden Brazil sekarang ialah Dilma Rousseff yang mengangkat sumpah pada 1 Januari 2011.[148] Presiden melantik Menteri-Menteri Negeri untuk membantu kerajaan.[11] Badan-badan perundangan di setiap entiti politik merupakan punca utama undang-undang di Brazil. Kongres Negara merupakan perundangan dwidewan Persekutuan yang terdiri daripada Dewan Rakyat dan Senat Persekutuan. Lembaga kehakiman melaksanakan tugas kehakiman sendiri.

15 buah parti politik mempunyai wakil dalam Kongres. Adalah kebiasaan bagi ahli politik untuk bertukar parti, maka perkadaran kerusi kongres yang diduduki oleh parti tertentu sering berubah-ubah.

EkonomiRencana utama: Ekonomi Brazil

Sebuah pesawat komersial Embraer ERJ-135. Brazil merupakan pengeluar kapal terbang ketiga terbesar di dunia.

Brazil merupakan ekonomi negara terbesar di Amerika Latin, ekonomi kelapan terbesar di dunia pada kadar tukaran pasaran, dan yang ketujuh terbesar dari segi pariti kuasa beli, menurut Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa dan Bank Dunia. Brazil mengamalkan ekonomi pasaran bebas dan kaya sekali dengan sumber alam. Ekonomi Brazil diramalkan menjadi antara lima ekonomi terbesar di dunia pada puluhan tahun akan datang, ekoran kenaikan KDNK per kapita.[175] KDNK (PPP) per kapita semasa ialah $10,200, maka Brazil berada di tangga ke-64 menurut data Bank Dunia. Brazil mempunyai sektor-sektor pertanian, perlombongan, perkilangan dan perkhidmatan yang besar dan maju, di samping bekalan tenaga manusia yang besar sekali.[176]

Peningkatan eksport Brazil telah melahirkan satu generasi usahawan yang baru.[177] Antara hasil keluaran eksport utama termasuk pesawat, kelengkapan elektrik, kereta, etanol, tekstil, kasut, bijih besi, keluli, kopi, jus oren, kacang soya dan konbif.[178] Negara ini meluaskan pengaruhnya dalam pasaran kewangan dan komoditi antarabangsa, serta merupakan salah sebuah negara yang membentuk blok ekonomi memuncul yang bergelar “BRIC” (Brazil, Rusia, India dan China).[179]

Brazil menetapkan mata wangnya, iaitu real, kepada dolar AS pada tahun 1994. Bagaimanapun, selepas Krisis Kewangan Asia Timur, Russian default pada tahun 1998[180] serta kejadian-kejadian kegawatan kewangan yang menyusul, Bank Pusat Brazil menukar dasar kewangannya kepada skim apungan terurus buat sementara ketika mengalami krisis kewangan, kemudian beralih ke rejim pertukaran apungan bebas pada Januari 1999.[181]

Brazil menerima pakej penyelamatan bernilai $30.4 bilion dari Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa (IMF) pada pertengahan tahun 2002,[182]. Bank pusat Brazil membayar balik pinjaman IMF pada tahun 2005, walaupun tarikh pemulangannya adalah pada 2006.[183] Antara isu-isu yang ditangani oleh Bank Pusat Brazil dewasa ini merupakan lebihan aliran masuk modal jangka pendek yang spekulatif ke dalam negara yang mungkin menyebabkan kejatuhan nilai dolar AS berbanding real ketika itu.[184] Walau apapun, pelaburan langsung asing (FDI) yang berkenaan dengan pelaburan jangka panjang yang kurang spekulatif kepada

pengeluaran dianggarkan bernilai $193.8 bilion pada tahun 2007.[185] Pengawasan dan pengawalan inflasi kini memainkan sebahagian besar peranan Bank Pusat untuk menetapkan kadar faedah jangka pendek sebagai langkah dasar kewangan.[186]

Komponen ekonomiRencana utama: Pertanian di Brazil dan Perindustrian di Brazil

Empangan Itaipu, loji hidroelektrik terbesar di dunia dari segi penjanaan tenaga dan yang kedua terbesar dari segi muatan terpasang.

Ekonomi Brazil berbagai-bagai,[187] meliputi sektor pertanian, industri, dan perkhidmatan sekali.[177][188][189][190] Kekuatan ekonomi Brazil dewasa ini berpunca lambungan harga komoditi sedunia dengan kenaikan eksport daging lembu mahupun kacang soya.[189][190] Pertanian dan sektor-sektor berkaitan seperti perhutanan, pembalakan dan perikanan menyumbangkan 5.1% keluaran dalam negeri kasar 2007,[191] satu prestasi yang meletakkan perniagaan tani dalam kedudukan yang menonjol dari segi imbangan dagang Brazil, meskipun berdepan dengan sekatan perdagangan dan dasar subsidi yang diamalkan oleh negara-negara maju.[192]

Sektor perkilangan — baik kereta, keluli, petrokimia, komputer, pesawat, mahupun barang tahan lama pengguna — menyumbangkan 30.8% KDNK.[191] Sektor perindustrian yang berteknologi canggih ini amat tertumpu di kawasan metropolitan São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Campinas, Porto Alegre, dan Belo Horizonte.[193]

Tenaga

Brazil merupakan pengguna tenaga yang ke-10 terbesar di dunia, yang mana kebanyakan tenaganya datang dari sumber yang boleh diperbaharui, khususnya hidroelektrik dan etanol; tenaga tak boleh baharu pula banyak dihasilkan daripada minyak dan gas asli.[194] Sebagai kuasa global pertanian dan sumber alam, Brazil menikmati pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pesat sejak 1980-an.[195] Ia dijangka menjadi pengeluar dan pengeksport minyak utama setelah baru menemui sumber minyak yang banyak.[196][197][198] Agensi-agensi kerajaan yang bertanggungjawab atas dasar tenaga ialah Kementerian Perlombongan dan Tenaga, Majlis Dasar Tenaga Negara, Agensi Petroleum, Gas Asli dan Biobahan Api Negara, dan Agensi Elektrik Negara.[199][200]

Republik Persekutuan Brazilڤرسكوتوان ريڤوبليك

البرازيل

República Federativa do Brasil (Portugis)

Moto: "Ordem e Progresso"(Portugis)

"Ketenteraman dan Kemajuan"

Lagu: Hino Nacional Brasileiro(Portugis)

"Lagu Kebangsaan Brazil"

Mohor negaraSelo Nacional do Brasil

(Portugis)

"Mohor Negara Brazil"

Ibu negaraBrasília

15°45′S 47°57′WBandar terbesar São Paulo

Bahasa rasmi Portugis

Kumpulan etnik (2008

[1] )

48.43% Putih43.80% Perang (Berbilang kaum)6.84% Hitam0.58% Asia0.28% Amerindian

Kerajaan Republik berperlembagaan berpresiden persekutuan

 - Presiden Dilma Rousseff (PT)Perundangan Kongres Kebangsaan Brazil

 - Dewan Perundangan Senat Persekutuan

 - Dewan Rakyat Dewan PerwakilanKemerdekaan dari Negara Beraja Portugal

 - Diisytiharkan 7 September 1822

 - Diiktiraf 29 Ogos 1825 - Republik 15 November 1889

 - Perlembagaan semasa 5 Oktober 1988

Kawasan

 - Jumlah 8,514,877 km2 (ke-5)3,287,597 sq mi

 - Perairan (%) 0.65Populasi

 - 2010 (anggaran) 190,732,694 [2]

 - Kepadatan 22/km2 (ke-182)57/sq mi

KDNK (PPP) 2010 anggaran - Jumlah $2.181 trillion[3] (ke-7) - Per kapita $11,289[3] (ke-71)

KDNK (nominal) 2010 anggaran - Jumlah $2.023 trillion[3] (ke-8) - Per kapita $10,471[3] (ke-55)

Gini (2008) ▼ 49,3[4])HDI (2010) 0.699[5] (tinggi / ke-73)

Mata wang Real (R$) (BRL)Zon waktu BRT [6] (UTC -2 hingga -4 [6] )

 - Musim panas (DST) BRST (UTC -2 hingga -4)Format tarikh dd/mm/yyyy (CE)

Memandu pada kananKod panggilan +55Internet TLD .br

GeografiRencana utama: Geografi Brazil

Peta topografi Brazil

Wilayah Brazil meliputi sebahagian kawasan besar sepanjang pantai timur Amerika Selatan, dan merangkumi sebahagian besar pedalaman benua.[126] Brazil bersempadan darat dengan

Uruguay di selatan; Argentina dan Paraguay di barat daya; Bolivia dan Peru di barat; Colombia di barat laut; dan Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana dan wilayah Guiana Perancis di utara. Brazil bersempadan dengan setiap negara di Amerika Selatan kecuali Ecuador dan Chile. Wilayah Brazil juga merangkumi beberapa kepulauan di lautan, seperti Fernando de Noronha, Atol Rocas, Kepulauan St Peter dan St Paul, dan Trindade and Martim Vaz.[8] Saiz, bentuk muka bumi, iklim, dan sumber alamnya menjadikan Brazil sebuah negara yang berkepelbagaian geografi.[126] Termasuk sekali pulau-pulaunya di Lautan Altantik, Brazil terletak di antara garisan lintang 6°U dan 34°S, dan garis bujur 28° dan 74°B.

Brazil merupakan negara kelima terluas di dunia, mengekori Rusia, Kanada, China dan Amerika Syarikat, dan juga yang ketiga terbesar di benua Amerika; dengan jumlah keluasan 8,514,876.599 square miles (22,053,429 km²),[127] termasuk perairan seluas 55,455 square miles (143,628 km²).[8] Brazil dinaungi tiga zon waktu, iaitu UTC-4 di negeri-negeri barat, UTC-3 di negeri-negeri timur (iaitu waktu rasmi seluruh Brazil) dan UTC-2 di kepulauan Atlantik.[6]

Topografi Brazil ada kepelbagaian dan merangkumi bukit-bukau, gunung-ganang, dataran, tanah tinggi, dan tanah semak. Kebanyakan rupa buminya terletak pada aras tinggi di antara 200 meter (660 ka) dan 800 meter (2,600 ka).[128] Kawasan tanah tinggi menguasai separuh selatan negara ini.[128] Bahagian barat laut penara terdiri daripada rupa bumi yang luas dan beralun-alun, dipecahkan oleh bukit-bukau yang pamah dan berbentuk kebundaran.[128]

Bahagian tenggaranya lebih berceranggah dengan rabung-rabung dan banjaran-banjaran gunung setinggi 1,200 meter (3,900 ka).[128] Antara banjaran-banjaran tersebut termasuk Pergunungan Mantiqueira, Pergunungan Espinhaço dan Serra do Mar.[128] Di utara, Tanah Tinggi Guiana membentuk sebuah legeh saliran besar yang memisahkan sungai-sungai yang mengalir ke selatan hingga Lembangan Amazon dengan sungai-sungai yang mengalir ke dalam sistem Sungai Orinoco di Venezuela di utara. Puncak tertinggi di Brazil terletak di Pico da Neblina pada 2,994 meter (9,823 ka).[8]

Brazil mempunyai sistem sungai yang padat dan kompleks, antara yang paling luas di dunia dengan lapan lembangan saliran utama, kelapan-lapannya mengalir ke dalam Lautan Atlantik.[129] Antara sungai-sungai utamanya termasuk Sungai Amazon (sungai kedua terpanjang di dunia, dan terbesar dari segi isipadu air), Sungai Paraná dan cawang utamanya, Iguaçu (yang merangkumi Air Terjun Iguazu), Negro, São Francisco, Xingu, Madeira dan Tapajós.[129]

Population 202,656,788 (July 2014 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 23.8% (male 24,534,129/female 23,606,332) 15-24 years: 16.5% (male 16,993,708/female 16,521,057) 25-54 years: 43.7% (male 43,910,790/female 44,674,915) 55-64 years: 8.4% (male 8,067,022/female 9,036,519) 65 years and over: 7.6% (male 6,507,069/female 8,805,247) (2014 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 45.8 % youth dependency ratio: 34.4 % elderly dependency ratio: 11.3 % potential support ratio: 8.8 (2014 est.)

Median agetotal: 30.7 years male: 29.9 years female: 31.5 years (2014 est.)

Population growth rate 0.8% (2014 est.)

Birth rate 14.72 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)Death rate 6.54 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)Net migration rate -0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.)

Urbanization urban population: 84.6% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 1.15% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Major cities - population

Sao Paulo 19.924 million; Rio de Janeiro 11.96 million; Belo Horizonte 5.487 million; Porto Alegre 3.933 million; Recife 3.733 million; BRASILIA (capital) 3.813 million (2011)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2014 est.)

Infant mortality ratetotal: 19.21 deaths/1,000 live births male: 22.47 deaths/1,000 live births female: 15.78 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 73.28 years male: 69.73 years female: 77 years (2014 est.)

Total fertility rate 1.79 children born/woman (2014 est.)Contraceptive prevalence rate 80.3% (2006)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths NA

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 99.7% of population rural: 85.3% of population total: 97.5% of population unimproved: urban: 0.3% of population rural: 14.7% of population total: 2.5% of population (2012 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 87% of population rural: 49.2% of population total: 81.3% of population unimproved: urban: 13% of population rural: 50.8% of population total: 18.7% of population (2012 est.)

Nationality noun: Brazilian(s) adjective: Brazilian

Ethnic groups white 47.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 43.1%, black 7.6%, Asian 1.1%, indigenous 0.4% (2010 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 64.6%, other Catholic 0.4%, Protestant 22.2% (includes Adventist 6.5%, Assembly of God 2.0%, Christian Congregation of Brazil 1.2%, Universal Kingdom of God 1.0%, other Protestant 11.5%), other Christian 0.7%, Spiritist 2.2%, other 1.4%, none 8%, unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)

Demographic profile

Brazil's rapid fertility decline since the 1960s is the main factor behind the country's slowing population growth rate, aging population, and fast-paced demographic transition. Brasilia has not taken full advantage of its large working-age population to develop its human capital and strengthen its social and economic institutions but is funding a study abroad program to bring advanced skills back to the country. The current favorable age structure will begin to shift around 2025, with the labor force shrinking and the elderly starting to compose an increasing share of the total population. Well-funded public pensions have nearly wiped out poverty among the elderly, and Bolsa Familia and other social programs have lifted tens of millions out of poverty. More than half of Brazil's population is considered middle class, but poverty and income inequality levels remain high; the Northeast, North, and Center-West, women, and black, mixed race, and indigenous populations are disproportionately affected. Disparities in opportunities foster social exclusion and contribute to Brazil's high crime rate, particularly violent crime in cities and favelas. Brazil has traditionally been a net recipient of immigrants, with its southeast being the prime destination. After the importation of African slaves was outlawed in the mid-19th century, Brazil sought Europeans (Italians, Portuguese, Spaniards, and Germans) and later Asians (Japanese) to work in agriculture, especially coffee cultivation. Recent immigrants come mainly from Argentina, Chile, and Andean countries (many are unskilled illegal migrants) or are returning Brazilian nationals. Since Brazil's economic downturn in the 1980s, emigration to the United States, Europe, and Japan has been rising but is negligible relative to Brazil's total population. The majority of these emigrants are well-educated and middle-class. Fewer Brazilian peasants are emigrating to neighboring countries to take up agricultural work.

Languages

Portuguese (official and most widely spoken language) note: less common languages include Spanish (border areas and schools), German, Italian, Japanese, English, and a large number of minor Amerindian languages

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 90.4% male: 90.1% female: 90.7% (2010 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

total number: 959,942 percentage: 3 % note: data represents children ages 5-13 (2009 est.)

Education expenditures 5.8% of GDP (2010)

Maternal mortality rate 56 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

2.2% (2007)

Health expenditures 8.9% of GDP (2011)Physicians density 1.76 physicians/1,000 population (2008)Hospital bed density 2.3 beds/1,000 population (2011)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate 18.8%

DemographicsFrance Brazil

Population 66,259,012 note: the above figure is for metropolitan France and five overseas regions; the metropolitan France population is 62,814,233 (July 2014 est.)

202,656,788 (July 2014 est.)

Age structure 0-14 years: 18.7% (male 6,337,877/female 6,053,185) 15-24 years: 11.9% (male 4,018,044/female 3,837,191) 25-54 years: 38.6% (male 12,851,278/female 12,719,073) 55-64 years: 12.5% (male 4,012,614/female 4,290,624) 65 years and over: 18.3% (male 5,197,519/female 6,941,607) (2014 est.)

0.

Median age total: 40.9 years male: 39.3 years female: 42.4 years (2014 est.)

total: 30.7 years male: 29.9 years female: 31.5 years (2014 est.)

Population growth rate

0.45% (2014 est.) 0.8% (2014 est.)

Birth rate 12.49 births/1,000 population (2014 14.72 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)

France Brazil

est.)

Death rate 9.06 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)

6.54 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)

Net migration rate

1.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.)

-0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.)

Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2014 est.)

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2014 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 3.31 deaths/1,000 live births male: 3.63 deaths/1,000 live births female: 2.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)

total: 19.21 deaths/1,000 live births male: 22.47 deaths/1,000 live births female: 15.78 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 81.66 years male: 78.55 years female: 84.91 years (2014 est.)

total population: 73.28 years male: 69.73 years female: 77 years (2014 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.08 children born/woman (2014 est.)

1.79 children born/woman (2014 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.4% (2009 est.) NA

Nationality noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women) adjective: French

noun: Brazilian(s) adjective: Brazilian

Ethnic groups Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, Basque minorities overseas departments: black, white, mulatto, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian

white 47.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 43.1%, black 7.6%, Asian 1.1%, indigenous 0.4% (2010 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living

150,000 (2009 est.) NA

France Brazil

with HIV/AIDS

Religions Roman Catholic 83%-88%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim 5%-10%, unaffiliated 4% overseas departments: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, pagan

Roman Catholic 64.6%, other Catholic 0.4%, Protestant 22.2% (includes Adventist 6.5%, Assembly of God 2.0%, Christian Congregation of Brazil 1.2%, Universal Kingdom of God 1.0%, other Protestant 11.5%), other Christian 0.7%, Spiritist 2.2%, other 1.4%, none 8%, unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

1,700 (2009 est.) NA

Languages French (official) 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish) overseas departments: French, Creole patois, Mahorian (a Swahili dialect)

Portuguese (official and most widely spoken language) note: less common languages include Spanish (border areas and schools), German, Italian, Japanese, English, and a large number of minor Amerindian languages

Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99% (2003 est.)

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 90.4% male: 90.1% female: 90.7% (2010 est.)

Education expenditures

5.9% of GDP (2010) 5.8% of GDP (2010)

Urbanization urban population: 85.8% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 1.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population: 84.6% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 1.15% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2012 est.)

improved: urban: 99.7% of population rural: 85.3% of population total: 97.5% of population unimproved: urban: 0.3% of population rural: 14.7% of population total: 2.5% of population (2012 est.)

France Brazil

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2012 est.)

improved: urban: 87% of population rural: 49.2% of population total: 81.3% of population unimproved: urban: 13% of population rural: 50.8% of population total: 18.7% of population (2012 est.)

Major cities - population

PARIS (capital) 10.62 million; Marseille-Aix-en-Provence 14,890,100; Lyon 1.488 million; Lille 1.042 million; Nice-Cannes 991,000; Toulouse 933,000 (2011)

Sao Paulo 19.924 million; Rio de Janeiro 11.96 million; Belo Horizonte 5.487 million; Porto Alegre 3.933 million; Recife 3.733 million; BRASILIA (capital) 3.813 million (2011)

Maternal mortality rate

8 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) 56 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Health expenditures

11.6% of GDP (2011) 8.9% of GDP (2011)

Physicians density

3.38 physicians/1,000 population (2011)

1.76 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

Hospital bed density

6.6 beds/1,000 population (2010) 2.3 beds/1,000 population (2011)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

18.2% (2008) 18.8% (2008)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

76.4% note: percent of women aged 20-49 (2008)

80.3% (2006)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 57.4 % youth dependency ratio: 28.6 % elderly dependency ratio: 28.8 % potential support ratio: 3.5 (2014 est.)

total dependency ratio: 45.8 % youth dependency ratio: 34.4 % elderly dependency ratio: 11.3 % potential support ratio: 8.8 (2014 est.)

EconomyFrance Brazil

Economy - The French economy is diversified Characterized by large and well-

France Brazil

overview across all sectors. The government has partially or fully privatized many large companies, including Air France, France Telecom, Renault, and Thales. However, the government maintains a strong presence in some sectors, particularly power, public transport, and defense industries. With at least 82 million foreign tourists per year, France is the most visited country in the world and maintains the third largest income in the world from tourism. France's leaders remain committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that mitigate economic inequality. France's real GDP stagnated in 2012 and 2013. The unemployment rate (including overseas territories) increased from 7.8% in 2008 to 10.2% in 2013. Youth unemployment in metropolitan France decreased from a high of 25.4% in the fourth quarter of 2012 to 22.8% in the fourth quarter of 2013. Lower-than-expected growth and high spending have strained France's public finances. The budget deficit rose sharply from 3.3% of GDP in 2008 to 7.5% of GDP in 2009 before improving to 4.1% of GDP in 2013, while France's public debt rose from 68% of GDP to nearly 94% over the same period. In accordance with its EU obligations, France is targeting a deficit of 3.6% of GDP in 2014 and 2.8% in 2015. The administration of President Francois HOLLANDE has implemented greater state support for employment, the separation of banks' traditional deposit taking and lending activities from more speculative businesses, increasing the top corporate and personal tax rates, including a temporary 75% tax on wages

developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and service sectors, and a rapidly expanding middle class, Brazil's economy outweighs that of all other South American countries, and Brazil is expanding its presence in world markets. Since 2003, Brazil has steadily improved its macroeconomic stability, building up foreign reserves, and reducing its debt profile by shifting its debt burden toward real denominated and domestically held instruments. In 2008, Brazil became a net external creditor and two ratings agencies awarded investment grade status to its debt. After strong growth in 2007 and 2008, the onset of the global financial crisis hit Brazil in 2008. Brazil experienced two quarters of recession, as global demand for Brazil's commodity-based exports dwindled and external credit dried up. However, Brazil was one of the first emerging markets to begin a recovery. In 2010, consumer and investor confidence revived and GDP growth reached 7.5%, the highest growth rate in the past 25 years. Rising inflation led the authorities to take measures to cool the economy; these actions and the deteriorating international economic situation slowed growth in 2011-13. Unemployment is at historic lows and Brazil's traditionally high level of income inequality has declined for each of the last 14 years. Brazil's historically high interest rates have made it an attractive destination for foreign investors. Large capital inflows over the past several years have contributed to the appreciation of the currency, hurting the competitiveness of Brazilian manufacturing and leading the government to intervene in foreign

France Brazil

over one million euros, and hiring an additional 60,000 teachers during his five-year term. In January 2014 HOLLANDE proposed a “Responsibility Pact” aimed primarily at lowering labor costs in return for businesses’ commitment to create jobs. Despite stagnant growth and fiscal challenges, France's borrowing costs have declined in recent years because investors remain attracted to the liquidity of France’s bonds.

exchange markets and raise taxes on some foreign capital inflows. President Dilma ROUSSEFF has retained the previous administration's commitment to inflation targeting by the central bank, a floating exchange rate, and fiscal restraint.

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$2.276 trillion (2013 est.) $2.269 trillion (2012 est.) $2.268 trillion (2011 est.) note: data are in 2013 US dollars

$2.416 trillion (2013 est.) $2.362 trillion (2012 est.) $2.342 trillion (2011 est.) note: data are in 2013 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

0.3% (2013 est.) 0% (2012 est.) 2% (2011 est.)

2.3% (2013 est.) 0.9% (2012 est.) 2.7% (2011 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$35,700 (2013 est.) $35,800 (2012 est.) $36,000 (2011 est.) note: data are in 2013 US dollars

$12,100 (2013 est.) $11,900 (2012 est.) $11,900 (2011 est.) note: data are in 2013 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 1.9% industry: 18.7% services: 79.4% (2013 est.)

agriculture: 5.5% industry: 26.4% services: 68.1% (2013 est.)

Population below poverty line

7.9% (2011) 21.4% note: official Brazilian data show 4.2% of the population being below the "extreme" poverty line in 2011 (2009 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 3.5% highest 10%: 25.4% (2011)

lowest 10%: 0.8% highest 10%: 42.9% (2009 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

0.9% (2013 est.) 2% (2012 est.)

6.2% (2013 est.) 5.4% (2012 est.)

France Brazil

Labor force 29.94 million (2013 est.) 107.3 million (2013 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 2.9% industry: 20.6% services: 76.4% (2012 est.)

agriculture: 15.7% industry: 13.3% services: 71% (2011 est.)

Unemployment rate

10.2% (2013 est.) 10.2% (2012 est.) note: includes overseas territories

5.7% (2013 est.) 5.5% (2012 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

30.6 (2011) 27.9 (1996)

51.9 (2012) 55.3 (2001)

Budget revenues: $1.41 trillion expenditures: $1.522 trillion (2013 est.)

revenues: $851.1 billion expenditures: $815.6 billion (2013 est.)

Industries machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics; textiles, food processing; tourism

textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment

Industrial production growth rate

-0.4% (2013 est.) 3% (2013 est.)

Agriculture - products

wheat, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; beef, dairy products; fish

coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef

Exports $578.6 billion (2013 est.) $567.1 billion (2012 est.)

$244.8 billion (2013 est.) $242.6 billion (2012 est.)

Exports - commodities

machinery and transportation equipment, aircraft, plastics, chemicals, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, beverages

transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, autos

Exports - partners Germany 16.7%, Belgium 7.5%, Italy 7.5%, Spain 6.9%, UK 6.9%, US 5.6%, Netherlands 4.3% (2012)

China 17%, US 11.1%, Argentina 7.4%, Netherlands 6.2% (2012)

Imports $659.8 billion (2013 est.) $653.4 billion (2012 est.)

$241.4 billion (2013 est.) $223.2 billion (2012 est.)

Imports - machinery and equipment, vehicles, machinery, electrical and transport

France Brazil

commodities crude oil, aircraft, plastics, chemicals equipment, chemical products, oil, automotive parts, electronics

Imports - partners Germany 19.5%, Belgium 11.3%, Italy 7.6%, Netherlands 7.4%, Spain 6.6%, UK 5.1%, China 4.9% (2012)

China 15.3%, US 14.6%, Argentina 7.4%, Germany 6.4%, South Korea 4.1% (2012)

Debt - external $5.371 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) $5.004 trillion (31 December 2011)

$475.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $438.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Exchange rates euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7634 (2013 est.) 0.7752 (2012 est.) 0.755 (2010 est.) 0.7198 (2009 est.) 0.6827 (2008 est.)

reals (BRL) per US dollar - 2.153 (2013 est.) 1.9546 (2012 est.) 1.7592 (2010 est.) 2 (2009) 1.8644 (2008)

Fiscal year calendar year calendar year

Public debt 93.4% of GDP (2013 est.) 90.2% of GDP (2012 est.) note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

59.2% of GDP (2013 est.) 58.8% of GDP (2012 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$198.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $188.4 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$378.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $373.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Current Account Balance

-$58.97 billion (2013 est.) -$45.22 billion (2012 est.)

-$77.63 billion (2013 est.) -$54.23 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$2.739 trillion (2013 est.) $2.19 trillion (2013 est.)

France Brazil

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$1.103 trillion (31 December 2013 est.) $1.095 trillion (31 December 2012 est.)

$663.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $604.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$1.489 trillion (31 December 2013 est.) $1.497 trillion (31 December 2012 est.)

$179.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $177.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$1.762 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) $1.538 trillion (31 December 2011) $1.983 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)

$1.23 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) $1.229 trillion (31 December 2011) $1.546 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)

Central bank discount rate

0.75% (31 December 2013) 1.75% (31 December 2010) note: this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area

10% (31 December 2013 est.) 11% (31 December 2011 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

3.1% (31 December 2013 est.) 3.44% (31 December 2012 est.)

26.9% (31 December 2013 est.) 36.64% (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$3.687 trillion (31 December 2013 est.) $3.631 trillion (31 December 2012 est.)

$2.435 trillion (31 December 2013 est.) $2.381 trillion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$810.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $738.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.) note: see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders

$157.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $159.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of broad money

$2.299 trillion (31 December 2013 est.) $2.273 trillion (31 December 2012 est.)

$870.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $863.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

51.5% of GDP (2013 est.) 38.9% of GDP (2013 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-4.1% of GDP (2013 est.) 1.6% of GDP (2013 est.)

Unemployment, total: 23.8% total: 15.4%

France Brazil

youth ages 15-24 male: 23.9% female: 23.7% (2012)

male: 12.2% female: 19.8% (2011)

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 57.6% government consumption: 25.1% investment in fixed capital: 18.7% investment in inventories: 0.1% exports of goods and services: 27.3% imports of goods and services: -28.8% (2013 est.)

household consumption: 62.5% government consumption: 21.7% investment in fixed capital: 18.3% investment in inventories: 0% exports of goods and services: 12.4% imports of goods and services: -14.9% (2013 est.)

Gross national saving

18.2% of GDP (2013 est.) 17.6% of GDP (2012 est.) 19% of GDP (2011 est.)

14.8% of GDP (2013 est.) 15.2% of GDP (2012 est.) 17.6% of GDP (2011 est.)

France BrazilCountry name conventional long form: French

Republic conventional short form: France local long form: Republique francaise local short form: France

conventional long form: Federative Republic of Brazil conventional short form: Brazil local long form: Republica Federativa do Brasil local short form: Brasil

Government type

republic federal republic

Capital name: Paris geographic coordinates: 48 52 N, 2 20 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October note: applies to metropolitan France only, not to its overseas departments, collectivities, or territories

name: Brasilia geographic coordinates: 15 47 S, 47 55 W time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins third Sunday in October; ends third Sunday in February note: Brazil has three time zones, including one for the Fernando de Noronha Islands

Administrative divisions

27 regions (regions, singular - region); Alsace, Aquitaine, Auvergne, Basse-Normandie (Lower Normandy), Bourgogne (Burgundy), Bretagne (Brittany), Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Corse (Corsica), Franche-Comte, Guadeloupe, Guyane (French

26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio

France BrazilGuiana), Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy), Ile-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, Limousin, Lorraine, Martinique, Mayotte, Midi-Pyrenees, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Pays de la Loire, Picardie, Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Reunion, Rhone-Alpes note: France is divided into 22 metropolitan regions (including the "territorial collectivity" of Corse or Corsica) and 5 overseas regions (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion) and is subdivided into 96 metropolitan departments and 5 overseas departments (which are the same as the overseas regions)

Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins

Independence no official date of independence: 486 (Frankish tribes unified under Merovingian kingship); 10 August 843 (Western Francia established from the division of the Carolingian Empire); 14 July 1789 (French monarchy overthrown); 22 September 1792 (First French Republic founded); 4 October 1958 (Fifth French Republic established)

7 September 1822 (from Portugal)

National holiday Fete de la Federation, 14 July (1790); note - although often incorrectly referred to as Bastille Day, the celebration actually commemorates the holiday held on the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille (on 14 July 1789) and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy; other names for the holiday are Fete Nationale (National Holiday) and quatorze juillet (14th of July)

Independence Day, 7 September (1822)

Constitution 4 October 1958 (French Constitution) (2013)

several previous; latest ratified 5 October 1988; amended many times, last in 2012 (2012)

Legal system civil law; review of administrative but not legislative acts

civil law; note - a new civil law code was enacted in 2002 replacing the 1916 code

Suffrage 18 years of age; universal voluntary between 16 to under 18 years

France Brazilof age and over 70; compulsory 18 to 70 years of age; note - military conscripts by law cannot vote

Executive branch

chief of state: President Francois HOLLANDE (since 15 May 2012) head of government: Prime Minister Manuel VALLS (since 1 April 2014) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president at the suggestion of the prime minister elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 April and 6 May 2012 (next to be held in the spring of 2017); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Francois HOLLANDE elected; first round: percent of vote - Francois HOLLANDE 28.6%, Nicolas SARKOZY 27.2%, Marine LE PEN 17.9%, Jean-Luc MELENCHON 11.1%, Francois BAYROU, 9.1%, others 6.1%; second round: HOLLANDE 51.6%, SARKOZY 48.4%

chief of state: President Dilma ROUSSEFF (since 1 January 2011); Vice President Michel Miguel Elias TEMER Lulia (since 1 January 2011); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Dilma ROUSSEFF (since 1 January 2011); Vice President Michel Miguel Elias TEMER Lulia (since 1 January 2011) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a single four-year term; election last held on 3 October 2010 with runoff on 31 October 2010 (next to be held on 5 October 2014 and, if necessary, a runoff election on 26 October 2014) election results: Dilma ROUSSEFF (PT) elected president in a runoff election; percent of vote - Dilma ROUSSEFF 56.01%, Jose SERRA (PSDB) 43.99%

Legislative branch

bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (348 seats; 328 for metropolitan France and overseas departments, 2 for New Caledonia, 2 for French Polynesia, 1 for Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, 1 for Saint-Barthelemy, 1 for Saint-Martin, 1 for Wallis and Futuna, and 12 for French nationals abroad; members indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve six-year terms; one third elected every three years); and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (577 seats; 555 for metropolitan France, 15 for overseas departments, 7 for overseas dependencies; members elected by popular vote under a single-member majority system to serve five-year terms)

bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of the Federal Senate or Senado Federal (81 seats; 3 members from each state and federal district elected according to the principle of majority to serve eight-year terms; one-third and two-thirds of members elected every four years, alternately) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados (513 seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year terms) elections: Federal Senate - last held on 3 October 2010 for two-thirds of the Senate (next to be held in October 2014 for one-third of the Senate); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 3 October 2010 (next to be held in October 2014) election results: Federal Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by

France Brazilelections: Senate - last held on 25 September 2011 (next to be held in September 2014); National Assembly - last held on 10 and 17 June 2012 (next to be held in June 2017) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PS/Greens 140, UMP 132, UDF 31, PCF/MRC 21, PRG 17, other 7; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - PS 48.5%, UMP 33.6%, miscellaneous left wing parties 3.8%, Greens 3.0%, miscellaneous right wing parties 2.6%, NC 2.1%, PRG 2.1%, FDG 1.7%, other 2.6%; seats by party - PS 280, UMP 194, miscellaneous left wing parties 22, Greens 17, miscellaneous right wing parties 15, NC 12, PRG 12, FDG 10, other 15

party - PMDB 19, PT 15, PSDB 11, DEM (formerly PFL) 7, PTB 6, PP 4, PDT 4, PR 4, PSB 3, PCdoB 2, PSOL 2, other 4; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PT 88, PMDB 79, PSDB 53, DEM (formerly PFL) 43, PP 41, PR 41, PSB 34, PDT 28, PTB 21, PSC 17, PCdoB 15, PPS 12, PPS 12, PRB 8, PMN 4, PSOL 3, other 26

Judicial branch highest court(s): Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation (consists of the court president, 6 divisional presiding judges, 120 trial judges, and 70 deputy judges organized into 6 divisions - 3 civil, 1 commercial, 1 labor, and 1 criminal); Constitutional Council (consists of 9 members) judge selection and term of office: Court of Cassation judges appointed by the president of the republic from nominations from the High Council of the Judiciary, presided by the Court of Cassation and 15 appointed members; judge term of appointment NA; Constitutional Council members appointed - 3 by the president of the republic and 3 each by the National Assembly and Senate presidents; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms with one third of the membership renewed every 3 years subordinate courts: appellate courts or Cour d'Appel; regional

highest court(s): Supreme Federal Court (consists of 11 justices) judge selection and term of office: justices appointed by the president and approved by the Federal Senate; justices appointed to serve until mandatory retirement at age 70 subordinate courts: Federal Appeals Court, Superior Court of Justice, Superior Electoral Court, regional federal courts; state court system

France Brazilcourts or Tribunal de Grande Instance; first instance courts or Tribunal' d'instance

Political parties and leaders

Europe Ecology - The Greens or EELV [Emmanuelle COSSE] French Communist Party or PCF [Pierre LAURENT] Left Front Coalition or FDG [Jean-Luc MELENCHON] Left Party or PG [Jean-Luc MELENCHON and Martine BILLARD] Left Radical Party or PRG [Jean-Michel BAYLET] (previously Radical Socialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical Movement or MRG) Movement for France or MPF [Philippe DE VILLIERS] National Front or FN [Marine LE PEN] New Anticapitalist Party or NPA [collective leadership; main spokesperson Christine POUPIN] New Center or NC [Herve MORIN] Radical Party [Jean-Louis BORLOO] Rally for France or RPF [Charles PASQUA] Republican and Citizen Movement or MRC [Jean-Luc LAURENT] Socialist Party or PS [Haerlem DESIR] United Republic or RS [Dominique DE VILLEPIN] Union for a Popular Movement or UMP [Jean-Francois COPE] Union des Democrates et Independants or UDI [Jean-Louis BORLOO] and Democratic Movement or MoDem [Francois BAYROU] (previously Union for French Democracy or UDF); together known as UDI-Modem Worker's Struggle (Lutte Ouvriere) or LO [collective leadership; spokespersons Nathalie ARTHAUD and Arlette

Brazilian Communist Party or PCB [Ivan Martins PINHEIRO] Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Michel TEMER] Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Benito GAMA] Brazilian Renewal Labor Party or PRTB [Jose Levy FIDELIX da Cruz] Brazilian Republican Party or PRB [Marcos Antonio PEREIRA] Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Aecio NEVES] Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Eduardo CAMPOS] Christian Labor Party or PTC [Daniel TOURINHO] Christian Social Democratic Party or PSDC [Jose Maria EYMAEL] Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Jose Renato RABELO] Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Carlos Roberto LUPI] the Democrats or DEM [Jose AGRIPINO] (formerly Liberal Front Party or PFL) Free Homeland Party or PPL [Sergio RUBENS] Green Party or PV [Jose Luiz PENNA] Humanist Party of Solidarity or PHS [Eduardo MACHADO] Labor Party of Brazil or PTdoB [Luis Henrique de Oliveira RESENDE] National Ecologic Party or PEN [Adilson Barroso OLIVEIRA] National Labor Party or PTN [Jose Masci de ABREU] National Mobilization Party or PMN [Oscar Noronha FILHO] Party of the Republic or PR [Alfredo NASCIMENTO] Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Roberto Joao Pereira FREIRE] Progressive Party or PP [Ciro NOGUEIRA] Progressive Republican Party or PRP [Ovasco Roma Altimari RESENDE]

France BrazilLAQUILLER] Social Christian Party or PSC [Vitor

Jorge Abdala NOSSEIS] Social Democratic Party or PSD [Gilberto KASSAB] Social Liberal Party or PSL [Luciano Caldas BIVAR] Socialism and Freedom Party or PSOL [Luiz ARAUJO] United Socialist Workers' Party or PSTU [Jose Maria DE ALMEIDA] Workers' Cause Party or PCO [Rui Costa PIMENTA] Workers' Party or PT [Rui FALCAO]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail (French Democratic Confederation of Labor) or CFDT, left-leaning labor union with approximately 875,000 members [Laurent BERGER, Secretary General] Confederation francaise de l'encadrement - Confederation generale des cadres (French Confederation of Management - General Confederation of Executives) or CFE-CGC, independent white-collar union with 140,000 members [Carole COUVERT, president] Confederation francaise des travailleurs chretiens (French Confederation of Christian Workers) or CFTC, independent labor union founded by Catholic workers that claims 142,000 members [Philippe LOUIS, president] Confederation generale du travail (General Confederation of Labor) or CGT, historically communist labor union with approximately 710,000 members [Bernard THIBAULT, secretary general] Confederation generale du travail - Force ouvriere (General Confederation of Labor - Worker's Force) or FO, independent labor union with an estimated 300,000 members [Jean-Claude MAILLY,

Landless Workers' Movement or MST other: industrial federations; labor unions and federations; large farmers' associations; religious groups including evangelical Christian churches and the Catholic Church

France Brazilsecretary general] Mouvement des entreprises de France or MEDEF, employers' union with 750,000 companies as members (claimed) [Pierre GATTAZ, president]

French Guiana: conservationists gold mining pressure groups hunting pressure groups

Guadeloupe: Christian Movement for the Liberation of Guadeloupe or KLPG

General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers or CGT-G General Union of Guadeloupe Workers or UGTG Movement for an Independent Guadeloupe or MPGI The Socialist Renewal Movement

Martinique: Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance or ARC Central Union for Martinique Workers or CSTM Frantz Fanon Circle League of Workers and Peasants Proletarian Action Group or GAP

Reunion: NA

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, FZ, G-20, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM,

AfDB (nonregional member), BIS, BRICS, CAN (associate), CD, CELAC, CPLP, FAO, FATF, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, LAS (observer), Mercosur, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS, OECD (Enhanced Engagement, OPANAL, OPCW, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR,

France BrazilIPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SPC, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNSC (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Francois M. DELATTRE (since 18 February 2011) chancery: 4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 944-6000 FAX: [1] (202) 944-6166 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco

chief of mission: Ambassador Mauro Luiz Iecker VIEIRA (since 11 January 2010) chancery: 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 238-2805 FAX: [1] (202) 238-2827 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Mark A. TAPLIN; note - also accredited to Monaco embassy: 2 Avenue Gabriel, 75382 Paris Cedex 08 mailing address: PSC 116, APO AE 09777 telephone: [33] (1) 43-12-22-22 FAX: [33] (1) 42 66 97 83 consulate(s) general: Marseille, Strasbourg

chief of mission: Ambassador Liliana AYALDE (since 1 August 2013) embassy: Avenida das Nacoes, Quadra 801, Lote 3, Distrito Federal Cep 70403-900, Brasilia mailing address: Unit 7500, DPO, AA 34030 telephone: [55] (61) 3312-7000 FAX: [55] (61) 3225-9136 consulate(s) general: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo consulate(s): Recife

Flag description three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the "Le drapeau tricolore" (French Tricolor), the origin of the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution when the "ancient French color" of white was combined with the blue and red colors of the Parisian militia; the official flag for all French

green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress); the current flag was inspired by the banner of the former Empire of Brazil (1822-1889); on the imperial flag, the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first

France Brazildependent areas note: the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands

Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow stood for the Habsburg Family of his wife; on the modern flag the green represents the forests of the country and the yellow rhombus its mineral wealth; the blue circle and stars, which replaced the coat of arms of the original flag, depict the sky over Rio de Janeiro on the morning of 15 November 1889 - the day the Republic of Brazil was declared; the number of stars has changed with the creation of new states and has risen from an original 21 to the current 27 (one for each state and the Federal District)

National anthem name: "La Marseillaise" (The Song of Marseille) lyrics/music: Claude-Joseph ROUGET de Lisle note: adopted 1795, restored 1870; originally known as "Chant de Guerre pour l'Armee du Rhin" (War Song for the Army of the Rhine), the National Guard of Marseille made the song famous by singing it while marching into Paris in 1792 during the French Revolutionary Wars

name: "Hino Nacional Brasileiro" (Brazilian National Anthem) lyrics/music: Joaquim Osorio Duque ESTRADA/Francisco Manoel DA SILVA note: music adopted 1890, lyrics adopted 1922; the anthem's music, composed in 1822, was used unofficially for many years before it was adopted

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction