buletin pusat pengajian kejuruteraan bahan dan sumber ... · lawatan penanda aras fakulti sains...

LAWATAN NAIB CANSELOR KE PPKBSM

4 Januari 2018 – Profesor Datuk Dr.Asma Ismail (Naib Canselor UniversitiSains Malaysia) telah membuat lawatanke Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahandan Sumber Mineral. Lawatan ini bertu-juan mendapatkan maklumat berkenaanpusat pengajian.

Kehadiran Datuk Naib Canselor telahdisambut dengan meriah oleh semuawarga PPKBSM. Pertemuan yangdiadakan di Bilik Seminar telah dimulakandengan taklimat oleh Dekan PPKBSM,Prof. Ir. Dr. Zuhailawati Binti Hussain dandiikuti dengan perbincangan dua hala diantara kedua-dua pihak. Turut hadir samake lawatan tersebut adalah Prof. Dr. NorAzazi Bin Zakaria, Pengarah KampusKejuruteraan, USM.

Sepanjang perbincangan, penekananbanyak diberikan kepada pencapaian KPIpusat pengajian, perjawatan, penonjolanalumni dan pensyarah di samping ker-jasama yang mampu menguntungkansemua pihak khususnya dalammeningkatkan pencapaian pusat penga-jian di peringkat yang lebih tinggi.

Dalam pertemuan tersebut, DatukNaib Canselor turut mengutarakan cadan-

gan melaksanakan USMFit yang bertu-juan meningkatkan usaha semua wargaUSM dalam menjalani gaya hidup sihatdengan melakukan riadah dan aktivitipada setiap hari rabu. Lawatan ini telahbanyak memberi perubahan dan menco-rak warga PPKBSM ke arah yang lebihbaik dan hebat.

PPKBSM MENGEKALKAN PENCAPAIAN TERBAIK

DALAM KPI

Mulai tahun 2017 pencapaian PTJdinilai berdasarkan dua kaedah iaituMyRA dan Headline KPI. MyRA meru-pakan sasaran yang ditetapkan olehKementerian Pengajian Tinggi manakalaHeadline KPI adalah sasaran yang dite-tapkan oleh YBhg. Profesor Datuk Dr.Asma Ismail (Naib Canselor USM).

Secara ringkas pencapaian PPKBSMadalah seperti berikut:

Tahniah dan setinggi-tinggi penghar-gaan kepada semua staf yang telahmenunjukkan kesungguhan membantupusat pengajian mencapai sasaran yangtelah ditetapkan.

KUALITI PENSYARAH DAN KEBOLEHPASARAN

GRADUAN JAMIN 6 TAHUNAKREDITASI

Tahniah dan Syabas diucapkan kepa-da semua pensyarah ProgramKejuruteraan Bahan dan ProgramKejuruteraan Sumber Mineral dan semuastaf teknikal, pentadbiran dan wargaPPKBSM. Hasil usaha gigih dan penatlelah untuk menyiapkan pelbagai doku-men dan maklumat bagi menghadapilawatan Ahli Panel EAC pada 6-7Disember 2017 yang lalu telah mem-buahkan hasil yang sangat mem-berangsangkan.

Program Kejuruteraan Bahan danProgram Kejuruteraan Sumber Mineraltelah diiktiraf dan mendapat akreditasioleh BEM untuk 6 tahun bermula 2018sehingga 2023. Semoga ianya menjadititik kecemerlangan kepada semua wargaPPKBSM dan para pelajar.

ENJINIERBuletin Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber Mineral

Bulletin for the School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia

JIL. 20 BIL. 01 No. ISSN: 1511-5275 http://www.usm.my JUN 2018

1Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2018

Naib Canselor Universiti Sains Malaysia, Profesor Datuk Dr. Asma Ismail (limadari kiri) bergambar kenangan semasa lawatan ke PPKBSM

Pencapaian 2017 Ranking PTJ di USM

MyRA 1 91.89% (5 bintang) 10

MyRA 2 75.31% 9

Headline KPI 70.8% (4 bintang) 2

Income generation RM 3.45 juta -

PPKBSM menghasilkan pelajar yang

diiktiraf oleh BEM

MAJLIS ANUGERAH PERKHIDMATAN CEMERLANG

MERIAH

2 Ogos 2018 - Universiti SainsMalaysia telah mengadakan MajlisAnugerah Perkhidmatan CemerlangTahun 2017 di Pusat Konvensyen SetiaSpice, Pulau Pinang. Pada majlis tersebutbeberapa orang staf PPKBSM telahmenerima anugerah. Tahniah diucapkan.Semoga kejayaan ini akan sentiasamenyuntik semangat warga PPKBSMuntuk terus mencipta kecemerlangan dankegemilangan. Anugerah tersebut telahdisampaikan oleh YBhg. Prof. Datuk AsmaIsmail, Naib Canselor USM.

Penerima Anugerah PerkhidmatanCemerlang (APC) bagi tahun 2017 adalahseperti berikut :

• YBhg. Profesor Dato' Ir. Dr. Eric Goh Kok Hoe

• Profesor Madya Dr. Hasmaliza Binti Mohamad

• Dr. Tuti Katrina Binti Abdullah• Dr. Zuratul Ain Binti Abdul Hamid• Puan Nurshalydah Binti Salleh

• Encik Mohd Suharudin Bin Sulong

• Encik Mohammad Azrul Bin Zainol Abidin

• Ir. Mohamad Azwan Bin Mad Naser

PROFESSOR HANAFI ISMAILRECEIVED SCIENTIFICRECOGNITION AWARD

EUROINVENT 2018

17 May 2018 - Profesor Dr. HanafiIsmail was conferred the ScientificRecognition Award during the OpeningCeremony of the 10th European Exhibitionof Creativity and Innovation (EUROIN-VENT 2018) at the Palace of Culture, Lasi,Romania. He was bestowed the award forhis contributions in the publication,research and innovation of polymer sci-ence and technology. Profesor Dr. HanafiIsmail was also a Keynote Speaker at theInternational Conference on InnovativeResearch (ICIR 2018) – an event organ-ized by of EUROINVENT on 17-18 May2018.

Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2018 2

Editorial Board

Prof. Dr. Khairunisak

Abdul Razak

(Advisor)

Prof. Dr. Chow Wen Shyang(Chief Editor)

Dr. Shah Rizal Kasim

Dr. Raa Khimi Shuib

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Pung Swee Yong

Dr. Hareyani Zabidi

Ms. Habsah Haliman

Assistant Editor

Ms. Hasnah Awang

Mr. Mohd Hafiz Ali bin Mohd Anuar

Gambar kenangan penerima APC 2017

Profesor Hanafi Ismail (kanan) menerima Scientific Recognition Award

(EUROINVENT 2018).

THE BEST IEEE EPSUNDERGRADUATE FINAL YEAR

PROJECT (FYP) AWARD –UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 2018

The best IEEE EPS UndergraduateFinal Year Project Award at UniversitiSains Malaysia for 2018 was awarded toMr Soo Kuan Lim, a Materials Engineeringstudent in the School of Materials &Mineral Resources Engineering. The titleof the project was “Characterization ofLithium Vanadium Oxide Anode with AgarBinder in Aqueous Rechargeable LithiumIon Batteries”. Binders used in lithium ionbatteries have the ability to improve elec-trochemical properties of Li ion batteries.In this research work, the effect of differ-ent ratio of agar binder on electrochemi-cal properties and performance of theaqueous Li ions batteries is examined.

The morphology of the working elec-trode was characterized by ScanningElectron Microscopy method to determinethe resilience and delamination of thesurface as added with agar binder.Subsequently, the electrochemical per-formance was determined by using cyclicvoltammetry analysis, cyclic performance& charging-discharging capacity. Ananode high excellent cyclic performance& high specific discharge capacity weredetermined; and indeed agar binder wassuitable as a potential binder.

With the hard work & consistent guid-ance from his supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr.Ahmad Azmin, Mr. Soo was grateful thatthe long journey had bear fruits in hisyoung career in research and develop-ment. In an award ceremony flanked byIEEE Malaysia representative & in-houselecturer; Prof. Dr. Ir. Cheong Kuan Yew &Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nurulakmal, the awardcertificate & cash prize of RM 3000 werepresented by the deputy dean of Schoolof Materials & Mineral ResourcesEngineering, Prof. Dr. Ir. Mariatti Jaafar.

PROF GREG QIAO VISITS POLYMER ENGINEERING

28 May 2018- Prof. Greg Qiao fromMelbourne University, Australia wasappointed as the External Examiner ofPolymer Engineering Programme for ses-sion 2014 - 2016 and renewal as for ses-sion 2016 - 2018. His last visit was heldon 28 May 2018. The purpose of his visitwas to review the curriculum and makingsuggestions for improvement of the pro-gramme. Specifically he assessed theexam questions and coursework activi-ties, student and alumni survey as well asfacilities in laboratories and library. Basedon his last two visits he was satisfied withthe programme. The level of curriculumand student assessment methods arecomparable with international standard aswell as the quality and performance ofacademic staffs. However suggestion was

made to introduce advanced polymercourses which make up the fore-front oftechnological advances such as polymerelectronics and biomedical polymer. Atthe end of his visit, technical talk weredelivered to the SMMRE staffs and stu-dents.

PERKONGSIAN BERSAMAALUMNI PROGRAM KEJURUTERAAN

POLIMER

16 May 2018 – Program “ExperienceSharing Talk with our Polymer EngineerAlumni” telah dianjurkan oleh ProgramKejuruteraan Polimer dan telah diadakandi Bilik Seminar, PPKBSM. Program telahmenjemput Mr. Bong Khoon Sheng,Pengurus dari Top Glove, Selangor,Malaysia. Top Glove ditubuhkan pada1991 sebagai perniagan tempatan den-gan hanya 1 kilang dan 1 jalur pengelu-aran. Kini, Top Glove adalah antara pen-geluar sarung getah tangan utama diMalaysia dan di dunia. Program ini bertu-juan memberi pendedahan kepada parapelajar Kejuruteraan Polimer, khususnya,pelajar Tahun 3 dan Tahun 4, berkaitanpengalaman bekerja serta peluang peker-jaan di dalam industri lateks yangpastinya sangat berkaitan denganKejuruteraan Polimer. Program ini adalahsalah satu aktiviti yang mendekatkan uni-versiti dengan industri seperti yangdiharapkan oleh universiti.


Mr. Soo Kuan Lim (second from the right) received IEEE EPS undergraduate FYPaward.

Talk given by Prof. Greq during his visit at Seminar Room, SMMRE.

LAWATAN KE ADTEC TAIPING

7 Mac 2018 – Seramai 56 orang pela-jar kursus EBB337 (Komposit dan BahanTermaju) telah berpeluang untuk melawatPusat Latihan Teknologi Tinggi (ADTEC)Taiping pada 7 Mac 2018. Lawatan inibertujuan untuk memberi pendedahankepada pelajar-pelajar tentang pempros-esan dan produk bahan komposit yangboleh dihasilkan. Semasa lawatan ini,pelajar-pelajar turut berpeluang untukmelawat makmal-makmal lain sepertiTeknologi Bahan Termaju-Seramik danTeknologi Bahan Termaju-Polimer.

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETINGKELAB SUKAN & REKREASI (KSR)

PPKBSM

3 May 2018- The KSR annual generalmeeting (AGM) began with the openingspeeches by the Chairman of KSR2017/2019, Dr. Khairul Anuar Shariff fol-lowed by the Dean, Prof. Ir. Dr.Zuhailawati Hussain. The Secretary of theKSR, Dr. Yanny Marliana Baba Ismail thenpresented the activities of the club for theyear 2017/2018. Among the activities car-ried out were bowling tournament fol-lowed closely by USM Fit PPKBSMProgram, which commenced in April 2018and still on-going program. Several pro-grams had also been conducted duringthe blessing month of Ramadhan such asTazkirah and visits to the orphanage cen-tre. The meeting was then continued withthe presentation on the financial state-ment of the club by Dr. Tuti KatrinaAbdullah. This is followed by giving somesouvenirs to several staff who had recent-ly married and who has new baby in thefamily. The last agenda discussed in themeeting was on the future activities of theclub for the upcoming year.

MAJLIS BERBUKA PUASABERSAMA WARGA EMAS DI PUSAT

PENGAJIAN ILMU DANKEMASYARAKATAN

4 Jun 2018 - Keseimbangan pen-guasaan ilmu pengetahuan dan sahsiahdiri dalam setiap siswazah sememangnyamenjadi keutamaan Universiti SainsMalaysia. Selain memperkasa ilmu penge-tahuan dan taraf pendidikan para pela-jarnya, teras nilai-nilai murni dankemasyarakatan juga menjadi aspirasi sis-tem pendidikan USM. Selaras dengantujuan ini, satu program berbuka puasatelah dianjurkan sempena kehadiranbulan Ramadhan baru-baru ini di PusatPengajian Ilmu dan Kemasyarakatan,Kuala Kurau.

Majlis berbuka puasa tersebut meli-batkan 40 orang warga emas, penduduksekitar dan 15 orang wakil dari PersatuanPelajar Ijazah Tinggi (PGSC) PusatPengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan & Sumber

Mineral, USM Kampus Kejuruteraan.Antara tujuan program itu dijalankanadalah untuk menyemai sikap menghor-mati warga emas, mengeratkan silatu-rahim di antara pelajar dan masyarakatsetempat, selain berkongsi rezeki denganwarga yang memerlukan.

Walaupun dengan juadah berbukayang dibawa oleh pihak pelajar hanyasederhana, kegembiraan dan senyumanwarga emas yang menanti ketibaan parapelajar cukup bermakna. Selepas majlisberbuka, para pelajar turut menunaikansolat fardu maghrib, isyak dan sunattarawih secara berjemaah bersama wargaemas dan penduduk kampung. Pada akhirprogram tersebut, pihak pengurusanPusat Pengajian Ilmu danKemasyarakatan tersebut menyatakanrasa gembira dan terbuka untuk meneri-ma kunjungan pihak USM lagi pada masaakan datang.


Participants at bowling tournament organized by Kelab Sukan & Rekreasi (KSR) PPKBSM.

Pelajar-pelajar kursus EBB337 (Komposit dan Bahan Termaju) bergambardi ADTEC Taiping.

LAWATAN PENANDA ARAS FAKULTI SAINS BUMI,

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA KELANTAN(UMK)

19 Januari 2018 - Seramai 3 orang pen-syarah daripada Fakulti Sains Bumi, UMKtelah melakukan lawatan penanda aras diPPKBSM sebagai persediaan awalpenawaran program baharu “TeknologiPerlombongan dan Pemprosesan Mineral”yang akan ditawarkan di UMK nanti.Lawatan diketuai oleh Ketua Program Dr.Mahani Yusoff dan disertai Dr. AbdulHafidz Yusoff dan Dr. Teo Pao Ter.Delegasi disambut oleh Dekan PPKBSMdiikuti taklimat yang disampaikan olehPengerusi Rancangan Kej. SumberMineral. Selain itu, sesi perbincanganbersama-sama staf Kejuruteraan SumberMineral turut dijalankan diikuti denganlawatan ke makmal dan berakhir padajam 12.30 tengahari.

LAWATAN DAN PERBINCANGANDUA HALA PROGRAM “SUMMER

SCHOOL” POLITEKNIK AKAMIGASPALEMBANG, INDONESIA

28 Jun 2018 - Delegasi daripadaPoliteknik Akamigas Palembang,Indonesia diketuai oleh M. Ali Malik (WakilRektor), Moh. Ade Isnaeni dan EdwinHarsiga selaku wakil Fakulti TeknikPertambangan Batu Bara (KejuruteraanArang Batu) telah berlangsung denganjayanya. Tujuan utama lawatan adalahmembincangkan program penghantaranseramai 80 pelajar Diploma KejuruteraanArang Batu selama 2 minggu ke PPKBSMmulai sidang akademik 2020/2021 danseterusnya. Program ini akan dibiayaisepenuhnya oleh pihak Politeknik

Akamigas. PPKBSM dipilih berdasarkanreputasi Program Kejuruteraan SumberMineral serta kerjasama yang telah sediaterjalin di antara kedua-dua pihaksebelum ini. Diharapkan program ini akanmencapai sasaran dan impak yang dite-tapkan disamping melonjakkan lagi namapusat pengajian ke peringkat serantau.

MATERIALS AND MINERALRESOURCES ENGINEERING WEEK

AT SCIENCE@MUSEUM FEST

26-31 March 2018 - School of Materials &Mineral Resources Engineering (SMMRE)has recently participated in Science andArt Fest@MGTF 2018 at Tuanku FauziahMuseum, Universiti Sains Malaysia. ThisScience Month celebration is part of theCreative Link program which is one of theapproach of Universiti Sains Malaysia(USM) through Tuanku Fauziah Museum

& Gallery and NBOS to enhance existingEdu-tainment covering various aspects ofArt, STEM (science, technology and math-ematics) and Cultural Heritage to help thegovernment to development outstandingstudents' personality with noble moralvalues. SMMRE has taken this opportuni-ty to introduce our school curriculum andresearch activities to various group of stu-dents from different districts. SMMRE alsohas organized talks on engineering mate-rials, polymers and minerals. Few hands-on activities on science such as slip cast-ing process, nanomaterials for energygeneration, and environmental remedia-tion technology related activities havebeen carried out for them to experiencethe glimpse of how great the scienceworld is. The activities have also nurturedthe students’ interest on science andengineering.


Staf Program Kejuruteraan Sumber Mineral bergambar dengan pensyarah daripada Fakulti

Sains Bumi, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan.

Delegasi daripada Politeknik Akamigas Palembang,Indonesia bergambar bersama staf program

Kejuruteraan Sumber Mineral. Activities at Science@Museum Fest

JELAJAH PROMOSI PPKBSM DIKOLEJ MATRIKULASI KEDAH

9 Feb 2018 - Jelajah promosi PPKBSMtelah diteruskan lagi di Kolej MatrikulasiKedah. Program bermula pada jam 3petang dan telah menerima kehadiranseramai lebih kurang 100 orang pelajarmatrikulasi. Program dimulakan denganucapan aluan daripada PenolongPengarah Kaunseling, Kolej MatrikulasiKedah iaitu En. Mohamad FaizalMohamad Isa. Seterusnya, taklimat men-genai Program Kejuruteraan Bahan telahdisampaikan oleh Dr. Khairul AnuarShariff. Majlis diteruskan lagi dengan tak-limat Kejuruteraan Polimer yang disam-paikan oleh Ir. Dr. Muhammad KhalilAbdullah@Harun. Slot diakhiri dengantaklimat yang disampaikan oleh Dr.Suhaina Ismail bagi ProgramKejuruteraan Sumber Mineral. Sesi jela-jah promosi ini juga turut dibantu oleh Dr.Shah Rizal Kasim, En. Mohamad HasnorHusin dan juga En. Muhammad SofiJamil. Semoga program ini dapat mem-beri gambaran kepada para pelajarmatrikulasi tentang program pengajianyang ditawarkan di PPKBSM iaitu IjazahSarjana Muda Kejuruteraan Bahan, IjazahSarjana Muda Kejuruteraan Polimer danIjazah Sarjana Muda KejuruteraanSumber Mineral.

FINAL YEAR PROJECT (FYP) VIVA SESSION

11 Jun 2018- School of Materials andMineral Resources Engineering had theirviva session for their final year students.This viva is a part of evaluation process ofthe final year project conducted by stu-dents. The main objective of this evalua-tion process is to examine the fundamen-tal knowledge and assess project under-standing of a particular aspect of theirthesis. This is often conducted by sever-al internal examiners; lecturers from theschool itself to ensure the quality of theproject conducted and submitted for thedegree programme is guaranteed. Theviva involved a 15 minutes presentationby the student, followed by question andanswer session for another 5 minutes.Prior to the viva session, the disertationwas also reviewed by an internal examin-er; a lecturer from the department andthe improvements and amendmentsrequired for relevant was projects sug-gested by them. This evaluation waspractised yearly basis to ensure the qual-ity of the final year thesis. The vivaaccessed competency using various ana-lytical equipment and software, fordemonstration of knowledge on the sub-ject and experiment, ability to criticallyanalyse and explained results or meas-urement, ability to express idea or opin-ion on subjects and capability to respondwell to questions.

SEMINAR “BERSAMA-SAMA MENCEGAH

KEBAKARAN”

28 Mac 2018 - Pusat PencegahanKebakaran (FPC) Malaysia telah beker-jasama dengan Prof. Madya Dr. Azhar binAbu Bakar selaku Penyelaras JKKP PPKB-SM menganjurkan seminar bertajuk“Bersama-sama mencegah kebakaran” diDewan Seminar PPKBSM. Tujuan utamaseminar ini adalah untuk berkongsi mak-lumat tentang langkah-langkah kesela-

matan dan pencegahan kebakaran untuksemua staf bagi menambah pengetahuandan teknik-teknik menyelamatkan diridengan lebih efektif. Untuk pengetahuan,menurut laporan Jabatan Bomba danPenyelamat Malaysia, statistik kebakarantahunan meningkat dari 2013 (33,640kes) hingga 2015 (80,183 kes) danberlaku peningkatan sebanyak 50-60%kes kebakaran sepanjang dua tahunkebelakangan ini.


Jelajah promosi PPKBSM di Kolej Matrikulasi Kedah

Photo taken during final year project (FYP) viva session.


List of SMMRE Postgraduate Students Viva from January - June 2018

No. Student Nama / Date Degree Title of Thesis Name of Supervisor

1 Nur Khafiza Sapari

12 Mar 2018

M.Sc Anisotropic Shear Behavior of Jointed Rock Masses

at Ulu Jelai Hydroelectric Project, PahangDr. Hareyani Binti Zabidi (PU)

2 Adibah Borhan

22 Mac 2018

M.Sc The Effects of Core Shell Impact Modifier onProperties and Crystallization Behavior of Poly(lacticacid)

Associate Prof. Dr. Razaina Binti Mat Taib (PU)

3 Lim Kar Wai

2 Apr 2018

M.Sc Evaluation of PDMS-Based UV-Crosslinked

Hydrogels Properties for Tissue Engineering

Applications

Dr. Zuratul Ain Binti Abdul Hamid (PU)

4 Siti Nur Hajar Abdul Salim

11 Apr 2018

M.Sc Fabrication and Characterization of

Nanofillers/Crosslinked Polyethylene Composite for

Cable Application

Professor Ir. Dr. Mariatti Binti Jaafar(PU),

Dr. Syazana Binti Ahmad Zubir (PB)

5 Mohamad Azwan Mad

Naser

17 Apr 2018

M.Sc Development of an Affordable Curemeter to Monitor

Cure Characteristics and Rheological Behavior of

Thermoset Polymers

Professor Dr. Zulkifli Bin Mohamad Ariff (PU),

Professor Dr. Azlan Bin Ariffin (PB)

6 Nurul Farhana Ibrahim

7 May 2018

Ph.D Serbuk Kaca Bioaktif daripada Leburan Berasaskan

Sistem SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5

Associate Prof. Dr. Hasmaliza Binti Mohamad(PU),

Associate Prof. Dr. Siti Noor Fazliah (PB), Dr. Nurazreena Binti Ahmad (PB).

7 Chin Chee Lung

8 May 2018

Ph.D Optimization of Physical and Thermal Properties Of

Construction Materials Based On Their Mineralogy

Professor Dr. Zainal Arifin Bin Ahmad (PU)

8 Mohamad Johari Bin Abu

14 May 2018

Ph.D Kajian Terhadap Hubungan Fasa Subsolidus dan

Larutan Pepejal CaCu3Ti4012 dalam Kawasan

Terpilih Sistem Ternari CaO-CuO-TiO2

Professor Dr. Zainal Arifin Bin Ahmad (PU),

Professor Ir. Dr. Mohd Fadzil Bin Ain (PB),

Dr. Julie Juliewatty Binti Mohamed (PB)

9 Amirah Ahmad Hamdi

15 May 2018

M.Sc Effect of Sintering Additives on Microstructure,

Physical and Compresive Properties of Porous

Aluminum

Dr. Anasyida Binti Abu Seman @ Hj Ahmad

(PU),

Associate Prof. Dr. Nurulakmal Binti Mohd

Sharif (PB)

10 Mohsen Ahmadipour

15 May 2018

Ph.D Fabrication, Characterization and Humidity Sensing

Properties of Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtered

Calcium Copper Titanate (CCTO) Thin Film

Professor Dr. Zainal Arifin Bin Ahmad (PU),

Professor Ir. Dr. Mohd Fadzil Bin Ain (PB)

11 Nur Azilina Abdul Aziz

31 May 2018

Ph.D Synthesis and Electrochemical Behavior Of LiC0O2

Cathode with Graphite or Graphene Anode for

Aqueous Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Associate Prof. Dr. Ahmad Azmin Bin Mohamad(PU), Dr. Tuti Katrina Binti Abdullah (PB)

12 Muhammad Afiq Azmi

6 Jun 2018

M.Sc Numerical Analysis during Encapsulation Process of

Molded Underfill with Multi Flip Chip Package Ir. Dr. Muhammad Khalil Bin Abdullah @ Harun(PU),Professor Ir. Dr. Mohd Zulkifly Bin Abdullah(PB), Associate Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Bin Mohamad Ariff

13

Norshamira Arshad

8 Jun 2018

M.Sc Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Filled

Polymer CompositesProfessor Ir. Dr. Mariatti Binti Jaafar(PU)

14

Pang Ai Ling

25 Jun 2018

Ph.D Preparation and Properties of Kenaf-Filled Linear

Low Density Polyethylene/Polyvinyl Alcohol

Composites

Professor Dr. Hanafi Bin Ismail (PU), Associate Prof. Dr. Azhar Bin Abu Bakar

BIL NAMA JABATAN/PUSAT PENGAJIAN ASAL-TEMPAT BARU TARIKH LANTIKAN

1 MOHD YUSOFF BIN ABDULLAH, ENCIK PPKBSM --> PUSAT PENGAJIAN ILMU KEMANUSIAAN 01/02/20182 MD KAMAL BIN SHARI PINANSA, ENCIK PUSAT PENGAJIAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIK-->PPKBSM 01/04/20183 NOR ASMAH BINTI MD. NOOR, PUAN PPKBSM --> JABATAN KESELAMATAN 15/05/20184 ZALIHA BINTI OTHMAN, PUAN JABATAN KESELAMATAN --> PPKBSM 15/05/2018

STAF BERTUKAR TEMPAT BERTUGAS


KEJURUTERAAN BAHAN

TAHUN 1

WENDY LIM MEI YEE

YEO EI LING

LEE YING FENG

LIM RUO XUEN

CHUAH YOU WEI

TEO YIN XIN

HEW KAH SHIN

TEOH SHEUE LING

LEE ZHEN YU

ANNIE LEE YEN NI

VIVIAN KEE BI WEN

YAP WEI WEI

KHO HUEY KHENG

NGUN MING YI

LIM KAI XUAN

SHERLY LIM SHIXIAN

SEE WAN HUI

LIU YUN LIN

NG XUE YE

OOI WEI LIN

MAZLISYA NADHIRAH BINTI MAZELAN

TAHUN 2

LOGARAJAN MUTHALIAR A/L

RAMASAMY

ENG LYE YEE

CARRIE TIE JIA LING

H'NG ZI XIAN

YEO YING HUI

CHAN HUAN QUAN

CHAN YONG CHIEN

TEOW AI WEEN

LAI YOKE SIEW

LOOI KAH FUNG

NGO JIA YOENG

HEMALATHA POOBALAN

LIM LING XIN

LIM SHU SIEN

TAHUN 3

PAULINE KONG SWEE KEI

SOO QIAN YEE

ANG XUE YONG

LEE MOI GING

LIM WAN XUAN

TAN YEE WERN

TAN ZHI HUI

TAN MING XI

YAP SAW YIN

KHOK YI THUNG

NG YI CHENG

DEBORAH ODETTE MOIZIN

LIM SIN JOU

ONG CHIA CHIA

WONG PEI CHYI

LEW MEI PEI

CHEW WEI CHUN

JANET KIEW LI SIANG

ISAMUDDIN BIN MOHAMED IQUBAL

TAHUN 4

YEW LIH WEI

CHOO HONG HAN

CHU CHIA SHIN

JACQUELINE LEASE

KONG CHEE XIAN

OOI LHAANG CHEE

KOAY TZE YEN

MOHAMMED ZUL AZEEM BIN

MOHAMMED KASSIM

SEOW PEK YING

WONG JIA YING

NORAZLAN BIN MUSTAR

CHAI SHIR YING

HEAH SOO MEI

IVON TIEW

LIEW XIAN YUN

NUR SYAHIDA BINTI ALIAS

WONG CHEE LEONG

YEAP KEE LEONG

CHANG WAN LING

NUR ASLEENA BINTI ALAUDIN

SITI NUR NABILAH BINTI MOHD ANUAR

KEJURUTERAAN SUMBER MINERAL

TAHUN 1

YEOH WAI JOO

OOI WEI JIE

LEE JOON SHERN

ANDREW A/L SEMAN

TAHUN 2

DIVANESVARRAN A/L VEARSU

TAHUN 3

NUR AZLINAH BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN

NUR ALIA BT MOHAMMAD

MUAZ BIN MAHYUDIN

MUHAMMAD KHAIRUL NIZAM BIN

RAZALI

TAHUN 4

SUCHITRA A/P PERUMAL

NORFATEHA BINTI AB HAN

AISYAH SHAHIRAH BINTI JUHARI

ARVITCHA A/L CHAMNEK

NUR NADHIRAH BINTI ZAILAN

MOHAMAD ZA'IM BIN MOHAMAD ZAIDI

NUR ALIAH HAZIRAH BINTI AWANG

KECHIK

HUD BIN MOHAMAD MUZAFFAR

NURRAHMAN BIN JOHARI

LATIFAH SUHA BINTI AZMI

NURUL FARAH DYANA BINTI

ZAIZAMSHIMI

KHONG LING XIN

NURWAHIDAH BINTI MEOR AKIL JUL

NASIR

MOHAMAD RAZIF BIN KHAZALI

MUHAMMAD ANAS BIN ASRI

NAJIHATUL NABIHAH BINTI ABDUL

RAHMAN

KEJURUTERAAN POLIMER

TAHUN 1

LOH WEI XING

WILLIAM LIM YUNG LING

CHAN QI-HUA

LOW WEN SHUAN

ANSON TEH TIAN LOKE

KEVIN GWEE

PHANG SHI EN

KELVIN HENG WEI YONG

LIM ZHAN YAN

LAI MEI FEN

AH CHEH TZE SAN

AUNG QINLING

OOI ZHIE ENN

OOI PIN CHAO

TAHUN 2

CHENG WEI HAN

LEONG WEI JUANG

CHOO JUN HUI

HO JOE YEE

LINGESWARRAN A/L

BALASUBRAMANIAM

CHENG MIN XIAN

SIM SEE YI

CHONG KAH KEI

QUEK SER WON

TAN YUN HUN

FATHIN HANI BINTI AZIZUL RAHIM

NG CHIN YING

TAHUN 3

BONG POH YEE

CHUAH KIAN SHIANG

LIM YUAN TING

TAN SIEW MIAN

ANG LEE YONG

CHAI JUNYI

OO YEW HUI LIK

TAN MEI PING

CHAN PEI WEN

TEW MAEI NEE

TAHUN 4

CHUA JING TING

NG CHI LOON

ONG MUN YEE

YAP CIA LING

NUUR LAILA NAJWA BINTI THAJUDIN

DARRYL WONG JUN CHEN

YAP SOON YOU

CHOW LI CHIN

CHIM JIA WEN

NURHAFIZ SYAZA BIN NORFAIZAL

SITI AINA NAJIAN BINTI MUHAMMAD

ZUBER

MOHAMAD IKHWAN BIN MUHAMAD

NOOR

MOHD FAIZATUL SHAHRIZAL BIN MOHD

SHAH

MUHAMMAD AKHMAL FIRDAUS BIN

RAFIE

AINNUR HANIM BINTI OTHMAN

MIMI SYAHIRA BINTI MASRAFF

SENARAI SIJIL DEKAN SEMESTER II, SIDANG AKADEMIK 2017/2018

SIJIL DEKAN

Visitors to the SMMRE (January to June 2018)

No. Date Name Organization Purpose1. 10.01.2018 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Toru Sazaki Nagaoka University Technology, Japan Research Collaboration2. 19.01.2018 Dr. Mahani Yusoff, Dr. Abdul

Hafidz Yusoff, Dr. Teo PaoTer

Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Research Collaboration


UPCOMING EVENTS

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Metallurgical Recovery of Titaniumfrom Ilmenite: A Review

Nurul ‘Ain JabitSchool of Materials and Mineral

Resources Engineering,Engineering Campus,

Universiti Sains MalaysiaNibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang,

Malaysia

The future of the titanium and white tita-nium dioxide pigment rests on the devel-opment of new and economical process.Therefore, a lot of works have been doneto develop the technology for the conver-sion of the abundant ilmenite (FeTiO3) oreto a product that is chemically equivalentto rutile (TiO2). Since the shortage ofrutile resources, ilmenite has been a sub-stitute rutile as feedstock for productionof titanium metal or titanium dioxide(TiO2) pigment. Upgrading ilmenitebecame very significant process and fewsuccessful methods have been developedfor conversion of ilmenite to rutile name-ly Benilite process, Becher process, Mursoprocess and Altair process. However,these processes consumed a large energyand cost that make further research to bedone to minimize these problems.

1.1 Titanium’s resources andmarketFig. 1. shows the world’s ilmenite produc-tion from 2013 until 2015. According tothe United States Geological Survey(USGS) data for 2013 - 2015, South Africabecame the largest producer of ilmenitefrom 2013 until 2014 (Bedinger, 2015).China has become the second largest pro-ducer of ilmenite from year 2013 to 2014and the largest producer in 2015(Bedinger, 2016). During the same period,Australia was the third largest ilmeniteproducer. However, in 2015 Australiabecame the second largest ilmenite pro-ducer after China (Bedinger, 2016). Othermajor producers of Ilmenite includeUnited States, Brazil, India, Vietnam andCanada. Australia is also the largest pro-ducer of rutile, with about 52% of worldproduction, followed by South Africa andSierra Leone. Ilmenite supplies about90% of the world’s demand for titaniumminerals and world resources of ilmeniteand rutile total more than 2 billion tons(Bedinger, 2015). The demand for highgrade titanium ores and white titaniumdioxide pigments has greatly encouragedilmenite upgrading by removal of iron andother impurities from its grain lattice. In2016, Ilmenite (in bulk, minimum 54%TiO2) was worth US$91 per metric tonneand rutile around US$795 per metrictonne (Bedinger, 2015). The ilmeniteprices and productions are forecast toincrease in the next two years in 2019 by

13-15 % (Hope, 2016).

The weathering over millions of years ofigneous and metamorphic rocks, contain-ing minerals such as rutile, ilmenite, zir-con (ZrO2) and leucoxene (TiO2), resultsin sand grains with high densities. Thegrains are generally accessory minerals inquartz sands. They are concentrated bycoastal, alluvial, and eolian processes thatcarry away the less dense quartz grains,leaving behind the denser heavy mineralsands. Most heavy mineral depositsaround the world are found in ancientbeach deposits that are now located farfrom today's oceans (Pownceby et al.,2008). The ilmenite component in manyheavy mineral deposits can present signif-icant mineral concentration and process-ing problems due to their complex chem-istry and mineralogy. Even thoughAustralia is the largest producer ofilmenite concentrate but only produce 4percentage world’s production of titaniumdioxide pigment (TiO2). Western Australiatitanium mineral sands plants typicallyconvert less than one-half the ilmenite tosynthetic rutile of which one-third is sup-plied to Western Australia’s two pigmentplants (Tiwest and Millenium inorganicchemicals) with balanced exported. Thebalance of ilmenite not converted to syn-thetic rutile is often of a lower grade (52to 57 percent TiO2) which is largely to sul-fate based plants. Becher process which isdeveloping in Western Australia can useparticularly Western Australia ilmenitethat contains low concentration of mag-nesium and chromium. Since the concen-tration of these impurities in ilmenite frommost other places are usually too high forsuccessful use for Becher process(Becheret al., 1965). Currently, Becher processfacing problems with the grade of thesynthetic rutile they produce. This is dueto high amounts of pseudorutile and leu-coxene are present as inclusion within theilmenite grains in specific TiO2 grade

region. Therefore, it is limiting the bene-ficial of ilmenite concentrate significantlyin Australia. Alternatively, either slaggingwhich is need to be conducted on largescale to be economic and results in a lowgrade synthetic rutile such as in SouthAfrica that produces 85 percent TiO2 or bydirect leaching which is potentially to sub-stitute the current process.

1.2 Titanium and its applicationsTitanium, Ti is the ninth most

common element and is widely distributedin the earth crust. Titanium metal andwhite titanium dioxide pigment are themost significant materials in various appli-cations because of its properties.Titanium metal is light in weight, non-toxic and durable and has importantapplication in the aerospace industry(aero-engine and airframes). Titaniumexhibits exceptional resistance to corro-sive attack by salt water or marine atmos-phere and also to broad range of acidsand industrial chemicals. For these rea-sons, titanium has special applications inthe construction of water desalinationplants and chemical plants. Titanium alsohas very important applications in medicalscience such as surgical implants into thehuman body in the form of heart pace-makers and artificial limbs and joints. Thegrowths of titanium dioxide industry hadstarted on early of 1900’s and since thenthe manufactures were developing in var-ious parts of the world. The TiO2 pigmentindustry is large world-wide industry withtotal production valued in excess of US $10 Billion per year, making it one of theworlds’ most important inorganic chemi-cal industries. The most important com-mercial use of titanium dioxide is as awhite pigment in a wide range of prod-ucts, including paint, plastics, paper andinks (Wang and Yuan, 2006). In addition,white titanium oxide also an excellentopacifier which means that the pigmentcan beautify the


Article 1

Fig. 1: World production of ilmenite in the years 2013-2015 (Bedinger, 2015;

Bedinger, 2016).

surface and cover the underlying surfacefrom view. Therefore, TiO2 pigment haswidespread use in general painting appli-cations for commercial and privatedwellings, plus widespread applications inthe plastics and paper industries.Unusual optical properties appear whenthe average particle size of TiO2 isreduced to <100 nm, including hightransparency to visible light and high UVabsorption (Zhang et al 2011). TiO2

nanoparticles also cause some compo-nents of visible light to be reflected andrefracted differentially, leading to the phe-nomenon of irisdescence. TiO2 nanoparti-cles have found applications in cosmetics,porcelains and ceramics industries ascoating material and additives. TiO2

nanoparticles have received great atten-tion recently for their potential applica-tions in catalysis and as photo-electro-chemical material. The high photo-cat-alytic of titanium dioxide by irradiation ofvisible light has been rapidly developed inrecent years (Zhang et al 2011). Otherapplications include paintwork for motorvehicle bodies and kitchen appliances,plus smaller uses in the ink, Rubber andTextile industries.

1.3 Method of treatmentsThe processes for production of

pigment grade titanium dioxide and titani-um metal are schematically presented inFig. 2 White titanium dioxide pigment hasbeen produced by two processes, namelythe sulfate process and the chlorideprocess. The two processes differ in boththeir chemistry and raw material require-ment. The sulfate process which utilizesilmenite as a raw material is well knownand widely used but unfavorable. This isdue to environmental concerns and pro-duce large volume of by products (ferroussulfate) that require high capital cost fortreatment. Alternatively, chloride processwhich utilizes rutile as a raw materialoffers more economical and generate lesswaste materials. Nowadays about 60% ofthe world’s TiO2 pigments are manufac-tured by chloride process, in which natu-ral or synthetic rutile (SR), or titanium-rich slag is used as feeding stocks (Xue etal., 2009). The shortage of rutile feed-stock has prompted the upgradingilmenite to synthetic rutile. The schemat-ic diagram of upgrading ilmenite of exist-ing and proposed process is summarizedin Fig. 3. Using feedstock ore withgreater TiO2 content allows a pigmentproducer to reduce the amount of byproduct iron salts produced in the process(Egerton, 2000). Sulfate pigment plantsrequire a sulfuric acid ilmenite or titaniaslag containing low levels of vanadiumand chromium, which could affect thecolour of final product. Chloride pigmentplant usually prefer a high grade feed ofrutile or synthetic rutile with low contentof iron which consume chlorine. Severalprocesses have been applied for ilmenite

upgrading but most are uneconomic sinceinvolve thermal oxidation and reductionby roasting, leaching and physical separa-tion steps. Iron is converted to solubleferrous or elemental forms by reduction athigh temperatures followed by aid leach-ing to obtain synthetic rutile.The growing titanium metal industry alsorelies on high grade rutile. All these makethe upgrading of ilmenite to syntheticrutile more and more important.However, the upgrading processes aregenerally expensive due to the involve-ment of multi steps of energy sensitivethermo reductive conversion and leachingto remove iron impurities. Titanium metalis commercially produced by thermochemical reduction processes using TiCl4as feed material. The low efficiency andhigh energy consumption in batch opera-tions make the thermo chemical process-es rather expensive (Zhang et al., 2011).Electrochemical reduction and direct reduction process for TiO2 in molten CaCl2to produce pure titanium metal and its

alloy has been developed in recent yearsas a potential alternative to the conven-tional commercial processes

Most commercial process, there-fore involves processes which convert theilmenite to synthetic rutile without smelt-ing but through oxidation or reduction atsolid state and leaching in acid media.Two commercial plants have been devel-oped during 1960s and 1970s there areBecher process and Benilite process inWestern Australia and Unites States ofAmerica respectively. Recently, increasinginterest in developing hydrometallurgyprocesses for ilmenite ore to avoid allthose energy consuming process such assmelting and slagging. The attempts areto produce TiO2 pigment directly fromilmenite ore by acid leaching. Based onseveral reviews, few main processes thatsuccessfully upgraded ilmenite into highgrade feedstock are summarized in Table1 (Dimitrios and Guillaume, 2009;Egerton, 2000; McConnel, 1978; Ward,1990; Zhang et al., 2011b). The details of


Fig. 2: A schematic of processes for the production of Ti metal and pigment TiO2

(Zhang et al., 2011b).

Fig. 3: Summary of existing and proposed of upgrading ilmenite to synthetic

rutile process.

these process will be discuss in the nextchapter.

1.4 Hydrometallurgical processIn the past three decades, several newconcepts have been developed to over-come some economic and environmentalproblems that are inherent in the industri-al routes for the production of TiO2 pig-ment or titanium metal. Most of thesenew processes were aimed to produceTiO2 pigment directly from low costilmenite concentrate even at a cost andenvironmental impact significantly lowerthan those of the sulfate and the chlorideprocess. This process offers a few advan-tages such as low-cost energy, and pro-duces less byproduct. There are twoprocesses that still under developmentwhich are Auspact and Altair processes(Walpole, 1999). The Altair process is anew alternative route to the Sulfate andChloride process, processing white pig-ment from ilmenite by hydrochloric acidleaching and solvent extraction (Verhulstet al., 2003) . These processes do notinvolve roasting of ilmenite which is anextensive energy consuming stage. Thishydrometallurgy route will bring a majorpotential cost benefits to the industry(Mahmoud et al., 2004). However, noneof these processes was ever developedbeyond pilot stage (Dimitrios andGuillaume, 2009). To overcome theshortcoming mentioned above, severalnew attempts have been made toincrease the recovery of titanium dioxideand minimize the cost of operating andcapital costs of present manufactureprocesses. Therefore, previousresearchers investigated a few possiblelixiviants which can be divided into 3 dif-ferent categories according to differentleaching condition, ligands or reductants. I. Acid leaching, suitable lixiviantsincludes sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid,oxalic acid, ammonium chloride (NHCl4),mixed chloride solution (e.g NaCl, MgCl2)at atmospheric condition.II. Reductive leaching, using metal-lic iron as a reductant.III. Alkaline leaching, lixiviants suchas KOH, NaOHMost research has been directed toimprove the overall efficiency of the disso-lution reaction either by increasing therate of dissolution or increasing the extentof extraction of titanium to ore. This hasbeen done on empirical basis; by notingthe effect of changing the overall condi-tions of temperature, acid concentration,acid to solid area ratio, and various min-eral pretreatments. Despite the researchinterest in direct leaching or reductiveleaching of ilmenite are still at early stageof development. The fundamental ofunderstanding of the process still in doubtand none of publication articles are welldescribed this process.

1.5 ConclusionThis review has identified and compiledthe established and proposed ilmeniteprocessing flow sheets for producing syn-thetic rutile and also upgrading ilmeniteore to TiO2 pigment. Ilmenite is one of themost important ores from which titaniumcan be recovered. Despite environmentalproblems and high cost that producersmust face, sulfate and chloride route stillremain as the primary route for producingtitanium. Therefore, research on ilmeniteupgrading using hydrometallurgical routehas increased significantly. Through thisreview it has been identified that there islack of understanding on reaction mecha-nism of ilmenite dissolution in HCl solu-tions and the role of reducing agent.Although extensive electrochemical stud-ies relevant to sulfuric acid solutions havebeen conducted little attention has beenpaid to HCl solutions which provides anopportunity for further studies.

1.6 References [1] Adriamanana, A., Lamache, M. andBauer, D., 1984. Etude Electrochimique deDifferentes ilmenites. Electrochimica Acta,29(8): 1052-1054.[2] AIMR, 2008. Australia's identified min-eral resoucers 2008. In: G. Australia(Editor).[3] Amer, A.M., 2002. Alkaline pressureleaching of mechanically activatedRosetta ilmenite concentrate.Hydrometallurgy, 67: 125-133.[4] Becher, R.G., Canning, R.G.,Goodheart, B.A. and Uusna, S., 1965. Anew process for upgrading ilmenitic min-eral sands, AusIMM. Australian Instituteof Mining and Metallurgy, pp. 21-44.[5] Sasikumar, D.S.R., S. Srikanth, N.K.

Mukhopadhyay, S.P. Mehrotra, 2007.Dissolution Studies Of MechanicallyActivated Manavalakurichi Ilmenite WithHCl And H2SO4. Hydrometallurgy(doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2007.03.013).[6] Dimitrios, F. and Guillaume, H., 2009.Iron removal and recovery in the titaniumdioxide feedstock and pigment industry,ProQuest Science Journal.www.tms.org/jom.html, pp. 36.[7] Egerton, T.A., 2000. Titanium com-pounds, Inorganic, Kirk-OthmerEncyclopedia of Chemical Technology.John Wiley & Son.[8] El-Hazek, N., Lasheen, T.A.I., El-Sheikh, R. and Zaki, S.A., 2007.Hydrometallurgical criteria for TIO2 leach-ing from Rosetta ilmenite by hydrochloricacid. Hydrometallurgy, 87: 45-50.[9] Ibrahim, I.A., Mahmoud, M.H.H., Afifi,A.A.I. and El-Sayed, B.A., 2003. DirectHydrochloric acid leaching of an EgyptianIlmenite ore for production of syntheticRutile. In: C. Young et al. (Editors),Hydrometallurgy 2003-Proceeding of the5th International Symposium HonoringProfessor Ian M.Ritchie TMS, pp. 555-564.[10] Imahashi, M. and Takamatsu, N.,1976. The dissolution of titanium mineralsin hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. Bulletinof the chemical society of Japan, 49(6):1549-1553.[11] Jha, A., Lahiri, A. and Kumari, J.,2008. Benficiation of titaniferous ores byselective separation of iron oxide, impuri-ties and rare earth oxides for the produc-tion of high grade synthetic rutile. Mineralprocessing and ExtractiveMetallurgy(Trans.Inst.Min Metall. C),117(No.3): 157-165.


Process Pyro-treatment Leaching Advantage Disadvantage

Smelting or

slagging

process

Fe is reduced

and melted to

separate the Fe

from Ti

HCl or H2SO4 Iron are sepa-

rated at early

stage would

simpler the

leaching

process.

Need large

scale to be eco-

nomic and pro-

duced low

grade synthetic

rutile (85%

TiO2)

The Dunn

process

Selective clori-

nation of iron in

ilmenite with Cl2

N/A Cl2 recycle by

oxidation of

FeCl2 to Fe2O3

Produce highly

corrosive chlo-

rine gas

The Becher

process

Iron oxidized to

Fe2O3 and

reduced to

metallic Fe at

1200°C

(a) NH4Cl/O2

(b) 0.5 M H2SO4

Environmental

friendly

Have low con-

centration of Mg

and Cr in feed-

stock

The Benelite

process

Convert Fe(III)

to Fe(II) by car-

bon thermo

reduction

18-20% HCl Involved only

one step of iron

conversion

Limited ilmenite

type as a feed

The Austpac

process

Magnetisation

of the ilmenite

at 800-1000°C

25% (w/w) HCl Produce higher

grade of

TiO2(97%)

Required high

concentration of

aid

Table 1: Summary of upgrading ilmenite to synthetic rutile (Zhang et al., 2011b)

Polypyrrole/magnetite/halloysitenanotube magnetic nanocomposites for copper adsorption from aqueous

solutions

L.K. Wang, W.S. Chow*

School of Materials and MineralResources Engineering,Engineering Campus,

Universiti Sains Malaysia,Nibong Tebal 14300 Penang,

Malaysia.

Abstract

In this study, magnetic nanocomposites(MNC) concept was implemented forremoval of copper ions from aqueoussolutions. Polypyrrole/magnetite/hal-loysite nanotube (PPY/Fe3O4/HNT) mag-netic nanocomposite was prepared in twostages: (1) co-precipitation of Fe3O4 onHNT for the synthesis of Fe3O4/HNT and(2) micro-emulsion polymerization of pyr-role in the presence of Fe3O4/HNT. Theadsorption efficiency of PPY/Fe3O4/HNTmagnetic nanocomposite was examinedby using batch experiment. The concen-tration of Cu (II) ions were determined byinductively coupled plasma-optical emis-sion spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The effectof interaction time and initial concentra-tion on adsorption efficiency and adsorp-tion capacity of MNC was determined. Itwas found that the maximum adsorptioncapacity of PPY/Fe3O4/HNT MNC isapproximately 63.70 mg/g, with equilibri-um time of 30 minutes. The adsorptionbehaviour of PPY/Fe3O4/HNT MNC can bedescribed by using Freundlich model andpseudo-second order model. This sug-gested that the copper ions adsorptionoccurs through chemisorption and multi-layer process when treated withPPY/Fe3O4/HNT MNC.

1. Introduction

Heavy metals are commonly found in thewastewaters from modern chemicalindustries that produced from differentsectors such as metal plating facilities,battery manufacturing, mining, paper,agricultural, fertilizer, pesticides, metallur-gical, fossil fuel and tannery. The increaseamount of heavy metals release intoecosystem is attributed by the rapidgrowth of industries during recent years(Marques et al. 2000). Significant quanti-ties of heavy metals are discharged intoaquatic environment and accumulated insediments, caused water pollution, andconsequently threaten the ecosystem andhuman health (Liao et al. 2017).

Heavy metals are hazardous toliving organism because they are non-biodegradable and tend to accumulate inthe body unlike the organic contaminants.

Those toxic heavy metals that requireparticular concern, which treated inindustrial wastewaters are lead (Pb),chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), mercury(Hg), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), copper(Cu) and zinc (Zn) (Abbas et al. 2016).These heavy metals can cause contami-nation in the discharged water. For exam-ple, copper is widely used in industry andis accumulating in their waste streams.Copper are harmful if they are dischargedwithout treatment. The adsorption ofcopper has short and long term effects onhuman health (Al-Harahsheh et al. 2015;Lee et al. 2017). The removal of copperions can be achieved by using sawdust/flymixture (Cretescu et al. 2015), Scots pinebiochar and silver birch biochar(Komkiene and Baltrenaite 2016), alkali-leached silica and activated charcoal(Sharaf and Hassan 2014), Calcareousand smectitic clay (Sdiri et al. 2014), palmshell activated carbon (Onundi et al.2010), tea residue (Dizadji et al. 2011),kernel of date (Nadaroglu et al. 2015) andphosphorylated nanocellulose papers(Mautner et al. 2016).

There are several metal recoveryand removal techniques available in efflu-ent treatments, e.g., precipitation,adsorption and biosorption, coagulationand flocculation, electrowinning, cemen-tation, solvent extraction, ion exchangeand membrane processes. Adsorptiontechnique provides the efficient and eco-nomical advantages in term of simpledesign, easy handling and good reusabili-ty. The possible adsorbent for treatmentcan be mineral, organic or biological ori-gin, zeolites, industrial by-products, agri-cultural wastes, biomass, and polymericmaterials (Kurniawan et al. 2006; Song etal. 2011). Recently adsorption perform-ance was enhanced by developing nano-adsorbents because of their large surfacearea (Cai et al. 2017).

Functionalized magneticnanoparticles (MNPs) have been studiedas an option of effective adsorbent ofheavy metal ions. This type of adsorbentoffers interesting characteristics withlarge surface area, high number of activesites for metal adsorption and possesshigh saturation magnetization. As such,these adsorbents can be easily separatedfrom the aqueous medium through theapplication of suitable magnetic field dueto the magnetic properties they possess.The most common MNPs studied aremagnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) which are used for the removal ofheavy metal ions. The magnetic nanoma-terials combining magnetic separationand nanotechnology could give good per-formance in removal of heavy metal ions(Hasanzadeh et al. 2017). The magneticproperty of nano adsorbent leads to com-fort separation of adsorbent from samplemedia by using external magnetic fieldwithout centrifuging or filtration step.These properties accelerate and simplify

the extraction process (Taghvimi andHamishehkar 2017). The surface of ironoxide material is easy to be modified andexhibits super paramagnetic behavior,which makes them very versatile inremoval of hazardous substances (Wanget al. 2017). Polypyrrole (PPY) has attracted attentionattributed to its high electrical conductivi-ty, ease of preparation, and non-toxicity(Hosseini et al. 2015; Nasiri et al. 2017).PPY as conducting polymer is proven oneof the promising materials that can beused in modification of MNPs. Theadsorption capacity of PPY is highlydependent on the aqueous medium pH,interaction time between adsorbent andmedium as well as initial concentration ofmetal ions. PPY can effectively removeheavy metal ions through ionic exchangewhen it is positively doped. The applica-tion of magnetic nanocomposites (MNCs)is an attractive approach in heavy metaladsorption. The use of PPY/γ-Fe2O3 pro-vides the adsorption affinity of heavymetal ions by the PPY and ease of recov-ery from MNPs by application of magneticfield (Chavez-Guajardo et al. 2015).

Halloysite is defined as thehydrated kaolinite phase with monoclinicsymmetry. Halloysite shows some similar-ities in structure and chemical composi-tion to kaolinite, nevertheless the unit lay-ers in halloysite are separated by a mono-layer of water molecules (Deng et al.2017). Halloysite nanotube (HNT) hashollow tubular morphology and high sur-face area. HNT could offer large adsorp-tion capacity and high susceptibility to ionexchange (Grabka et al. 2015; Riahi-Madvaar et al. 2017). HNT is a potentialadsorbent for variety pollutants for bothpositive and negative charged moleculesdue to its unique bivalent morphologywith spatially separated negative and pos-itive surfaces. These multilayer walls havenegatively charged Si-OH on the outersurface and positively charged Al-OH onthe inner surface (Zhao et al. 2013).Compared to other synthesized nanoscalematerials (e.g. carbon nanotubes), HNT ismore widely abundant and much cost-effective (Wu et al. 2016). In this study,we incorporate HNT into magneticnanoparticles by using the concept of co-precipitation of magnetite on the HNTsurface. PPY/Fe3O4/HNT was synthesizedthrough in situ chemical oxidative poly-merization by micro-emulsion. The objec-tive of this study is to investigate theeffect of initial concentration of heavymetal ions and interaction time onadsorption capacity of PPY/Fe3O4/HNTmagnetic nanocomposites and to deter-mine the adsorption kinetic and adsorp-tion isotherms of PPY/Fe3O4/HNT magnet-ic nanocomposites.

2. Sample preparation and charac-terization2.1 Sample Preparation


Article 2

2.1.1 Synthesis of Fe3O4/HNTInitially, 1.20 g of FeCl2·4H2O and 2.33 gof FeCl3·6H2O was dissolved in 200 mL ofdistilled water. The solution was addedinto a 500 mL three-neck round bottomflask. 1.0 g of HNT was added into the200 mL solution prepared and stirred at700 rpm for 20 minutes. 40 mL of NH4OH(65% v/v) was added drop-wise into thesolution to precipitate iron oxide on HNTsurface and continue to stir for 3 h. Afterthat the MNPs formed were decanted withmagnet and washed several times withdistilled water. The Fe3O4/HNT is thendried in oven at 100 °C for 24 h.

2.1.2 Synthesis of PPY/Fe3O4/HNTThe PPY/Fe3O4 MNCs were obtained by insitu chemical oxidative polymerization.2.8 g of SDS was dissolved in 160 mL ofdistilled water. The solution was pouredinto a 500 mL three-neck round bottomflask. 0.12 g of Fe3O4/HNT was added intothe solution and stirred for 30 minutes.Next, 0.14 g of pyrrole was added into thesolution and stirred for 15 minutes. 0.27 gof FeCl3·6H2O was dissolved in 1 mL ofdistilled water. 0.8 mL of FeCl3·6H2O wasadded slowly into the solution to initiatepolymerization which allowed for 24 h atroom temperature under constant stir-ring. After dark colloidal suspension wasobtained, excessive methanol was addedas precipitant agent. The PPY/Fe3O4/HNTwas decanted with magnet and washedwith methanol and distilled water for sev-eral times. Then, the PPY/Fe3O4/HNT wasdried in oven at 60 °C for 24 h.

2.2 Batch adsorption experimentBatch adsorption was carried out to deter-mine the effects of interaction time andinitial concentration of Cu (II) ions on theadsorption capacity of PPY/Fe3O4/HNT.For the interaction time parameter exper-iment, the procedures started with prepa-ration of stock solutions (100 mg/L) ofCu(II) by dissolving 78.6 mg ofCuSO4.5H2O in 200 mL of deionized water.The pH of the solution was adjusted to 5.Then,2 mg of absorbent (PPY/Fe3O4/HNT)was added into 10 mL of the Cu(II) solu-tion in a 50 mL universal bottle. The bot-tle was placed on the orbital shaker for 5minutes and stirred at 250 rpm. Theadsorbent was separated by using mag-net and the supernatant was collected.The experiment was repeated for 10, 15,20, 25, 30, 40 and 60 minutes of interac-tion time. The final metal concentrationwas determined by using ICP-OES (PerkinElmer Optima 7300 DV). For the test oncopper ions solution, the wavelength usedis 327.393 nm. For the initial concentra-tion parameter measurement, the exper-iment was repeated for stock solutionwith initial concentration of 20 mg/L, 40mg/L, 60 mg/L and 80 mg/L.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Synthesis of Fe3O4/HNTThe synthesis method of iron oxide usedin this study is alkali co-precipitationwhere base (NH4OH) is added as precipi-tating agent into mixture of iron salt solu-tions. In order to produce magnetite, thesynthesis conditions should be basicwhere the base is added in the salts solu-tion until the pH 11 is achieved. TheFe3O4/HNT was synthesized using thesame method with the addition of HNT inorder to achieve 1:1 ratio of weight per-centages of HNT and Fe3O4. From TEMimage (Figure 1), it can be seen that thesurface of HNT is covered with a numberof small spherical nanoparticles. This indi-cates that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles weresuccessfully precipitated on the HNT nan-otube surface.

3.2 Synthesis of PPY/Fe3O4/HNT MNCThe PPY/Fe3O4/HNT MNC was synthesizedthrough micro-emulsion polymerizationwhere the synthesis medium of aqueoussolution contains the synthesizedFe3O4/HNT and SDS surfactant. The reac-tion is carried out under vigorous stirringwhere the SDS micelles are constantly

destroyed and reformed, allows theaccess of monomers and Fe3O4/HNT tothe interior of micelles. The micelles willbecome nano-reactors where polymeriza-tion takes place around the Fe3O4/HNT.When the Fe3O4 nanoparticles are dis-persed in SDS solutions in volumetric flaskat vigorous stirring followed by addition ofPPY monomer, the solution turns lightbrown. Upon addition of the FeCl3.6H2O,the light brown solution gradually turnsdark green. The reaction was terminatedand precipitated by using excessmethanol where dark colloidal can beobtained. The decanted and dried MNCsare present in shiny black powder.

3.3 Studies on batch adsorption ofCu (II) ions in aqueous solution

3.3.1 Effect of interaction timeInteraction time between the adsorbentand aqueous solution containing heavymetal is one of important factors deter-mining the efficiency of adsorbent. Anefficient adsorbent can rapidly reach themaximum capacity to capture the heavymetals that needed to be removed. ThepH of the adsorption is fixed constant atpH 5. Both removal percentage of Cu (II)ions and adsorption capacity reachesmaximum after adsorption for 30 minuteswhich shows that adsorption equilibriumis achieved. The maximum removal per-centage of Cu (II) is 11% and the qt at 30minutes which is equal to the equilibriumadsorption capacity, qe is 63.70 mg/g. Itis expected that the removal percentageto be constant after adsorption equilibri-um is achieved. This is because whenequilibrium is achieved, the Cu (II) ionsphase had contact with thePPY/Fe3O4/HNT MNC for sufficient timeresulting in both adsorption and desorp-tion rate being equal (Sharma 2014). Theadsorption rate initially is high and gradu-ally decreases with time before reachingplateau at 30 minutes. The high rate ofadsorption initially is attributed by high


Figure 1: TEM image of Fe3O4/HNT at40,000 X magnification.

Figure 2: Effect of initial concentration on the removal percentage of Cu (II) ions and

adsorption capacity at time.

concentration of Cu (II) ions resulting inhigh driving force available for masstransfer from the liquid to the adsorbentsites. The qt is also observed to beincreasing with time and reaches equilib-rium after 30 minutes. This is due to thefact that as the interaction time isincreased, the vacant active sites areoccupied until the active sites are saturat-ed where no more vacant available.

3.3.2 Effect of initial concentrationFigure 2 shows the removal efficiency andadsorption capacity of Cu (II) ions byPPY/Fe3O4/HNT. It is shown that theremoval percentage is increasing with theinitial concentration. When the concentra-tion of Cu (II) is increased, the probabili-ty of Cu (II) ions interacting with theactive sites is increased by the drivingforce derived from concentration gradientto overcome mass transfer resistancebetween the aqueous phase and adsor-bent. As such, the Cu (II) ion is not onlyadsorbed on the surface of the adsorbentbut it can also diffuse through the poresand adsorbed in the active sites around it.Besides, the presence of Fe3O4 and HNTincreases the active sites available in theMNC. Thus, the adsorption capacity isseen to increase with the initial concen-tration of Cu (II) ions. The similar reasoncan be used to explain this phenomenonwhere the increase of driving force fromconcentration gradient of copper (II) ionsresulting in more heavy metal ions uptakeas the initial concentration is increased.

3.3.3 Adsorption isothermsThe adsorption behaviour ofPPY/Fe3O4/HNT is evaluated by using bothLangmuir and Freundlich models. Thedata obtained is first fitted in theLangmuir model which gives in its linearform as shown in Equation 1.Ce/qe = 1/(bQo) + Ce/Qo Equation (1)

where qe is the adsorption capacity atequilibrium (mg/g), Ce is the equilibriumconcentration of the solute in the bulksolution (mg/L), Qo is the maximumadsorption capacity (mg/g), and b is theconstant related to the free energy ofadsorption (L/mg).

The goodness of fit is evaluatedbased on R-Sq (adj) value and the accu-racy of prediction by model is evaluatedfrom R-Sq (pred) value which was calcu-lated by using Minitab. Closer value to100% of R-Sq (adj) indicates better fitand as well as of R-Sq (pred) for betterprediction. The R-Sq (adj) of the experi-ment data fitted in Langmuir model givesa value of 96.2% which is rather a goodfitting in the model (figure not shown).However, the R-Sq (pred) obtained is only89.1% which shows the model is lessappropriate to predict the behaviour ofadsorption efficiently. From the regressionequation obtained, Qo and b constantscan be computed. As shown in Equation

1, the inverse of gradient of the plot canyield Qo, giving the value of ‒38.37 mg/gand b is the inverse of multiplication of y-intercept with Qo resulting in ‒0.0083(L/mg). However, the constant computedis not valid as it is impossible for the Qo tobe negative which it is impossible for amonolayer to contain negative amount ofadsorbate. As such, Langmuir model isnot suitable to explain the behaviour ofadsorption of PPY/Fe3O4/HNT. The experi-ment data are also fitted in Freundlichmodel which expressed in its linear formas shown in Equation 2.log qe = log KF +1/n (log Ce) Equation (2)

where KF is a constant indicative of therelative adsorption capacity of theadsorbent (mg1−(1/n)L1/n g−1) and n is aconstant indicative of the intensity ofadsorption. When the experiment data are fitted inFreundlich model, it gives better fitting(figure not shown). The R-Sq (adj)obtained is very high giving 98.5% andthe R-Sq (pred) gives 95.4% which showsit can accurately use in adsorption predic-tion. As such, the adsorption behaviour ofPPY/Fe3O4/HNT is more suitably explainedby using Freundlich model. KF and n con-stant are calculated from the regressionequation. The inverse of gradient of theplot is equal to n which is 0.62. The valueof KF can be calculated from anti-loga-rithm of y-intercept which is equal to0.054 mg-0.61L1.61g-1.

Since the adsorption behaviourof Cu(II) ions by PPY/Fe3O4/HNT can befitted in Freundlich model, the assumptionof this model can be applied. Freundlichmodel is used to describe non-ideal andreversible adsorption. Different fromLangmuir model where adsorption ismonolayer, Freundlich model can applyfor multilayer adsorption, with non-uni-form distribution of adsorption heat andaffinities throughout the heterogeneoussurface. Hence, the adsorption of Cu(II)ion by PPY/Fe3O4/HNT might occur atmultilayer. When the value of gradient(1/n) is above unity, it shows the adsorp-tion is a chemisorption process through

cooperative adsorption. It is known thatcooperative adsorption is the adsorptionwhere the adsorbed adsorbate has aneffect on the new adsorbate molecules.

3.3.4 Adsorption kineticsStudy on adsorption kinetic is importantas it enable the prediction of adsorptionrate takes place for a given system.Adsorption kinetics refers to the timedependence of adsorption on adsorbentsurface. The kinetics study can be used topropose sorption mechanism involved. Inthis study, the two different kinetic mod-els used to evaluate the adsorption kinet-ics of Cu (II) ions on PPY/Fe3O4/HNT MNCare pseudo-first-order and pseudo-secondorder (Ho 2006). First, the kinetic analysisconducted on pseudo-first order modelgiven the linear equation as shown inEquation 3.log (qe‒qt)=log qe ‒ (kp1/2.303)t

Equation (3)

The experimental results obtained are fit-ted in the plot of log (qe – qt) versus t (fig-ure not shown). The goodness of fit, R-Sq(adj) of the experimental data on thepseudo-first-rate model recorded a valueof 88.9 % and the R-Sq (pred) value cal-culated by using Minitab is 69.46% whichshows that the model unable to predictthe behaviour of adsorption accurately.The pseudo-first order rate constant, kp1is the multiplication of slope with 2.303giving 0.089 min-1 and the model qe is theanti-logarithm of y-intercept giving 46.77mg/g.

The linear form of pseudo-sec-ond-order equation is shown in Equation4 and 5. t/qt = 1/Vo + (1/qe)t Equation (4)

Vo = kp2qe2 Equation (5)

Figure 3 shows that the R-Sq(adj) obtained from pseudo-second ordermodel are higher than the one from pseu-do-second order model which is 97.9. It isfound from regression that the R-Sq(pred) is also higher than the pseudo-firstorder which is 93.45%. This indicates that


Figure 3: Fitted line plot obtained by using pseudo-second order model.

the pseudo-second rate model is a moresuitable model in describing the adsorp-tion of Cu (II) ions by PPY/Fe3O4/HNTMNC as well as predicting its behaviour.From the regression equation determined,V0, kp2 and model qe can be calculated.The value of Vo is the inverse of y-inter-cept giving 20.7 mg/g.min and derivingkp2 equal to 4.9 x 10-3 g/mg.min andmodel qe is the inverse of slope giving65.4 mg/g.

4. Conclusions

Fe3O4/HNT was successfully synthesizedthrough co-precipitation method. TheFe3O4 nanoparticles were precipitated onthe HNT nanotube surface. Further, thePPY/Fe3O4/HNT MNC was synthesized byin situ chemical oxidative polymerizationthrough micro-emulsion polymerization.The PPY/Fe3O4/HNT MNC is able toachieve maximum adsorption capacity of63.70 mg/g. Both removal efficiency andadsorption capacity is increasing wheninitial concentration of Cu(II) ions isincreased. The experimental data areshown to fit well in pseudo-second ordermodel and Freundlich model. This indi-cates that adsorption process occursthrough chemisorption and it is able toadsorb by multilayer system.

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