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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 1

Japanese verb conjugations and adjectivedeclensionsThis is a list of Japanese verb and adjective conjugations. Almost all of these are regular, but the conjugations of the

very few irregular verbs are also listed. Japanese verb conjugation is the same for all subjects, first person ("I","we"), second person ("you") and third person ("he/she/it" and "they"), singular and plural. The plain form of all

verbs ends in u. In modern Japanese, there are no verbs, at least in the plain form, ending in zu , fu, pu , or yu , and ( , shinu ; to die) is the only one ending in nu .

A revision sheet visually summarizing the

conjugations and uses described below.

Imperfective

In Japanese, the basic verb form is imperfective aspect. It is broadly

equivalent to the present and future tenses of English, and is sometimes

called the "non-past tense". The imperfective form of a verb is the

same as its dictionary form — it is used as the headword, orlemma — and no conjugation needs to be done. For example, using the

verb ("do"):

• ( ) (watashi wa) kaimono o suru : "(I) shop", or

"(I) will shop". (Japanese pronouns are usually omitted when it is

clear about whom the speaker is talking.)

• ( ) (watashi wa) ashita benkyō suru : "Tomorrow, (I) will study".

In most cases, the base form of the imperfective aspect cannot be used to indicate one's current state, such as in the

English sentence "I am shopping". Rather, it can only be used to express habit or other actions that are expected to

continue into the future, such as in "I shop". To convey the former, the te form with iru must be used.

PerfectiveThe perfective aspect, on the other hand, has a specific suffix. The basic pattern is the -ta (or -da ) ending, but various

phonetic changes are made, depending on the verb's last syllable. The perfective is broadly equivalent to English past

tense, and is often called past tense in treatments of Japanese grammar, but it is not restricted to any one time:

Basu ga ki-ta ato de, ik-ō?

bus NOM come-PFV after AT, go-VOL

"After the bus comes (perfective), shall we leave?"

Type of verb Perfective Examples Perfective

Irregular verbs

suru (do) shita (none others)

kuru (come) kita (none others)

iku (go) itta (none others)

irassharu (polite)

irasshatta irashita

[1]

(none others)

masu stem - -mashita ikimasu (go) ikimashita

Regular verbs

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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 2

u - -tta tsukau (use) tsukatta

u (See Usage) - -uta , -ota tou (ask) tōta

ku - -ita yaku (grill) yaita

gu - -ida oyogu (swim) oyoida

su - -shita shimesu (show) shimeshita

tsu - -tta matsu (wait) matta

nu - -nda shinu (die) shinda

bu - -nda yobu (call) yonda

mu - -nda yomu (read) yonda

ru (consonant stem) - -tta hashiru (run) hashitta

iru , eru (vowel stem) - -ita , - -eta kigaeru (change clothes) kigaeta

Adjectives

i adjective - -katta yasui (cheap) yasukatta

na adjective - -datta kantan (easy) kantan datta

Usage

Note that the perfective conjugation for verbs ending in - more commonly follows the second pattern listed above

for speakers of Western Japanese. The in the perfective ending - may be pronounced either as an u or as an

o depending on the preceding vowel, according to regular Japanese phonological rules. Consequently, in Kansai, one

may hear forms such as tsukau → tsukōta , or iu → iuta .[2]

Usage of the perfective aspect follows the same pattern as the imperfective aspect. For example, nihon

ni iku (I go to Japan) becomes nihon ni itta (I went to Japan).

• Non-exhaustive list of actions (like A B is used for non-exhaustive lists of objects): hon o yondari, terebi o mitari shita (I read a book, watched TV, etc.)

NegativeThe basic pattern is u becomes anai (informal).

Type Negative Examples Negative

Irregular verbs

suru (do) shinai

( sanai )

benkyō suru (study) aisuru (love)

benkyō shinai aisanai

kuru (come) konai

aru (be, exist) nai

da de wa nai ja nai

masu stem - -masen ikimasu (go) ikimasen

Regular verbs

u - -wanai tsukau (use) tsukawanai

ku - -kanai yaku (grill) yakanai

gu - -ganai oyogu (swim) oyoganai

su - -sanai shimesu (show) shimesanai

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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 3

tsu - -tanai matsu (wait) matanai

nu - -nanai shinu (die) shinanai

bu - -banai yobu (call) yobanai

mu - -manai yomu (read) yomanai

ru (consonant stem) - -ranai hashiru (run) hashiranai

iru , eru (vowel stem) - -inai , - -enai kigaeru (change clothes) kigaenai

Adjectives

i adjectives - -kunai itai (painful) itakunai

na adjectives - -de wa nai

- -ja nai

kantan (simple) kantan de wa

nai kantan ja nai

• The nai ending conjugates in two ways.

1. As an i adjective. For example the past tense of tabenai is tabenakatta and the te

form is tabenakute .2. There is a special te form made by adding de . For example, tabenaide . This is used, for

example, in tabenaide kudasai : "Please don't eat (this)".

i formThe i form, or ren'yōkei , is very regular, and in almost all cases it is formed by replacing the u with i (and making

any necessary phonetic changes: su to shi , and tsu to chi ).

Type i form Examples i form

Irregular verbs

suru (do) shi benkyō suru benkyō shi

kuru ki

ru (polite verbs) - -i gozaru gozai

da de ari

Regular verbs

u - -i tsukau (use) tsukai

ku - -ki yaku (grill) yaki

gu - -gi oyogu (swim) oyogi

su - -shi shimesu (show) shimeshi

tsu - -chi matsu (wait) machi

nu - -ni shinu (die) shini

bu - -bi yobu (call) yobi

mu - -mi yomu (read) yomi

ru (consonant stem) - -ri hashiru (run) hashiri

iru , eru (vowel stem) - -i, - -e kigaeru (change clothes) kigae

• The rule for polite verbs ending in ru applies to the consonant-stem honorific verbs irassharu , ossharu , kudasaru , gozaru , and nasaru , which have irregular i forms.

They are formed by replacing the ru with simply i, instead of ri .

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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 4

Usage

The i form has many uses, typically as a prefix. These include:

• To form polite verbs when followed by the - -masu ending: iku → ikimasu , tsukau→ tsukaimasu .

• To express a wish when followed by the ending tai : tabetai : "I want to eat it", ikitai :

"I want to go". (The tai ending conjugates as an i adjective.)• To express a strong negative intention when followed by - -wa shinai :

iki wa shinai yo, anna tokoro "no way I'm going someplace like that".• To form a command when followed by

• - -nasai : kore o tabenasai : "eat this", asoko e ikinasai : "go

over there".

• - -na : massugu kaerina "go straight home": nakayoku asobina "play nice".

(Used with children, etc.)

• To express that something is easy or hard when followed by - -yasui or - -nikui :

shitashimiyasui : "easy to befriend": wakarinikui : "hard to understand".

• To express excessiveness when followed by the verb - -sugiru : nomisugiru : "to drink too

much". ( sugiru can also be used with the stems of adjectives.)

• To express doing something in conjunction with something else . When followed by the suffix -

-nagara , the verb becomes an adverb that means doing something while doing something else.

• arukinagara hon o yonda : "I read a book as I walked."

• When followed by the verb - - yagaru in yakuza speech, to express affronted contempt (a conjugation of

opposite polarity to the honorifics) showing disrespect in the form of hatred combined with haughty/macho

disdain for the doer/subject of the action/verb: koroshiyagaru : "to have the <expletive> gall to kill

<sbdy>" [e.g. --without my permission]. (The te form can be substituted for the i form.)

The i form also has some uses on its own, such as:• To express purpose , with ni : tabe ni ikimashita : "I went there to eat".

• In formal honorifics such as o tsukai kudasai : "Please use this".• In conjunctions in formal writing.

For some verbs, the i form also forms part of related words in ways that are not governed by any general rules. For

example:

• The i form of taberu (to eat) can prefix mono to form tabemono (food). Similarly with

nomu (to drink) and kau (to buy).

• The i form of kakeru (to bet) is a word on its own: kake , which means "a bet".

• hanasu (to separate) can be suffixed to the i form of kiru (to cut) to form kirihanasu (to cut off).

Te formThe te form of a Japanese verb (sometimes called the "participle") is used when the verb has some kind of

connection to the following words. For all verbs, it is formed by changing the - a of the past to - e. Adjectives behave

slightly differently.

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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 5

Type Becomes Examples Te form

Irregular verbs

suru (do) shite aisuru (to love) aishite

kuru (come) kite

iku (go) itte

tou (ask) tōte kou (request) kōte

irassharu (polite)

irasshatte irashite

- -masu stem - -mashite akemasu (open) akemashite

Regular verbs

u - -tte tsukau (use) tsukatte

ku - -ite yaku (grill) yaite

gu - -ide oyogu (swim) oyoide

su - -shite shimesu (show) shimeshite

tsu - -tte matsu (wait) matte

nu - -nde shinu (die) shinde

bu - -nde yobu (call) yonde

mu - -nde yomu (read) yonde

ru - -tte hashiru (run) hashitte

iru , eru (vowel stem) - -ite , - -ete kigaeru (change clothes) kigaete

Adjectives i adjective - -kute yasui (cheap) yasukute

na adjective - -de kantan (simple) kantan de

Usage

• As a simple command:

• Tabete : "Eat."

• Yonde : "Read."

• In requests with kure and kudasai .

•

: "Please read the book."• With the verbs :

• iru : It means "to be doing". For example: matte iru : "I am waiting". This is also used in

some situations where the English equivalent does not use "to be doing". For example: shitte iru :

"I know", motte iru : "I have", koko ni sunde iru : "I live here". Colloquially,

in this form the "i" often disappears, so matte iru becomes matteru and

shitte iru becomes shitteru .

• oku : It means "to do in advance". obentō o tsukutte oita : "I've made a boxed

lunch (for later)". Colloquially, in this form the "e" often disappears, so tsukutte oita becomes tsukuttoita .

• aru : This forms a kind of passive when used with a transitive verb. koko nimoji ga kaite aru : "There are some characters written here". It shows that something was left in a certain state.

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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 6

Contrast to "kaite iru", "I am writing", which applies to the person doing the writing rather than

what is written.

• shimau : This implies something is completed or done, usually unintentionally or accidentally or

unexpectedly and sometimes expressing that the action is contrary to right or correct action: katazukete shimatta : "I have finished tidying". It can also suggest a regrettable situation:

watashi no kagi ga kiete shimatta : "My keys have disappeared".

The form te shimau is shortened to the very very commonly used and casual chimau or chau with the same consonant doubling as the te form. For example, "I forgot my mobile phone!":

"keitai wasurechatta!" " " The de shimau form is shortened to jau or

jimau in colloquial speech.

• miru : It means "to try doing".

• iku : Can express continuous action or a change of state in the future.

• kuru : Can express continuous action or a change of state in the past.• To combine clauses or adjectives, as if by the English conjunction "and". For example:

• yakkyoku e itte, kusuri o kau : "(I am going to) go to the pharmacy and buy medicine."

• ano hito wa shinsetsu de, atama ga yokute, wakariyasui : "Thatperson is kind, smart, and easy to understand."

• yasukute ii ne : "It's good that it's cheap." (lit. "Being cheap, it is good.")• With particles in formations such as

• te wa ikenai : "You must not ...". For example, tabete wa ikenai : "You

must not eat this". (Other words of prohibition, such as dame , can be substituted for ikenai .)

• te mo ii : "You may do/It's ok if you do". For example, tabete mo ii : "You may eat

it".

• te mo kamawanai : "You may do/I don't mind if you do"

• te hoshii : "I want you to do (for me)"

• te sumimasen : "Sorry for making you go through all this trouble"

PotentialThe general pattern is u becomes eru .

Type Potential Examples Potential

Irregular verbs

suru dekiru

( serareru )

( seru )

benkyō suru sassuru (guess) aisuru (love)

benkyō

dekiru sasserareru

aiseru

kuru korareru koreru

aru ariuru , arieru

Regular verbs

u - -eru tsukau (use) tsukaeru

ku - -keru yaku (grill) yakeru

gu - -geru oyogu (swim) oyogeru

su - -seru shimesu (show) shimeseru

tsu - -teru matsu (wait) materu

nu - -neru shinu (die) shineru

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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 7

bu - -beru yobu (call) yoberu

mu - -meru yomu (read) yomeru

ru (consonant stem) - -reru hashiru (run) hashireru

iru , eru (vowel stem) - -irareru ,

-erareru

- -ireru , - -ereru

kigaeru (change clothes)

kigaerareru

kigaereru

Usage

The potential is used to express that one has the ability to do something. Direct objects are marked with the particle ga instead of o. For example nihongo ga yomeru : "I can read Japanese".

It is also used to request some action from someone, in the exact sense of the English "Can you ... ?" For example koohii kaeru? : "Can (you) buy (some) coffee?" However, sometimes in English "Will

you...?" and "Can you ... ?" is used interchangeably to make requests. Though it is possible in Japanese, koohii kau? , it is very casual and might also mean simply "Are you buying/Will you buy

coffee?" in very dry factual sense.

Unlike in English, the potential is not often used to express permission (as in the sentence "Can I eat this apple?") as

it is almost always unders tood to mea n "Do I have the ability to eat this apple?":

kono ringo ga taberareru? . And since the -reru form is more often used in speech than the more correct passive

potential form -rareru, and subjects are often implied in Japanese, it may implicitly be asking (in this case) if the

apple is edible. So, to seek permission, a more polite form is used, such as the te mo ii or more casual "te ii"" usage of the te form, resulting in something literally more like "Is eating this apple OK?"

Kono ringo o tabete mo ii desu ka? or Kono ringo o tabete ii? .

The potential ru ending conjugates as a vowel stem verb.

CausativeThe causative forms are characterized by the final u becoming aseru for consonant stem verbs, and ru becoming

saseru for vowel stem verbs.

Type Causative Examples Causative

Irregular verbs

suru (do) saseru kanben suru kanben saseru

kuru (come) kosaseru

Regular verbs

u - -waseru tsukau (use) tsukawaseru

ku - -kaseru yaku (grill) yakaseru

gu - -gaseru oyogu (swim) oyogaseru

su - -saseru shimesu (show) shimesaseru

tsu - -taseru matsu (wait) mataseru

nu - -naseru shinu (die) shinaseru

bu - -baseru yobu (call) yobaseru

mu - -maseru yomu (read) yomaseru

ru (consonant stem) - -raseru hashiru (run) hashiraseru

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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 8

iru , eru (vowel stem) - -isaseru , - -esaseru kigaeru kigaesaseru

Adjectives and negatives

i adjectives - -ku saseru samui (cold) samuku saseru

na adjectives - -ni saseru shizuka (quiet) shizuka ni saseru

• The ru ending of the causative form becomes the new verb ending. This conjugates as a vowel stem verb.• Negatives are not normally made into causatives. Instead, a negative ending is added to the causative of the verb.

Thus, for example, Tabesasenai : "Do not let eat".

• Adjectives are made causative by using the adverb form plus saseru .

• A shortened causative form exists where the final u becoming asu for consonant stem verbs, and ru becoming

sasu for vowel stem verbs.

Usage

The causative is used for:

• Making someone do something: shukudai o saseru : "(I) make (him) do homework".

• Letting someone do something: soto de asobaseru : "(I) let (him) play outside".• With explicit actors: sensei ga kodomo ni benkyō o saseta : "The teacher made the

children study."

• The honorific forms sasete morau or sasete itadaku using the verbs morau or its

humble equivalent itadaku .

Causative passiveThe causative passive form is obtained by first conjugating in the causative form and then conjugating the result in

the passive form. Usage As its rule suggests, the causative passive is used to express causation passively: ryōshin ni benkyō saserareru : "(I) am made to study by (my) parents".

Because words such as mataserareru are considered to be difficult to pronounce, frequently in

colloquial speech, the middle part of the causative passive would contract. That is, mataserareru (I

was made to wait), would become matasareru . Another example such as "(I) was made to buy

(something)" would formally be kawaserareta from the verb kau , but colloquially, it is

frequently contracted to kawasareta . This abbreviation is not used for Ichidan verbs ('ru' verbs), nor for

the irregular suru and kuru .

Conditional eba form (provisional)The eba conditional form is characterized by the final -u becoming -eba for all verbs (with the semi-exception of -tsu

verbs becoming -teba ).

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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 9

Type Conditional Examples Conditional

Irregular verbs

suru sureba kanben suru kanben sureba

kuru kureba

da (copula) de areba

Regular verbs

u - -eba tsukau (use) tsukaeba

ku - -keba yaku (grill) yakeba

gu - -geba oyogu (swim) oyogeba

su - -seba shimesu (show) shimeseba

tsu - -teba matsu (wait) mateba

nu - -neba shinu (die) shineba

bu -

-beba

yobu (call)

yobeba

mu - -meba yomu (read) yomeba

ru (consonant stem) - -reba hashiru (run) hashireba

iru , eru (vowel stem) - -ireba , - -ereba kigaeru (change clothes) kigaereba

Adjectives and negatives

i adjectives - -kereba samui samukereba

na adjectives - -de areba kantan kantan de areba

nai (negative) - -nakereba ikanai ikanakereba

• na adjectives and nouns are usually used with the nara conditional, instead of with de areba .• The nakereba form used for the negative form can be colloquially contracted to nakya or

nakucha . Thus ikanakereba can become ikanakya .

Usage

The eba conditional form is used in conditionals . For example:

• nani sureba ii ka : "What should I do?" (lit. "It would be good if I did what?")

• wakareba ii : "As long as you understand" (lit. "If you understand, it is good.")

• jikan ga areba, kaimono wo shiyō : "If there's time, let's go shopping."

The nakereba negative conditional form means "if not X" or also "unless X". It is obtained by replacing the final -i

of the plain negative form with -kereba . ( tabenakereba : "if I don't eat" or "unless I eat")The conditional is also called the "provisional form" in some grammars, because the implied condition is "provided

that X happens" ( mireba shiru : "provided that you see, you'll know" = "if you see, you'll know").

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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 10

Conditional ra formThe conditional ra form is formed from the past tense by simply adding ra . ba can be further added to that, which

makes it more formal.

Usage

The conditional ra form can be used in the same way as the conditional eba form. However, it can also be used to

mean more like "if and when", and it is typically preferred over the eba form when this meaning is more accurate.

For example:

• nihon ni ittara, kamera wo kaitai : "If I go to Japan, then (when that has

happened) I want to buy a camera."

The conditional ra form can also be used when the main clause is in the past tense. In such situations, it means

"when", and carries the additional implication that the result was unexpected. For example:

• kissaten ni ittara, Suzuki-san ni deatta : "When I went to the cafe, I

came across( deatta ) Suzuki."

ImperativeMost of the imperative forms are characterized by the final u becoming e.

Type Becomes Examples Imperative

Irregular verbs

suru shiro seyo

( se)

kanben suru aisuru (love)

kanben shiro kanben seyo

aise

kuru koi

ru (polite verbs) - -i irassharu nasaru

irasshai nasai

kureru kure

masu stem - -mase irasshaimasu (come, go) irasshaimase

da (copula) de are

Regular verbs

u - -e tsukau (use) tsukae

ku - -ke yaku (grill) yake

gu - -ge oyogu (swim) oyoge

su - -se shimesu (show) shimese

tsu - -te matsu (wait) mate

nu -ne shinu (die) shine

bu - -be yobu (call) yobe

mu -me yomu (read) yome

ru (consonant stem) - -re hashiru (run) hashire

iru , eru (vowel stem) - -iro , - -iyo

- -ero , - -eyo

kigaeru (change clothes) kigaero kigaeyo

• The rule for polite verbs ending in ru applies to the consonant-stem honorific verbs irassharu , ossharu , kudasaru ,gozaru , and nasaru , whose imperative forms are the same as their irregular i forms.

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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 11

Usage

The imperative form is used

• in orders , such as in the military, or to inferiors, or in textbook exercises,

• in set phrases such as nani shiro : "no matter what".

• in reported speech , where a polite request may be reported using a plain imperative: kashite kudasai (direct) kase

to iwareta (he told me to lend it to him).

PassiveThe general pattern for the passive voice is u becomes areru .

Type Passive Examples Passive

Irregular verbs

suru sareru benkyō suru (study) benkyō sareru

kuru (come) korareru

Regular verbs

u - -wareru tsukau (use) tsukawareru

ku - -kareru yaku (grill) yakareru

gu - -gareru oyogu (swim) oyogareru

su - -sareru shimesu (show) shimesareru

tsu - -tareru matsu (wait) matareru

nu - -nareru shinu (die) shinareru

bu -bareru yobu (call) yobareru

mu -

-mareru

yomu (read)

yomareru

ru (consonant stem) - -rareru hashiru (run) hashirareru

iru , eru (vowel stem) - -irareru , - -erareru kigaeru (change clothes) kigaerareru

• The ru ending of the passives becomes the new verb ending. This conjugates as a vowel stem verb. Thus past, te , or polite forms can all be added to the verb.

• The copula, da, does not form a passive.

• For the masu form, the masu is added to the passive of the plain verb.

Usage

The passive is used:

• as a passive : kono terebi wa Toshiba ni yotte tsukurareta : "This TV was

made by Toshiba."

• as a suffering passive , indicating that a regrettable thing was done to someone:

watashi wa tomodachi ni biiru o nomareta : "I had (my) beer drunken by a friend" (and I am not happy about it).

• as a form of honorific : dochira e ikaremasu ka : "Where are you going?"

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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 12

Volitional (Presumptive)

Type Volitional Examples Volitional

Irregular verbs

suru (do) shiyō

( sō )

benkyō suru (study)

aisuru (love)

benkyō shiyō

aisō

kuru (come) koyō

da (copula) darō

masu stem - -mashō ikimasu (go, polite) ikimashō

Regular verbs

u - -ō tsukau (use) tsukaō

ku - -kō yaku (grill) yakō

gu - -gō oyogu (swim) oyogō

su - -sō shimesu (show) shimesō

tsu - -tō matsu (wait) matō

nu - -nō shinu (die) shinō

bu - -bō yobu (call) yobō

mu - -mō yomu (read) yomō

ru (consonant stem) - -rō hashiru (run) hashirō

iru , eru (vowel stem) - -iyō , - -eyō kigaeru (change clothes) kigaeyō

Adjectives and negatives

i adjective - -karō chikai (near) chikakarō

na adjectives - -darō suki (liked) suki darō

nai (negative) - -nakarō mienai (invisible) mienakarō

Usage

In general, the volitional form expresses intention, such as in these cases:

• In volitional ("let's" or "I shall") statements: benkyō shiyō : "Let's study" or "I shall study".

• To ask volitional ("shall we") questions: ikō ka : "Shall (we) go?"

• To express what one is thinking of doing, via omou : kaō to omou : "(I) am thinking of

buying (it)".

• In the form shiyō to suru : be about to or be trying to . Inu ga hoeyōto shite iru : "The dog is about to bark."

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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 13

References[1] Herr, John (http://web. as. ua. edu/nihongo/verb_table_roomaji. htm) Nihongo Web. University of Alabama. Retrieved May 19, 2010.

[2] " ‘ ’ - ( ) - goo [What is the past tense of "tou"? - Other (Lit. & Edu.) - Tell Me!

goo]" (http://oshiete. goo. ne. jp/qa/294677.html) (in Japanese). 2002/06/18. . Retrieved 2011-01-19.

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External links• Step-by-step lessons on learning various usages (http://www. timwerx. net/language/jpverbs/index. htm)

• Japanese Verb Conjugator (http://www. japaneseverbconjugator. com/), online tool giving all forms for any

verb

• Aeron Buchanan's Japanese Verb Chart (http://www.respectthebeard.com/japanese/), a concise summary of

all Japanese verb conjugations on one sheet of A4

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Article Sources and Contributors 14

Article Sources and ContributorsJapanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=416241738 Contributors : AdiJapan, Anarch21, Andycjp, BiT, Blackrabbit, Bse3,Bueller 007, Chortos-2, Cloneofsnake, DannyWilde, DocWatson42, Dolda2000, Dookama, Eirikr, FilipeS, FinalZero, Furl, Furrykef, Gaijin74, Hayson1991, Hippietrail, Holizz, Istaro,Jaypunkrawk, Jengelh, Kaustuv, Kwamikagami, LeeWilson, Leucius, Mackan, Matt Fitzpatrick, Matt Kovacs, Moberg, Moonriddengirl, Mr Frosty, Nbarth, Nesnad, Nhk9, Oda Mari, Peachypoh,RJCraig, Rhine Elmao, Rickterp, Rjwilmsi, Seldumonde, SocietyBox, Springbreak04, Swift, Timwi, Tristan Schmelcher, Tschmelcher, Wereon, Wikky Horse, Woohookitty, 159 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:AMB Japanese Verbs.pdf Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AMB_Japanese_Verbs.pdf License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors :User:Aeronbuchanan

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