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Chapter 1 : Introduction to Science

1.1 What is Science? What is science? Importance of science Career in science 1.2 A Science Laboratory Common laboratory apparatus Safety hazards1.3 The Steps in a Scientific Investigation The steps in a scientific investigation1.4 Physical Quantities and Their Units Physical quantities and their units

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Chapter 1 : Introduction to Science

1.5 Weight and Mass Weight Mass1.6 Measuring Tools Measuring length Measuring area Measuring volume1.7 The Importance of Standard Units The importance of standard units


1.1 What is 1.1 What is Science?Science?

Science is the systematic study of nature and how it affects us and our environment

Science covers a broad field of knowledge that deals with observed facts and the relationship among those facts


1.1 What is Science?1.1 What is Science?

Improve our standard of livingImprove our standard of living Improve the quality of the environmentImprove the quality of the environment Understand the world around usUnderstand the world around us Increase food supplyIncrease food supply Prevention and treatment Prevention and treatment

of diseasesof diseases

Importance of science

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1.1 What is Science?1.1 What is Science? DoctorDoctor ArchitectArchitect EngineerEngineer AstronautAstronaut VeterinarianVeterinarian PharmacistPharmacist ChemistChemist Computer Computer

programmerprogrammer

Career in science


Areas of science are biology, physics, chemistry, astronomy, geology, meteorology and biochemistry

1.2 A Science Laboratory1.2 A Science Laboratory

Thermometer

Caliper

Stopwatch

Test tube

CrucibleUsesUsesApparatusApparatus

Common laboratory apparatus

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Heating chemicals

Used to contain chemicals

To measure time

To measure diameters

To measure temperature

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SyringeSyringe

Test tube holderTest tube holder

Glass slideGlass slide

Cork and rubber Cork and rubber stopperstopper

Evaporating Evaporating dishdish

UsesUsesApparatusApparatus

Common laboratory apparatus1.21.2 A Science Laboratory A Science Laboratory

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Evaporating liquid from a solutionEvaporating liquid from a solution

Hold specimen for observation Hold specimen for observation under a microscopeunder a microscopeHold test tubesHold test tubes

Transfer small quantities of liquidsTransfer small quantities of liquids

Use as a stopper for test tubes or Use as a stopper for test tubes or conical flasksconical flasks

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Corrosive

Harmful/irritant

Toxic/poisonousRadioactive

Explosive Highly flammable

Safety hazards1.21.2 A Science Laboratory A Science Laboratory


1.3 The Steps in a Scientific 1.3 The Steps in a Scientific Investigation Investigation

Determine what to find out

Form a hypothesis

Plan a systematic experiment for the hypothesis

Controlling of variables

Write down the data that has been observed

Analysing the data that has been collected

Interpreting the data

Making conclusion to decide whether the data is true or not

Write a report on the scientific investigation


1.4 Physical Quantities and Their Units A physical quantity is a quantity that can be

measured

InstrumentSI unitPhysical quantity

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Length () metre (m) Metre ruleMass (m) kilogram (kg) Lever/beam balanceTime (t) second (s) StopwatchTemperature (T) kelvin (K) Thermometer

Electric current (I) ampere (A) Ammeter

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0.000 000 000 001ppico0.000 000 001nnano0.000 001micro0.001mmilli0.01ccenti1 000kkilo1 000 000Mmega1 000 000 000Ggiga

ValueSymbolPrefix

1.4 Physical Quantities and Their Units


1.5 Weight and Mass1.5 Weight and Mass

The pull of the Earth on an objectThe force that pulls the body towards the centre of the Earth is called gravitational forceSI unit is Newton (N)The weight of an object

is not always the same

Weight


A springbalance

A compressionbalance

Type of tools for measuring weight


1.5 Weight and Mass1.5 Weight and Mass

The quantity of matter in an objectThe mass of an object is constant and not affected by gravitational forcesSI unit is kilogram (kg)The mass of an object does not change

Mass


A beam balance A lever balance

Type of tools for measuring mass


1.6 Measuring Tools1.6 Measuring Tools

Length is the distance between two pointsIts SI unit is the metre (m)Other units that can be used for length are kilometre (km), centimetre (cm) andmillimetre (mm)The relationship between the units of length1 cm = 10 mm1 m = 100 cm = 1 000 mm1 km = 1 000 m = 100 000 cm

Measuring length

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1.6 Measuring Tools1.6 Measuring ToolsMeasuring the lengthof a straight line


Correct

Measuring the lengthof a curve


1.6 Measuring Tools1.6 Measuring ToolsMeasuring the external diameter

Measuring the internal diameter


Area is a measure of the amount of a surface. Its SI unit is square metres (m2)The area of regular and irregular shapes can be estimated by tracing the shapes onto a piece of graph paper

Estimating the area of a leaf

Measuring area



Volume is a measure Volume is a measure of the space of the space occupied by a occupied by a substancessubstancesIts SI unit is cubic Its SI unit is cubic metres (mmetres (m33))Tools for measuring Tools for measuring volume of liquid are volume of liquid are measuring cylinder, measuring cylinder, burette and pipetteburette and pipette

Measuring volume

R

T

S

S is the correct eye position


1.7 The Importance of 1.7 The Importance of Standard Units Standard Units

Makes it easier for people from different countries to communicate with each other

A measurement in that unit has the same value anywhere in the world


THE END

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Bab 1 : Pengenalan kepada Sains1.1 Apakah itu Sains?• Apakah itu sains?• Kepentingan sains• Kerjaya dalam sains 1.2 Makmal Sains• Alat radas makmal• Simbol berbahaya1.3 Langkah-langkah dalam Penyiasatan Saintifik• Langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik1.4 Kuantiti Fizik dan Unitnya• Kuantiti fizik dan unitnya

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Bab 1 : Pengenalan kepada Sains

1.5 Berat dan Jisim• Berat• Jisim1.6 Alatan Pengukuran• Mengukur panjang• Mengukur luas• Mengukur isipadu1.7 Kepentingan Unit Piawai• The importance of standard units

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1.1 Apakah itu Sains?

• Sains adalah susunan pembelajaran ke atas alam sekeliling dan bagaimana kesannya kepada kita dan persekitaran

• Sains meliputi pelbagai bidang ilmu pengetahuan

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1.1 Apakah itu Sains?

• Meningkatkan taraf kehidupan• Meningkatkan kualiti persekitaran• Memahami dunia di sekeliling kita• Menambahkan bekalan makanan• Mencegah dan merawat penyakit

Kepentingan sains

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• Doktor• Arkitek• Jurutera• Ahli astronomi• Doktor haiwan• Ahli farmasi• Ahli kimia• Pakar komputer

• Cabang dalam sains adalah seperti biologi, fizik, kimia, astronomi, geologi, meteorologi dan biokimia

Kerjaya dalam sains1.1 Apakah itu Sains?

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1.2 Makmal Sains

Alat radas Kegunaan

Mangkuk pijar

Tabung uji

Jam randik

Kaliper

Termometer

Alat radas makmal

Memanaskan bahan kimiaMemanaskan bahan kimia

Mengisi bahan kimiaMengisi bahan kimia

Mengambil bacaanMengambil bacaan

Mengukur diameterMengukur diameter

Mengukur suhuMengukur suhu

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Alat radas Makmal

Mangkuk penyejat

Gabus dan penutup getap

Slaid kaca

Pemegang tabung ujiPicagari

Alat radas makmal1.2 Makmal Sains

Menyejat cecair daripada suatu Menyejat cecair daripada suatu larutanlarutan

Memegang spesimen untuk Memegang spesimen untuk pemerhatian di bawah mikroskoppemerhatian di bawah mikroskop

Memegang tabung ujiMemegang tabung uji

Memindahkan sedikit cecairMemindahkan sedikit cecair

Digunakan sebagai penutup tabung uji Digunakan sebagai penutup tabung uji atau kelalang konatau kelalang kon

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Mengakis

Merangsang

BeracunBeradioaktif

Mudah meletup Mudah terbakar

Simbol berbahaya1.2 Makmal Sains

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1.3 Langkah-langkah dalam Penyiasatan Saintifik

Menentukan tujuan eksperimen

Membentuk

hipotesis

Merancang eksperimen secara sistematik

Mengawal pembolehubah

Merekod data yang

diperhatikan

Menganalisis data yang telah dikumpul

Menginterpretasi data

Membuat kesimpulan

sama

Menulis laporan

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1.4 Kuantiti Fizik dan Unitnya

• Kuantiti fizik adalah kuantiti yang boleh diukur

Kuantiti fizik Unit SI PeralatanPanjang (Panjang ()) meter (m) meter (m) Pembaris PembarisJisim (Jisim (mm)) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) Neraca tuasNeraca tuas

Masa (Masa (tt)) saat (s) saat (s) Jam randik Jam randikSuhu (Suhu (TT)) kelvin (K) kelvin (K) Termometer Termometer

Arus elektrik (Arus elektrik (II) ampere (A) Ammeter) ampere (A) Ammeter

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0.000 000 000 001ppiko0.000 000 001nnano0.000 001mikro0.001mmili0.01csenti1 000kkilo1 000 000Mmega1 000 000 000Ggiga

NilaiSimbolImbuhan awal

1.4 Kuantiti Fizik dan Unitnya

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1.5 Berat dan Jisim

• Tarikan Bumi ke atas objek• Daya yang menarid jasad ke arah pusat

Bumi dikenali sebagai daya graviti• Unit SI adalah Newton (N)• Berat sesuatu objek tidak selalunya sama

Berat

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Neraca spring Neraca pemampat

Jenis alat untuk mengukur beratJenis alat untuk mengukur berat

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• Kuantiti jirim dalam sesuatu objek• Jisim objek adalah tetap dan tidak

dipengaruhi oleh daya graviti• Unit SI adalah kilogram (kg)• Jisim sesuatu objek adalah tidak berubah

Jisim

1.5 Berat dan Jisim

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Neraca palang

Neraca tuas

Jenis alat untuk mengukur jisimJenis alat untuk mengukur jisim

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1.6 Alatan Pengukuran

• Panjang adalah jarak di antara dua titik• Unit Sinya adalah meter (m)• Unit lain yang boleh digunakan untuk panjang

adalah kilometer (km), sentimeter (cm) andmilimeter (mm)

• Hubungan antara unit-unit sukatan panjang1 cm = 10 mm1 m = 100 cm = 1 000 mm1 km = 1 000 m = 100 000 cm

Mengukur panjang

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1.6 Alatan Pengukuran• Mengukur panjang

garisan lurus• Mengukur panjang

garisan melengkung

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• Mengukur diameter luar

• Mengukur diameter dalam

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• Luas adalah ukuran jumlah permukaan. Unit Sinya adalah meter persegi (m2)

• Luas objek sekata dan objek tidak sekata boleh ditentukan dengan melakar bentuk objek di atas sekeping kertas graf

Menganggar luas daun

Mengukur luas

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• Isipadu adalah ukuran yang memenuhi ruang oleh bahan terlarut

• Unit SInya adalah meter padu (m3)

• Alatan untuk mengukur isipadu cecair adalah silinder penyukat, buret and pipet

Mengukur isipaduR

T

S

S adalah kedudukanmata yang betul

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1.7 Kepentingan Unit Piawai

• Memudahkan orang ramai dari negara yang berlainan berkomunikasi

• Unit pengukurannya adalah sama di mana-mana tempat di dunia

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