Download - Bab 1 Pengenalan Kepada Sains
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Chapter 1 : Introduction to Science
1.1 What is Science? What is science? Importance of science Career in science 1.2 A Science Laboratory Common laboratory apparatus Safety hazards1.3 The Steps in a Scientific Investigation The steps in a scientific investigation1.4 Physical Quantities and Their Units Physical quantities and their units
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Chapter 1 : Introduction to Science
1.5 Weight and Mass Weight Mass1.6 Measuring Tools Measuring length Measuring area Measuring volume1.7 The Importance of Standard Units The importance of standard units
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1.1 What is 1.1 What is Science?Science?
Science is the systematic study of nature and how it affects us and our environment
Science covers a broad field of knowledge that deals with observed facts and the relationship among those facts
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1.1 What is Science?1.1 What is Science?
Improve our standard of livingImprove our standard of living Improve the quality of the environmentImprove the quality of the environment Understand the world around usUnderstand the world around us Increase food supplyIncrease food supply Prevention and treatment Prevention and treatment
of diseasesof diseases
Importance of science
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1.1 What is Science?1.1 What is Science? DoctorDoctor ArchitectArchitect EngineerEngineer AstronautAstronaut VeterinarianVeterinarian PharmacistPharmacist ChemistChemist Computer Computer
programmerprogrammer
Career in science
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Areas of science are biology, physics, chemistry, astronomy, geology, meteorology and biochemistry
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1.2 A Science Laboratory1.2 A Science Laboratory
Thermometer
Caliper
Stopwatch
Test tube
CrucibleUsesUsesApparatusApparatus
Common laboratory apparatus
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Heating chemicals
Used to contain chemicals
To measure time
To measure diameters
To measure temperature
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SyringeSyringe
Test tube holderTest tube holder
Glass slideGlass slide
Cork and rubber Cork and rubber stopperstopper
Evaporating Evaporating dishdish
UsesUsesApparatusApparatus
Common laboratory apparatus1.21.2 A Science Laboratory A Science Laboratory
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Evaporating liquid from a solutionEvaporating liquid from a solution
Hold specimen for observation Hold specimen for observation under a microscopeunder a microscopeHold test tubesHold test tubes
Transfer small quantities of liquidsTransfer small quantities of liquids
Use as a stopper for test tubes or Use as a stopper for test tubes or conical flasksconical flasks
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Corrosive
Harmful/irritant
Toxic/poisonousRadioactive
Explosive Highly flammable
Safety hazards1.21.2 A Science Laboratory A Science Laboratory
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1.3 The Steps in a Scientific 1.3 The Steps in a Scientific Investigation Investigation
Determine what to find out
Form a hypothesis
Plan a systematic experiment for the hypothesis
Controlling of variables
Write down the data that has been observed
Analysing the data that has been collected
Interpreting the data
Making conclusion to decide whether the data is true or not
Write a report on the scientific investigation
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1.4 Physical Quantities and Their Units A physical quantity is a quantity that can be
measured
InstrumentSI unitPhysical quantity
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Length () metre (m) Metre ruleMass (m) kilogram (kg) Lever/beam balanceTime (t) second (s) StopwatchTemperature (T) kelvin (K) Thermometer
Electric current (I) ampere (A) Ammeter
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0.000 000 000 001ppico0.000 000 001nnano0.000 001micro0.001mmilli0.01ccenti1 000kkilo1 000 000Mmega1 000 000 000Ggiga
ValueSymbolPrefix
1.4 Physical Quantities and Their Units
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1.5 Weight and Mass1.5 Weight and Mass
The pull of the Earth on an objectThe force that pulls the body towards the centre of the Earth is called gravitational forceSI unit is Newton (N)The weight of an object
is not always the same
Weight
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A springbalance
A compressionbalance
Type of tools for measuring weight
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1.5 Weight and Mass1.5 Weight and Mass
The quantity of matter in an objectThe mass of an object is constant and not affected by gravitational forcesSI unit is kilogram (kg)The mass of an object does not change
Mass
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A beam balance A lever balance
Type of tools for measuring mass
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1.6 Measuring Tools1.6 Measuring Tools
Length is the distance between two pointsIts SI unit is the metre (m)Other units that can be used for length are kilometre (km), centimetre (cm) andmillimetre (mm)The relationship between the units of length1 cm = 10 mm1 m = 100 cm = 1 000 mm1 km = 1 000 m = 100 000 cm
Measuring length
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1.6 Measuring Tools1.6 Measuring ToolsMeasuring the lengthof a straight line
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Correct
Measuring the lengthof a curve
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1.6 Measuring Tools1.6 Measuring ToolsMeasuring the external diameter
Measuring the internal diameter
1.6 Measuring Tools1.6 Measuring Tools
Area is a measure of the amount of a surface. Its SI unit is square metres (m2)The area of regular and irregular shapes can be estimated by tracing the shapes onto a piece of graph paper
Estimating the area of a leaf
Measuring area
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1.6 Measuring Tools1.6 Measuring Tools
Volume is a measure Volume is a measure of the space of the space occupied by a occupied by a substancessubstancesIts SI unit is cubic Its SI unit is cubic metres (mmetres (m33))Tools for measuring Tools for measuring volume of liquid are volume of liquid are measuring cylinder, measuring cylinder, burette and pipetteburette and pipette
Measuring volume
R
T
S
S is the correct eye position
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1.7 The Importance of 1.7 The Importance of Standard Units Standard Units
Makes it easier for people from different countries to communicate with each other
A measurement in that unit has the same value anywhere in the world
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THE END
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Bab 1 : Pengenalan kepada Sains1.1 Apakah itu Sains?• Apakah itu sains?• Kepentingan sains• Kerjaya dalam sains 1.2 Makmal Sains• Alat radas makmal• Simbol berbahaya1.3 Langkah-langkah dalam Penyiasatan Saintifik• Langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik1.4 Kuantiti Fizik dan Unitnya• Kuantiti fizik dan unitnya
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Bab 1 : Pengenalan kepada Sains
1.5 Berat dan Jisim• Berat• Jisim1.6 Alatan Pengukuran• Mengukur panjang• Mengukur luas• Mengukur isipadu1.7 Kepentingan Unit Piawai• The importance of standard units
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1.1 Apakah itu Sains?
• Sains adalah susunan pembelajaran ke atas alam sekeliling dan bagaimana kesannya kepada kita dan persekitaran
• Sains meliputi pelbagai bidang ilmu pengetahuan
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1.1 Apakah itu Sains?
• Meningkatkan taraf kehidupan• Meningkatkan kualiti persekitaran• Memahami dunia di sekeliling kita• Menambahkan bekalan makanan• Mencegah dan merawat penyakit
Kepentingan sains
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• Doktor• Arkitek• Jurutera• Ahli astronomi• Doktor haiwan• Ahli farmasi• Ahli kimia• Pakar komputer
• Cabang dalam sains adalah seperti biologi, fizik, kimia, astronomi, geologi, meteorologi dan biokimia
Kerjaya dalam sains1.1 Apakah itu Sains?
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1.2 Makmal Sains
Alat radas Kegunaan
Mangkuk pijar
Tabung uji
Jam randik
Kaliper
Termometer
Alat radas makmal
Memanaskan bahan kimiaMemanaskan bahan kimia
Mengisi bahan kimiaMengisi bahan kimia
Mengambil bacaanMengambil bacaan
Mengukur diameterMengukur diameter
Mengukur suhuMengukur suhu
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Alat radas Makmal
Mangkuk penyejat
Gabus dan penutup getap
Slaid kaca
Pemegang tabung ujiPicagari
Alat radas makmal1.2 Makmal Sains
Menyejat cecair daripada suatu Menyejat cecair daripada suatu larutanlarutan
Memegang spesimen untuk Memegang spesimen untuk pemerhatian di bawah mikroskoppemerhatian di bawah mikroskop
Memegang tabung ujiMemegang tabung uji
Memindahkan sedikit cecairMemindahkan sedikit cecair
Digunakan sebagai penutup tabung uji Digunakan sebagai penutup tabung uji atau kelalang konatau kelalang kon
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Mengakis
Merangsang
BeracunBeradioaktif
Mudah meletup Mudah terbakar
Simbol berbahaya1.2 Makmal Sains
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1.3 Langkah-langkah dalam Penyiasatan Saintifik
Menentukan tujuan eksperimen
Membentuk
hipotesis
Merancang eksperimen secara sistematik
Mengawal pembolehubah
Merekod data yang
diperhatikan
Menganalisis data yang telah dikumpul
Menginterpretasi data
Membuat kesimpulan
sama
Menulis laporan
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1.4 Kuantiti Fizik dan Unitnya
• Kuantiti fizik adalah kuantiti yang boleh diukur
Kuantiti fizik Unit SI PeralatanPanjang (Panjang ()) meter (m) meter (m) Pembaris PembarisJisim (Jisim (mm)) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) Neraca tuasNeraca tuas
Masa (Masa (tt)) saat (s) saat (s) Jam randik Jam randikSuhu (Suhu (TT)) kelvin (K) kelvin (K) Termometer Termometer
Arus elektrik (Arus elektrik (II) ampere (A) Ammeter) ampere (A) Ammeter
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0.000 000 000 001ppiko0.000 000 001nnano0.000 001mikro0.001mmili0.01csenti1 000kkilo1 000 000Mmega1 000 000 000Ggiga
NilaiSimbolImbuhan awal
1.4 Kuantiti Fizik dan Unitnya
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1.5 Berat dan Jisim
• Tarikan Bumi ke atas objek• Daya yang menarid jasad ke arah pusat
Bumi dikenali sebagai daya graviti• Unit SI adalah Newton (N)• Berat sesuatu objek tidak selalunya sama
Berat
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Neraca spring Neraca pemampat
Jenis alat untuk mengukur beratJenis alat untuk mengukur berat
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• Kuantiti jirim dalam sesuatu objek• Jisim objek adalah tetap dan tidak
dipengaruhi oleh daya graviti• Unit SI adalah kilogram (kg)• Jisim sesuatu objek adalah tidak berubah
Jisim
1.5 Berat dan Jisim
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Neraca palang
Neraca tuas
Jenis alat untuk mengukur jisimJenis alat untuk mengukur jisim
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1.6 Alatan Pengukuran
• Panjang adalah jarak di antara dua titik• Unit Sinya adalah meter (m)• Unit lain yang boleh digunakan untuk panjang
adalah kilometer (km), sentimeter (cm) andmilimeter (mm)
• Hubungan antara unit-unit sukatan panjang1 cm = 10 mm1 m = 100 cm = 1 000 mm1 km = 1 000 m = 100 000 cm
Mengukur panjang
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1.6 Alatan Pengukuran• Mengukur panjang
garisan lurus• Mengukur panjang
garisan melengkung
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• Mengukur diameter luar
• Mengukur diameter dalam
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1.6 Alatan Pengukuran
• Luas adalah ukuran jumlah permukaan. Unit Sinya adalah meter persegi (m2)
• Luas objek sekata dan objek tidak sekata boleh ditentukan dengan melakar bentuk objek di atas sekeping kertas graf
Menganggar luas daun
Mengukur luas
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1.6 Alatan Pengukuran
• Isipadu adalah ukuran yang memenuhi ruang oleh bahan terlarut
• Unit SInya adalah meter padu (m3)
• Alatan untuk mengukur isipadu cecair adalah silinder penyukat, buret and pipet
Mengukur isipaduR
T
S
S adalah kedudukanmata yang betul
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1.7 Kepentingan Unit Piawai
• Memudahkan orang ramai dari negara yang berlainan berkomunikasi
• Unit pengukurannya adalah sama di mana-mana tempat di dunia
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