rag 121 sains persekitaran 1a(e)

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RAG 121 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 1LECTURE 1

©Assoc.Prof. Ar. Dr. Abdul Majid IsmailGBI:INTRODUCTION - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ISSUES, GREEN BUILDING INDEX & HUMAN SKILLS

“KEMAHIRAN INSANIAH” Website:

http://www.hbp.usm.my/ventilation

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LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION

Firman Allah “Berlakulah kerosakan (bencana) di

daratan dan di lautan oleh kerana usaha manusia sendiri, sehingga Allah menimpakan pada mereka sebahagian azab daripada perbuatan mereka itu, agar mereka kembali ke jalan yang benar (bertaubat).”

…( Surah Ar Rum ayat 41)

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LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION

Allah says “Mischief has appeared on land and sea

because of (the need) that the hands of men have earned that (Allah) may give them a taste of some of their deeds: in order that they may turn back (from Evil)”

…( Surah Al Room verse 41)

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HOW BEAUTIFUL IS OUR EARTH

“EARTH IS OUR FRIEND NOT ENEMY”

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THE DISTRUCTION IS SO DIVASTATING

GOD’S RECIPROCATION IS REGARDLESS WHO & WHERE

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

Brundtland Commission report of 1987

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WHY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?

Urban Population expected to grow by between40% to 50% by 2030 from 70% to 80% of Total Population. The way we plan our Cities will be a Key component of a sustainable future24% of Urban Home Energy consumption is from the use of the Car to & from work31% of Urban Home Energy consumption is from the use of the Car for after workMalaysia will become a Net Importer of Energy by 2010. How we design our homes will reflect how much energy they require to run.

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“Architects , developers & politicians are just like land greedy giant”

drawing by Malcom Wells

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(PLANNER & ARCHITECT)

1. NATURAL (GOD’S CREATION)

2. MAN MADE

MAN / HUMAN

LEADER / KHALIPH

EARTH / NATURE

HEALTH / WELLBEING

OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT(OUTDOOR CLIMATE)

INDOOR ENVIRONMENT(INDOOR CLIMATE)

(ARCHITECT & ENGINEER)

1. CLOSED (100% ACTIVE)

2. OPEN (100% PASSIVE)

3. HYBRID (ACTIVE + PASSIVE

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

DEVELOPMENT

NEGATIVE EFFECT POSITIVE EFFECT

BEHAVIOUR & ATTITUDE

(CONTROL / MANAGE)

CYCLE, ECOLOGY, CLIMATE, WEATHER

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GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISUES

MELTING OF ARCTIC (THE NORTH & SOUTH POLES)

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+ 1°C

+ 2°C

+ 3°C

+ 4°C

+ 5°C

+ 6°C

Arctic is melting

Coral Reefs dying

Amazon rainforest drying out

Many coastal cities could beflooded

Increase in climate refugees

Global Wipe Out

CLIMATE CHANGE

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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISUES

“THE QUALITY OF OUR NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IS DEGRADING DUE TO UNCONTROLLED DEVELOPMENT / (UNSUSTANABLE DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES) ”

POSSIBLE CAUSES:HUMAN FACTOR (ATTITUDE)

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NO POSITIVE ATTITUDE SUCH AS:RESPONSIBLE (BERTANGGUNGJAWAB)THRUSTWORTHY (AMANAH)LIKE WELFARE WORKS (SUKA KEBAJIKAN)COSIDERATE (BERTIMBANGRASA)GENEROUS (PEMURAH)WORK WITH OTHERS (BERKERJASAMA)TOLERABLE (BERTOLAK ANSUR)NOT SELFISH (TIDAK BERSIKAP

MEMENTINGKAN DIRI SENDIRI)NOT GREEDY (TIDAK TAMAK)NOT EGOIST (TIDAK EGO)NOT ARROGANT (TIDAK SOMBONG)NOT STINGY (TIDAK (BAKHIL) -

(MAXIMISING PROFIT)

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LACK OF CONTROL & NEGATIVE ATTITUDE

(POLLUTED / DIRTY)

DISTURBANCES(BAD SMELL, UNWANTED SCIENERY)(DISEASE OUTBREAK, INJURY, DEATH,

UNCOMFORTABLE, NOISY & DISTRUCTION OF PROPERTIES ETC.)

PROPER ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT(GBI – SM4) & 7 KI

(SUSTAINABLE PLANNING & MANAGEMENT, HUMAN SKILLS)

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CURRENT ISSUESAPPARENT INCREASED IN AIR TEMPERATURE MEAN DAY TEMPERATURE RISED UP FROM

320C TO 400C THE HOT CONDITION REMAIN TILL LATE

NIGHTFREQUENT OCCURANCE OF FLASH FLOODGROUND & BUILDINGS ON FIREHAZE (AIR QUALITY)GROUND SETTLEMENT, LAND SLIDE (BUILDINGS CRACK)PROBLEMS OF BAD SMELL/TOXIC & POLLUTION

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PROBLEMS OF STORM & EXTREME WIND CONDITIONS (2003, 2007 & 2008)

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PROBLEMS OF GROUND SETTLEMENT

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EXAMPLES OF LATEST LAND SLIDE:

20 NOV 2003 – HOUSE OF GENERAL (B) TAN SERI ISMAIL OMAR – DISTRUCTION OF PROPERTY & DEATH

MEI 2006 – LAND SLIDE AT KAMPUNG PASIR ULU KELANG - DISTRUCTION OF PROPERTY & DEATH

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KOTA KINABALU

27 Jun 2006 – NEWLY REPAIRED ROAD, COLLAPSED PARTLY FALL ON HOUSES

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LAND SLIDE AT BUKIT ANTARABANGSA

6 DECEMBER 2008, 16

BUNGALOWS DISTROYED, 4 DEAD IN A LAND SLIDE AT TAMAN BUKIT MEWAH & TAMAN BUKIT UTAMA

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NATURAL DISASTER OR HUMAN ERROR?

ROOF OF STADIUM SULTAN MIZAN COLLAPSED 3 JUN 09

JAYA SUPERMARKET IN PETALING JAYA COLLAPSED 29 MAY 09

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HAZE IN PENANG ISLAND (2003/06)

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FRESH WATER SUPPLY (SCARE / DEGRADING IN QUALITY):SOURCE OF FRESH WATER -

DISTURBEDEXCESSIVE CLEARING OF FORESTDESTRUCTION OF FOREST & HILLS

(WATER CATCHMENT AREA)TOO MANY HARD SURFACES WITHOUT

TURFING & GROUND COVERPOLLUTED WATER MIXED UP WITH

FRESH WATER.

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TREES AND VEGETATION ARE NATURAL AGENT IN LOWERING DOWN AIR TEMPERATURE, FILTERING SOLAR HEAT & DILUTING AIR

POLLUTION

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GROUND & BUSH FIRE

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FLASH FLOOD IN KUALA LUMPUR (2001 & 2007)

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FLASH FLOOD IN KUALA LUMPUR (2001 & 2007)

11 JUN 2007

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PROBLEMS OF FLASH FLOOD (2003)

KUALA LUMPUR 10 JUNE 2003 (Source: Utusan Malaysia 11/6/2003)

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FLOOD IN JOHORE (2007)

13 JANUARY 2007

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FLOOD IN THE EAST COAST (KOTA BAHARU, DEC 2004)

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PROBLEMS OF WASTE DISPOSAL (DOMESTIC & INDUSTRIAL) SOLID WASTE – COLLECTION & DISPOSAL

HIGH DENSITY HOUSING (FLATS – LOCATION OF RUBBISH CHUTE / DUMP & RESIDENT’S ATTITUDE)

LIQUID WASTE – SANITARY & TOXIC PROCESSING TANKS / OXIDATION PONDS – NOT

FUNCTIONING PROPERLY, UNSUITABLE LOCATION EFFLUENT FROM (PIG FARM) DISCHARGED INTO

RIVERS WITHOUT PROPER TREATMENT ( JE EPIDEMICS & SMELL POLLUTION)

OIL SPILL OIL SPILL IN TOURIST SPOTS & FISH SANCTUARY

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PROBLEMS OF WASTE DISPOSAL

16,000 TON RUBBISH PER DAY / 800 GRAM PER PERSON

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TRADITIONAL DUMPING OF SOLID WASTE

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PROBLEMS OF WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM

YEAR 2000 THERE ARE 230 WASTE DISPOSAL CENTRES

NOW LEFT WITH 170 (112 IN PENINSULA MALAYSIA)

80% WILL BE CLOSED BY THE YEAR 2010

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WATER & AIR POLLUTION

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EXAMPLE: RIVER POLLUTION (PENANG ISLAND)

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EXAMPLE: RIVER POLLUTION (PENANG ISLAND)

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EXAMPLE: RIVER POLLUTION (SELANGOR)

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CAUSES OF POLLUTION

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STATUS OF THE MAIN NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS (WATER,

AIR, FOREST & BEACHES)

WATER (MOST IMPORTANT – MOST POLLUTED)USES DOMESTIC USE (DRINKING, WASHING,

COOKING, BATHING) INDUSTRY & PUBLIC USE (IRRIGATION,

FISHERY, PROCESSING, ELECTRIC)

WATER MANAGEMENT (FRESH WATER & WASTE WATER) “PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING” “SANITARY ENGINEERING”

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WATER - 45% BODY WEIGHT CONTENT

RMK5 (1991-95), RM2,467 BILLION FOR WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS

CONSUMPTION – 5 MILLION LITRE WATER PER DAY – REQUIRE ANOTHER 400 TREATMENT PLANTS

FUTURE WATER CONSUMPTION: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRY – 2.6 BILLION M3 ,

5.8 BILLION M3 IN THE YEAR 2020 AGRICULTURE - 9 BILLION M3 , 13.2 BILLION

M3 IN THE YEAR 2020

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MAIN REASONS FOR THE DECLINING QUALITY OF WATER RESOURCES

LOGGING & FOREST CLEARING

CHANGE OF LAND USE

WASTE DISPOSAL

ACID RAIN

DEVELOPMENT IN THE HIGHLAND AREA (WATER CATCHMENT AREA)

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WATER QUALITY STANDARDpH = 6.5 UP TO 8.5

CONSERVATION OF WATER RESOURCESWATER RECYCLINGUSED OF RAIN WATER FROM ROOFSREDUCTION OF WATER LOSSES –

REPLACING LEAKING & OLD PIPESEDUCATION (CHANGE THE LAVISH

ATTITUDE)

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SIGN OF POLLUTIONS

FREQUENT OCCURRENCE OF FLASH FLOODS IN MAJOR CITIES (KL ETC) – UNCONTROLLED DEVELOPMENT PROCESS : EXAMPLES; CUTTING OF HILL LAND IN KLANG VELLY

AREA & CAMERON HLD. – EROSION – SEDIMENTATION OF MUD IN KLANG RIVER.

WASTE POLLUTION (WASTE DISPOSAL FROM PALM OIL & RUBBER MILLS, EFFLUENT DISCHARGED FROM ANIMAL FARMS AND FACTORIES) 1976 – 42 RIVERS ARE CATEGORISED AS

POLLUTED 16 ARE HIGHLY PULLUTED (SG.PINANG)

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i) INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER (CLOROFORM, BIFENIL, PLUMBUM ETC.)

STEEL INDUSTRIES – 29% TEXTILE INDUSTRIES – 15 % GAS INDUSTRIES – 14% ASBESTOST FACTORIES – 9%

ii) HUMAN & ANIMAL WASTE WATER (EFFLUENT & SANITATION WATER)

DISCHARGED DIRECTLY INTO WATER SOURCES INCOMPLETE PROCESSING OVERFLOW INTO FRESH WATER SOURCES

DURING HEAVY RAIN LEAKED PIPES AND CROSSINGS

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CONTROL OF WATER QUALITY (AKTA KUALITI ALAM SEKITAR 1974 PINDAAN 1985)

WATER IS BEING CONTROLLED BY ITS CEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC & ITS CONTENT. (REVERSE OSMOSIS, ELECTRO-DYLISIS, CARBON ABSORPTION & CHEMICAL REACTION)WASTE DISPOSAL MUST BE FILTERED FIRST BEFORE DISPOSED INTO RIVERS OR WATER COURSES.CATCHMENT AREA & ITS SURROUNDING MUST BE PROTECTED FROM BEING CLEARED.ALL DOMESTIC WASTE WATER, FACTORIES & ANIMAL FARMS – CHANNELED INTO ANY TREATMENT PLANTS, CLEANED - DISPOSED.

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PROBLEMS TO BEACH & COAST

“COASTAL ECOSYSTEM ARE BEING DISTURBED & DISTROYED”COAST OF THE PENINSULAR 2,300KM IN LENGTH.30% SETTLEMENTS CONCENTARTED ALONG THE COAST.CAUSES OF DISTURBANCES: MINING FISHING AQUACULTURE INDUSTRIES PETROLEUM SHIPPING AGRICULTURE HOUSING

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DISTRUCTIONCORAL REEFS: MOST OF THE ISLANDS ALONG THE EAST

COAST HAVE BEAUTIFUL CORAL REEFS. FUNCTION – WAVE BREAKER, FISHING (10 –

25%) DAMAGED BY:

SUSPENSION (CLOUDINESS) FOREST CLEARING. (CLOUDINESS LIMITS SOLAR RADIATION FOR THE CORAL MICRO ORGANIASM TO GROW).

EXAMPLE PULAU REDANG

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MANGROVETHE STATUS OF MANGROVE FOREST: 113,384 HECTRE, ALONG SELANGOR &

JOHOR COASTLINES (87%). DAMAGED BY:

COASTAL FISHING ACTIVITIES WASTE DISPOSAL. CHANGE OF LAND USE. UNCONTROLLED LOGGING.

EXAMPLES: KUANTAN, CENDERING

RECLAIMATION OF MANGROVE SWAMP

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EXAMPLE:SELANGOR

35% CHANGED INTO AGRICULTURE PULAU PINANG

JELUTUNG & BATU FERRINGHI – SOLID WASTE DISPOSED DIRECTLY INTO THE SEA (ABNDONED IN 2003)

BALIK PULAU – OIL EROSION (100M PER YEAR) BATU MAUNG - ORGANIC MATERIALS FROM PIG

FARMSKELANG & PULAU PINANG HARBOUR

OIL SPILLOVERALL COASTLINES

COASTAL FISHERY

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AIR / WIND QUALITY (N2=78%, O2=21%, Ar=1%, CO2=0.003%)

IMPORTANT (QUALITY & QUANTITY) FOR: RESPIRATION (FRESH AIR) VENTILATION (MOVING AIR / WIND)

BASIC LIVING REQUIREMENTS GROWING OF PLANTS GROWING OF ANIMALS MADIUM OF OTHER ELEMENTS (LIGHT AND

HEAT) DETERMINANTS IN THE FORMATION OF

WHETHER AND CLIMATE (TEMPERATURE, WATER VAPOUR, FLOW PATTERN AND SPEED & RADIATION)

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DEMOLISHION OF HILLS (USM)

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DEFINITION OF AIR POLLUTION

“ AIR POLLUTION MEANS CONTAMINATION BY ONE OR MORE CONTAMINANTS OR ITS COMBINATIONS IN THE AIR, WITHIN A SPECIFIC QUANTITY & DURATION THAT CAN OR TEND TO CAUSE DISTURBANCES”

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EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTON: DESEASE OUTBREAKS DESTRUCTION, DEFECT TO HUMAN &

PLANTS DISTURBANCES IN ENJOYING LIFE DISTURBANCES IN VIEWING DESTRUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL

ELEMENTS EXAMPLES:

GLOOMY CONDITION IN KELANG VELLY (HAZE) THICK SMOKE CONTAINING SULPHUR & NITROGEN

OXIDE EFFECTS:

EYE, NOSE & THROAT DESEASES.CLEAN AIR STANDARD: (1PPM) – 1 CUBIC UNIT POLLUTANTS GAS CONTAIN IN 1

MILLION CUBIC UNIT OF A SIMILAR AIR (g/m3)

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TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION:

TYPES ELEMENTS EXAMPLES

1. PARTICLES SOLID

LIQUID

ASH, SMOKE, FOG, FLYING ASH

MIST, SPRAY, FOG

2. ORGANIC GASES

HIDROCARBON

ALDIHIDE

KETON

HEXANE, BENZANE, METANE, BUTANE, CLORINATED HIDROCARBON

FORMALDEHIDE

ACETONE, ALCOHOL

3. INORGANIC GASES

CARBON OXIDE

NITROGEN OXIDE

SULPHUR OXIDE

OTHERS

CO, CO2

NO2, NITRIC OXSIDE

SO2, SO3

H2S, HF, AMONIA

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1. PARTICLES: BURNING OF FUELS – COAL, PETROL, DISEL –

CARS, POWER STATIONS. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES – GRINDING,

MELTING, DRYING & BREAKING – RICE HUSK, QUARRY.

NATURAL PEROCESSES – VOLCENO ERUPTION, DESERT WINDS, FOREST FIRE.

EFFECTS: BECOME “NUCLEI” CONDENSATION – CLOUDS &

SNOW. REDUCE VIEWING DISTANCE. EFFECT TO LIVING – ORGANISM. REDUCES TOTAL SOLAR RADIATION. TO HUMAN – CANCER, TOXIC, POISONOUS TO ELEMENTS - SURFACE DESTRUCTION,

RUSTING, DIRTY.

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2. ORGANIC & INORGANIC GASSES : CARBON OXIDE

CO MORE HARMFUL – ODOURLESS, COLOURLESS, LONG LIFE SPAN.

EFFECT CHANGES PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEM POISONOUS

& SUFFOCATION.

SULPHUR OXSIDE MOST QUANTITY & DANGEROUS SORE THROAT. PRODUCT OF BURNING COAL & ACID FACTORY.

EFFECT DELAY IN DRYING OF PAINTWORK, BLEACHING OF

COLOUR.

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ACID RAIN SULPHUR OXIDE & NITROGEN OXIDE CHANGES TO

ACID AT CLOUD LEVEL + WATER VAPOUR. (pH 2.0 – 6.0)

EFFECT DAMAGES TO BUILDING. DAMAGES TO PLANTS. DISTURBANCES TO ANIMAL. REDUCES WATER QUALITY.

SMELL & NOISE POLLUTION BAD SMELL

OXIDATION PONDS POLLUTED RIVER & STREAM (EXAMPLE – SMELL OF

PIG EFFLUENT) NOISE

DOE 1992 – MALAYSIA IS ONE OF THE NOISIEST COUNTRY (55dB)

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CLIMATIC CHANGEURBAN CLIMATE (HEAT ISLAND)GLASS/GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

AVERAGE TEMPERATURE INCREASES BY 1 DEG.C AFTER 10 YEARS.

SOURCE:HIGH RATE OF POLLUTIONTOO MANY HARD SURFACESLESSER TREE & GREEN AREATRAFIC CONGESTIONTOO MANY DESTRUCTION

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CONTROL:ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974 –

INSUFFICIENT TO CONTROL THE WHOLE ENVIRONMENT.

CONTROL & PREVENT POLLUTION AT SOURCE

“ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESMENT (EIA) TO IMPROVE PLANNING & APPROVAL OF DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS.

IMPLEMENTATION OF “GREEN BUILDING INDEX (GBI)”

EVALUATION MADE IN 1992 NEED TO BE IMPLEMENTED IMMEDIATELY.

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METHOD OF CONTROL: PROTECT WATER CATCHMENT AREA PREVENT DEFORESTRATION FILTER ALL WASTE DISPOSAL INTEGRATED WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM CONTROL BY EVERY MINISTRIES CHECK EMMISSION TO AIR BY:

FILTERATION, ADSORPTION, ABSORPTION CONVERSION (BY CHEMICAL ACTION)

EXAMPLE – ABSORPTION USING LIQUID SPRAY TO THE POLLUTED AIR.

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THE SUCCESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL / MANAGEMENT IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE SUSTANABLE DEVELOPMENT DEPENDS ON ATTITUDEALL MUST BE AWAREALL MUST TAKE ACTIONNATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL

PROBLEMS“RIO DECLARATION” (AGENDA 21)?

“LANGKAWI DECLARATION” ?

“SOUTH AFRICA DECLARATION”?