rag 121sains persekitaran 1b(e)

8/14/2019 Rag 121sains Persekitaran 1b(e)

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RAG 121RAG 121

ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTALSCIENCE 1SCIENCE 1

LECTURE 2LECTURE 2Assoc.Assoc.Prof. Ar. Dr. Abdul Majid IsmailProf. Ar. Dr. Abdul Majid IsmailGBI: INTRODUCTION -GBI: INTRODUCTION - SUSTAINABLESUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT ISSUES & GREEN BUILDINGDEVELOPMENT ISSUES & GREEN BUILDING

INDEX & ECOLOGYINDEX & ECOLOGYwebsite:website:

http://www.hbp.usm.my/ventilationhttp://www.hbp.usm.my/ventilation


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LECTURE 2LECTURE 2

CLIMATOLOGYCLIMATOLOGY

Firman AllahFirman Allah

Angin itu membawa awan yang beratAngin itu membawa awan yang berat

(mengandungi wap air), lalu turun air(mengandungi wap air), lalu turun airhujan daripadanya untuk menumbuhkanhujan daripadanya untuk menumbuhkan

tanam-tanaman..tanam-tanaman..

(Surah Al Araf ayat 57)(Surah Al Araf ayat 57)


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LECTURE 2LECTURE 2

CLIMATOLOGYCLIMATOLOGY

Allah says:Allah says:

It is He who send the winds like heraldsIt is He who send the winds like heralds

of glad tidings going before His Mercyof glad tidings going before His Mercy

(rain): when they have carried the(rain): when they have carried theheavy-laden clouds, We drive them to aheavy-laden clouds, We drive them to a

land that is dead, make rain to descendland that is dead, make rain to descend

thereon, and produce every kind ofthereon, and produce every kind of

harvest there with: thus shall We rise upharvest there with: thus shall We rise up

the dead; perchance ye may remember.the dead; perchance ye may remember.Al Araf verse 57Al Araf verse 57


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BASIC CLIMATOLOGYBASIC CLIMATOLOGY

THE IMPORTANCE OF CLIMATETHE IMPORTANCE OF CLIMATE

BASIC DETERMINANT IN DESIGNBASIC DETERMINANT IN DESIGN

DECISION MAKING ESPECIALLY IN THEDECISION MAKING ESPECIALLY IN THE

DESIGN OF BUILT ENVIRONMENTDESIGN OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT

CLIMATIC DETERMINANTSCLIMATIC DETERMINANTS

ATMOSPHERIC LAYERSATMOSPHERIC LAYERS

TROPOSPHERE, TROPOPAUSE,TROPOSPHERE, TROPOPAUSE,STRATOSPHERE, STRATOPAUSE,STRATOSPHERE, STRATOPAUSE,

MESOPHERE, MESOPAUSE, MESAPAUSE &MESOPHERE, MESOPAUSE, MESAPAUSE &

TERMOSPHERE.TERMOSPHERE.


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ATMOSPHERIC LAYERSATMOSPHERIC LAYERS


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EARTH MOVEMENT SYSTEMEARTH MOVEMENT SYSTEM

EARTH ORIENTATION OR AXISEARTH ORIENTATION OR AXISDETERMINED THE INTENSITY OF SOLARDETERMINED THE INTENSITY OF SOLAR

RADIATION RECEIVED.RADIATION RECEIVED.

SOLAR

RADIATION

900

470

470

25.50

25.50

25.50


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EARTH ROTATION AROUND THE SUN INEARTH ROTATION AROUND THE SUN IN

THE FORM OF ELLIPSE RESULTED INTHE FORM OF ELLIPSE RESULTED INTHE FORMATION OF SEASONS ANDTHE FORMATION OF SEASONS AND

CLIMATES.CLIMATES. EQUINOX(MAC)

SOLTICE

(JUN)

SOLTICE

(DEC)

EQUINOX

(SEPT)


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DEFINITIONDEFINITION CLIMATECLIMATE

A REGION WITH SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICA REGION WITH SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTIC

INCLUDING TEMPERATURE, DRYNESS, WIND,INCLUDING TEMPERATURE, DRYNESS, WIND,LIGHT AND OTHER SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS.LIGHT AND OTHER SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS.

AN INTEGRATION IN TIME THE PHYSICALAN INTEGRATION IN TIME THE PHYSICALCONDITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE I.ECONDITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE I.ECHARACTERISTIC OF A CERTAIN LOCATION.CHARACTERISTIC OF A CERTAIN LOCATION.

WEATHERWEATHER

A SHORT DURATION OF AN ATMOSPHERICA SHORT DURATION OF AN ATMOSPHERICCONDITION OF A SPECIFIC LOCATION.CONDITION OF A SPECIFIC LOCATION. EXAMPLE: THE WEATHER IN PENANG TODAY ISEXAMPLE: THE WEATHER IN PENANG TODAY IS

PREDICTED TO BE HOT AND SUNNY IN THE EARLYPREDICTED TO BE HOT AND SUNNY IN THE EARLYMORNING BUT RAINING IN THE LATE AFTERNOON.MORNING BUT RAINING IN THE LATE AFTERNOON.

IN TROPICAL CLIMATE, HEAT IS A MAJORIN TROPICAL CLIMATE, HEAT IS A MAJOR

PROBLEM. THEREFORE PROTECTION FROMPROBLEM. THEREFORE PROTECTION FROMHEAT AND RAIN IS REQUIRED ALMOSTHEAT AND RAIN IS REQUIRED ALMOSTTHROUOUT THE YEAR. THE MEAN ANNUALTHROUOUT THE YEAR. THE MEAN ANNUALTEMPERATURETEMPERATURE 2020OOC.C.


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CLIMATE AND ITSCLIMATE AND ITS

RELATIONSHIP WITHRELATIONSHIP WITH

BUILDINGSBUILDINGS BASIC HUMAN NEED (PHYSICAL)BASIC HUMAN NEED (PHYSICAL)

FOOD, SHELTER, CLOTHINGFOOD, SHELTER, CLOTHING

BASIC FUNCTION SHELTER/HOUSEBASIC FUNCTION SHELTER/HOUSE PROTECT OCCUPANTS FROM:PROTECT OCCUPANTS FROM: EXESSIVE CLIMATE (CLIMATIC FILTER)EXESSIVE CLIMATE (CLIMATIC FILTER)

DANGERDANGER

UNCOMFORTABLE CONDITIONUNCOMFORTABLE CONDITION

ROOM FOR ACTIVITIESROOM FOR ACTIVITIES RESTING, SLEEPING ETC.RESTING, SLEEPING ETC.

INDOOR RECREATIONINDOOR RECREATION

PRIVACYPRIVACY


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TYPE OF HOUSING NEEDED NORMALLYTYPE OF HOUSING NEEDED NORMALLYDEPENDS ON TIME AND LOCATION.DEPENDS ON TIME AND LOCATION.

DESIGN REQUIREMENT:DESIGN REQUIREMENT: STUDY THE REQUIREMENT OF EACHSTUDY THE REQUIREMENT OF EACH

INDIVIDUAL OCCUPANT (BUILT FOR EACHINDIVIDUAL OCCUPANT (BUILT FOR EACHINDIVIDUAL & FAMILY MEMBERS)INDIVIDUAL & FAMILY MEMBERS)

STUDY THE STYLE &STUDY THE STYLE &CONSTRUCTION/STRUCTURE OFCONSTRUCTION/STRUCTURE OFTRADISIONAL/EXISTING HOUSES BEFORETRADISIONAL/EXISTING HOUSES BEFOREDESIGNING ANY NEW ONE TRADISIONALDESIGNING ANY NEW ONE TRADISIONALARCHITECTURE IS A PRODUCT OFARCHITECTURE IS A PRODUCT OFEXPERIENCE & EXPERIMENTATIONEXPERIENCE & EXPERIMENTATION

THROUGH TIME WHERE ADAPTATION &THROUGH TIME WHERE ADAPTATION &CONSIDERATION ON LOCALCONSIDERATION ON LOCALENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION HAS BEENENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION HAS BEENCAREFULLY TAKEN CARE.CAREFULLY TAKEN CARE.


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MODIFYING FACTORS SUCH AS CLIMATE,MODIFYING FACTORS SUCH AS CLIMATE,

GROUND CONDITIONS, LOCAL BUILDINGGROUND CONDITIONS, LOCAL BUILDING

MATERIALS & TOPOGRAPHY HASMATERIALS & TOPOGRAPHY HAS

DIVERSIFIED THE FORMS OF TRADISIONALDIVERSIFIED THE FORMS OF TRADISIONAL

OR INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE.OR INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE.

THESE FACTORS HAS LEAD TOTHESE FACTORS HAS LEAD TO

DIFFERENT TYPE OF PLANNING,DIFFERENT TYPE OF PLANNING,

MASSING & CONFIGURATION OFMASSING & CONFIGURATION OF

TRADISIONAL HOUSES IN DIFFERENTTRADISIONAL HOUSES IN DIFFERENT

PARTS OF THE WORLD WITH DIFFERENTPARTS OF THE WORLD WITH DIFFERENTCLIMATIC CONDITIONS (HOT,CLIMATIC CONDITIONS (HOT,

MODERATE & COLD CLIMATES)MODERATE & COLD CLIMATES)


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MICRO CLIMATIC INFLUENCES:MICRO CLIMATIC INFLUENCES:

SOLAR & WIND MOVEMENTSOLAR & WIND MOVEMENT DETERMINE THE FORM OF PHYSICAL PLANNINGDETERMINE THE FORM OF PHYSICAL PLANNING

(LAYOUT & BUILDING ORIENTATION)(LAYOUT & BUILDING ORIENTATION)

GROUND COVER, HILLS DAN VALLEYS:GROUND COVER, HILLS DAN VALLEYS:

DETERMINE THE DRAINAGE, SANITARY ANDDETERMINE THE DRAINAGE, SANITARY ANDACCESSIBILITY SYSTEMSACCESSIBILITY SYSTEMS

CLIMATIC ELEMENTS (RAINFALLCLIMATIC ELEMENTS (RAINFALL

DISTRIBUTION & WIND)DISTRIBUTION & WIND) INFLUENCE THE DESIGN OF EXTERIOR SECTIONINFLUENCE THE DESIGN OF EXTERIOR SECTION

OF BUILDINGS, ROOMS LAYOUT, LOCATION &OF BUILDINGS, ROOMS LAYOUT, LOCATION &TYPES OF PARTITION, ROOF CONSTRUCTION &TYPES OF PARTITION, ROOF CONSTRUCTION &

OPENINGS.OPENINGS.

INFLUENCE THE TYPES OF BUILDINGINFLUENCE THE TYPES OF BUILDING

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL.ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL.


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HOT HUMID CLIMATEHOT HUMID CLIMATE

REDUCE THE HUMIDITYREDUCE THE HUMIDITY

LOWER DOWN THE TEMPERATURELOWER DOWN THE TEMPERATURE

HOT DRY CLIMATEHOT DRY CLIMATE INCREASE THE HUMIDITYINCREASE THE HUMIDITY

LOWER DOWN THE TEMPERATURELOWER DOWN THE TEMPERATURE

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: LAYOUT: HOT-HUMID (SACTERED & DISTANCE)LAYOUT: HOT-HUMID (SACTERED & DISTANCE)

LAYOUT: HOT DRY (COMPACT & SOLID)LAYOUT: HOT DRY (COMPACT & SOLID)


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LAYOUT (HOT-HUMID)LAYOUT (HOT-HUMID)

TRADITIONALTRADITIONAL

MODERNMODERN


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LAYOUT (HOT-DRY)LAYOUT (HOT-DRY)


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MASSING & FORMMASSING & FORM HOT-HUMID:HOT-HUMID:

HOUSES ON STILTSHOUSES ON STILTS SAHADEDSAHADED

MANY & LARGE OPENINGSMANY & LARGE OPENINGS

MINIMUM PARTITIONINGMINIMUM PARTITIONING


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SECTION


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HOT DRY:HOT DRY: SOLID MATERIALSSOLID MATERIALS

SMALL OPENINGSSMALL OPENINGS

ACTIVITIES ON THE ROOF IN THE EARLY EVENINGACTIVITIES ON THE ROOF IN THE EARLY EVENING


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HOUSES WITH COURTYARDS


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CLIMATE & WEATHER &CLIMATE & WEATHER &

DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIESDEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES

RAIN & WINDRAIN & WIND NORMAL RAINNORMAL RAIN

WORKS & LANDUSE (PADIFIELD, RUBBER, HOUSING)WORKS & LANDUSE (PADIFIELD, RUBBER, HOUSING)

PLANTATION & AGRICULTUREPLANTATION & AGRICULTURE

FORESTRY, FISHING & GEOLOGYFORESTRY, FISHING & GEOLOGY

MINING & INDUSTRYMINING & INDUSTRY

EXTREME RAINEXTREME RAIN FLOOD & LAND SLIDE (HIGHWAY, SATTLEMENT HILLFLOOD & LAND SLIDE (HIGHWAY, SATTLEMENT HILL

SLOPES)SLOPES)


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DISTURBANCES TO AIR TRAFFIC (DESIGNDISTURBANCES TO AIR TRAFFIC (DESIGNOF AIRPORTS)OF AIRPORTS)

HIGHWAY TRAFFIC (FLASH FLOOD,HIGHWAY TRAFFIC (FLASH FLOOD,ACCIDENTS)ACCIDENTS)

INCREASED IN HUMIDITY (INSECTINCREASED IN HUMIDITY (INSECTBREEDING, FUNGUS & ROTTING)BREEDING, FUNGUS & ROTTING)

TOURISM SECTOR (HOTELS)TOURISM SECTOR (HOTELS) CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

EXTREME WIND (STORM,EXTREME WIND (STORM,HURRICANE)HURRICANE)

TALL BUILDINGS (STRUCTURAL DESIGN)TALL BUILDINGS (STRUCTURAL DESIGN) ROOF & MAIN STRUCTURESROOF & MAIN STRUCTURES

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR S (PLANNING,ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR S (PLANNING,WIND BARRIER)WIND BARRIER)


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DROUGHT (NO RAIN FOR ADROUGHT (NO RAIN FOR ALONG DURATION LONG DURATION CONTINUOUS DRY WEATHER)CONTINUOUS DRY WEATHER)

AGRICULTURAL SECTOR DROPPEDAGRICULTURAL SECTOR DROPPED

FOREST PRODUCT DROPPEDFOREST PRODUCT DROPPED

WATER STORAGE & CATCHMENTWATER STORAGE & CATCHMENTSYSTEM (DRY/FAILED)SYSTEM (DRY/FAILED)

BUILDING & FOREST FIREBUILDING & FOREST FIRE(PREVENTION & FIGHTING)(PREVENTION & FIGHTING)


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NATURAL DISASTERNATURAL DISASTER

DROUGHTDROUGHT EARTHQUAKEEARTHQUAKE

STORM/HURRICANESTORM/HURRICANE

TSUNAMITSUNAMI

HEAT WAVEHEAT WAVE

SNOWSNOW

EFFECT OF POLLUTION & DELAPIDATIONEFFECT OF POLLUTION & DELAPIDATION

OF ENVIRONMENTOF ENVIRONMENT

LAND SLIDELAND SLIDE

FLOODFLOOD


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EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE


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IS THIS NATURALDISASTER?


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CLIMATIC ELEMENTSCLIMATIC ELEMENTS

INFORMATION NEEDED :INFORMATION NEEDED :

CLIMATIC ELEMENTS THAT INFLUENCEDCLIMATIC ELEMENTS THAT INFLUENCED

HUMAN COMFORT & ITS INTERACTIONHUMAN COMFORT & ITS INTERACTION

WITH BUILDINGSWITH BUILDINGS

FORM OF INFORMATION:FORM OF INFORMATION:

MEAN, CHANGES & EXTREMEMEAN, CHANGES & EXTREME

CONDITIONSCONDITIONS


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ELEMENTS NEEDED IN BUILDINGELEMENTS NEEDED IN BUILDINGDESIGN:DESIGN: AIR TEMPERATUREAIR TEMPERATURE

HUMIDITYHUMIDITY

SKY CONDITIONSKY CONDITION

SOLAR RADIATIONSOLAR RADIATION RAIN & ITS DISTRIBUTIONRAIN & ITS DISTRIBUTION

WIND MOVEMENTWIND MOVEMENT

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS (WIND, RAIN,SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS (WIND, RAIN,STORM, SAND STORM, HURRICANESTORM, SAND STORM, HURRICANE&TAIFOON)&TAIFOON)

THIS FACTORS OR ELEMENTS NEEDTHIS FACTORS OR ELEMENTS NEEDTO BE ANALYSE & SIMPLIFIEDTO BE ANALYSE & SIMPLIFIED(HELPS DESIGNERS & BUILDING(HELPS DESIGNERS & BUILDING

OCCUPANTS).OCCUPANTS).


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AIR TEMPERATUREAIR TEMPERATURE MEASURED USING THERMOMETER UNITMEASURED USING THERMOMETER UNIT 00CC

DBT (DRY BULB TEMPERATURE) ACTUALDBT (DRY BULB TEMPERATURE) ACTUALTEMPERATURE MEASURED UNDER THE SHADE (IN ATEMPERATURE MEASURED UNDER THE SHADE (IN A

STEVENSON SCREEN).STEVENSON SCREEN).

MAXSIMUM & MINIMUM TEMPERATURE ( MAX.&MAXSIMUM & MINIMUM TEMPERATURE ( MAX.&

MIN.THERMOMETER)MIN.THERMOMETER)

CONTINOUS RECORDS IN GRAPHICAL FORMSCONTINOUS RECORDS IN GRAPHICAL FORMS(TERMOGRAPH)(TERMOGRAPH)

IMPORTANT TEMPERTURE DATA:IMPORTANT TEMPERTURE DATA:

MONTHLY OR DAILY MEAN TEMPERATUREMONTHLY OR DAILY MEAN TEMPERATURE

MONTHLY MEAN RANGEMONTHLY MEAN RANGE

MONTHLY MAX.& MIN. AND EXTREMESMONTHLY MAX.& MIN. AND EXTREMES IMPORTANCE:IMPORTANCE:

DETERMINE HUMAN COMFORTDETERMINE HUMAN COMFORT

DETERMINE RELATIVE HUMIDITYDETERMINE RELATIVE HUMIDITY


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STEVENSON SCREENSTEVENSON SCREEN


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DIGITAL TERMOMETERDIGITAL TERMOMETER


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HUMIDITYHUMIDITY

MEASUREMENT:MEASUREMENT:

ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY (AH)ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY (AH) SUM OF THE SUM OF THEACTUAL HUMIDITY AT A UNIT MASS OR UNITACTUAL HUMIDITY AT A UNIT MASS OR UNIT

VOLUME (g/mVOLUME (g/m33))

RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH)RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH) RATIO OF THE RATIO OF THE

TOTAL HUMIDITY CONTAINED TO THE HUMIDITYTOTAL HUMIDITY CONTAINED TO THE HUMIDITY

THAT CAN BE ACCOMMODATED BY THE AIR ATTHAT CAN BE ACCOMMODATED BY THE AIR ATSPECIFIC TEMPERATURE (%)SPECIFIC TEMPERATURE (%)

SATURATED HUMIDITY (SH)SATURATED HUMIDITY (SH) TOTAL HUMIDITY TOTAL HUMIDITY

THAT CAN BE ACCOMODATED BY THE AIR:THAT CAN BE ACCOMODATED BY THE AIR:

SH = AH/RH X 100SH = AH/RH X 100

HUMIDITY MEASURED USING WET & DRY BULDHUMIDITY MEASURED USING WET & DRY BULD

HIGROMETER. THE RELATED RH TAKEN FROMHIGROMETER. THE RELATED RH TAKEN FROM

PSYCROMETRIC CART FROM THE RELATEDPSYCROMETRIC CART FROM THE RELATED

READINGS OF DBT & WBT.READINGS OF DBT & WBT.


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MIN MONTHLY MAXIMUM, MIN MONTHLYMIN MONTHLY MAXIMUM, MIN MONTHLYMINIMUMMINIMUM

CONTINOUS RECORDING USINGCONTINOUS RECORDING USINGHIGROGRAPH OR READINGS TAKENHIGROGRAPH OR READINGS TAKEN

TWICE DAILY (AT 6:00 AM. MAXIMUM &TWICE DAILY (AT 6:00 AM. MAXIMUM &AT 15:00 HRS MINIMUM)AT 15:00 HRS MINIMUM)

IMPORTANCE:IMPORTANCE: DETERMINE COMFORTDETERMINE COMFORT

INFLUNCED PROPERTIES OF BUILDINGINFLUNCED PROPERTIES OF BUILDINGMATERIALSMATERIALS

CONTROL THE DRYING PROCESS OFCONTROL THE DRYING PROCESS OFPAINTWORKPAINTWORK


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THERMOHYGROGRAPHTHERMOHYGROGRAPH


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SOLAR RADIATIONSOLAR RADIATION MEASUREMENT:MEASUREMENT:

DURATION OF THE SUN SHINE IN A DAYDURATION OF THE SUN SHINE IN A DAY(HOURS/ DAY) SUN SHINE RECORDER(HOURS/ DAY) SUN SHINE RECORDER

QUANTITY OF SOLAR RADIATION (W/mQUANTITY OF SOLAR RADIATION (W/m22) ) SOLARIMETERSOLARIMETER

IMPORTANCE:IMPORTANCE: INFORMATION ON THE DAILY MEANINFORMATION ON THE DAILY MEAN

REQUIRED FOR PLANNING & DESIGN OFREQUIRED FOR PLANNING & DESIGN OFBUILDINGS (TYPE & SYSTEM OFBUILDINGS (TYPE & SYSTEM OF

INSULATION, FINISHES, SYSTEM OFINSULATION, FINISHES, SYSTEM OFENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, TYPE OFENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, TYPE OFCONSTRUCTION JOINTS & METHOD OFCONSTRUCTION JOINTS & METHOD OFSHADING)SHADING)


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SOLARIMETERSOLARIMETER


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SKY CONDITIONSSKY CONDITIONS

MEASUREMENT:MEASUREMENT: DESCRIBES THE PRESENT OF CLOUDS INDESCRIBES THE PRESENT OF CLOUDS IN

THE ATMOSPHERE PRESENTED ASTHE ATMOSPHERE PRESENTED AS

PERCENTAGE OR PERTEN, PEREIGHT &PERCENTAGE OR PERTEN, PEREIGHT &

OKTAS (50% = 5/10 ATAU 4/8OKTAS (50% = 5/10 ATAU 4/8 HALF OFHALF OFTHE SKY HEMISPHERE OVERCAST BYTHE SKY HEMISPHERE OVERCAST BY

CLOUD).CLOUD).

IMPORTANCE:IMPORTANCE:

DAYLIGHT DESIGN, OVERHANG &DAYLIGHT DESIGN, OVERHANG &SHADING DEVICES.SHADING DEVICES.


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RAIN & PRECIPITATIONRAIN & PRECIPITATION


USING RAIN GAUGE (mm/DAY,USING RAIN GAUGE (mm/DAY,

mm/MONTH, mm/YEAR)mm/MONTH, mm/YEAR)

TOTAL RAIN PERMONTH SHOWS:TOTAL RAIN PERMONTH SHOWS: SEASONAL PATTERNSEASONAL PATTERN

PREDICTION RAIN CATHCMENT POTENTIALPREDICTION RAIN CATHCMENT POTENTIAL


TOTAL MAXIMUM RAINFALL & PROBABBLETOTAL MAXIMUM RAINFALL & PROBABBLE

OF RAIN DURATION REQUIRED FOR:OF RAIN DURATION REQUIRED FOR: GUTTERS DESIGN, RAINWATER DOWNPIPES,GUTTERS DESIGN, RAINWATER DOWNPIPES,CONCRETE/COVERD AREA, DIMENSION &CONCRETE/COVERD AREA, DIMENSION &

ANGLE OF STORM DRAINS & CATHMENT AREA.ANGLE OF STORM DRAINS & CATHMENT AREA.


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RECORD OF MAXIMUM RAINFALL WITHINRECORD OF MAXIMUM RAINFALL WITHIN

24 HOURS REQUIRED FOR:24 HOURS REQUIRED FOR: DESIGN OF DRAINAGE & CATCHMENT AREADESIGN OF DRAINAGE & CATCHMENT AREA RECORD OF MAXIMUM & MINIMUM SHOWSRECORD OF MAXIMUM & MINIMUM SHOWS

THE DEVIATION FROM AVERAGETHE DEVIATION FROM AVERAGE

RECORD OF DRIVING RAIN IMPORTANT FOR:RECORD OF DRIVING RAIN IMPORTANT FOR:

ROOF DESIGNROOF DESIGN COVERED WALKWAYCOVERED WALKWAY

PROJECTION & SHADING DEVICESPROJECTION & SHADING DEVICES

LOCATION & SAIZ OF WINDOWSLOCATION & SAIZ OF WINDOWS

THUNDER STORMS (FREQUENCY &THUNDER STORMS (FREQUENCY &INTENSITY)INTENSITY)

INSTALLATION OF LIGHTENINGINSTALLATION OF LIGHTENING

RODS/WIRERING (TALL & ISOLATEDRODS/WIRERING (TALL & ISOLATED

BUILDINGS)BUILDINGS)


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WINDWIND

MEASUREMENTMEASUREMENT SPEED & DIRECTION MEASURED USING COPSPEED & DIRECTION MEASURED USING COP

ANEMOMETER OR PITOT TIUB AT A HIGHT OF 10MANEMOMETER OR PITOT TIUB AT A HIGHT OF 10M

20M IN AN UNOBSTRUCTED OPEN FIELD. 20M IN AN UNOBSTRUCTED OPEN FIELD.

WIND DIRECTION DIVIDED INTO 8WIND DIRECTION DIVIDED INTO 8 1616

CATEGORIES KOMPASS DIRECTIONSCATEGORIES KOMPASS DIRECTIONS

N

S

W E

NE

SW

NW

SE


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AN IMPORTANT NATURAL ELEMENT BUTAN IMPORTANT NATURAL ELEMENT BUTVERY DANGEROUS WHEN IT IS IN EXTREMEVERY DANGEROUS WHEN IT IS IN EXTREME

CONDITIONCONDITION BUILDINGS ARE SUPPOSED TO FACE THEBUILDINGS ARE SUPPOSED TO FACE THE

MAIN WIND DIRECTION FOR EASY ENTRYMAIN WIND DIRECTION FOR EASY ENTRYTHROUGH OPENINGS.THROUGH OPENINGS.

RECORD FOR A PERIOD OF 20 25 YRSRECORD FOR A PERIOD OF 20 25 YRS(PREVAILING/ SECONDARY WIND) IS(PREVAILING/ SECONDARY WIND) ISREQUIRED SPEED, DIRECTION & AVERAGEREQUIRED SPEED, DIRECTION & AVERAGEFREQUENCY.FREQUENCY.


FOR HUMAN COMFORT (SPEED INSIDE & OUTSIDEFOR HUMAN COMFORT (SPEED INSIDE & OUTSIDEBUILDINGS)BUILDINGS)

DETERMINE LIVE LOAD/ WIND AT BUILDINGDETERMINE LIVE LOAD/ WIND AT BUILDINGSTRUCTURE (BRACING & AERODYNAMIC)STRUCTURE (BRACING & AERODYNAMIC)


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PROPELLER ANEMOMETERPROPELLER ANEMOMETER


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DIGITAL HOT WIREDIGITAL HOT WIRE

ANEMOMETERANEMOMETER


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DATA LOGGERDATA LOGGER


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INTEGRATEDINTEGRATED

METEOROLOGICAL STATIONMETEOROLOGICAL STATION

CLIMATICCLIMATIC


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CLIMATICCLIMATIC

CONSIDERATIONCONSIDERATION MACRO CLIMATE:MACRO CLIMATE:

CLIMATE FOR A DISTRCT (COVERING AN AREACLIMATE FOR A DISTRCT (COVERING AN AREAOF A STATE/ DISTRICT)OF A STATE/ DISTRICT)

MICRO CLIMATE:MICRO CLIMATE: LOCAL DEVIATION OF CLIMATE OF A LARGELOCAL DEVIATION OF CLIMATE OF A LARGE

AREA (CLIMATE OF A TOWN)AREA (CLIMATE OF A TOWN)

SITE CLIMATE:SITE CLIMATE: CLIMATE OF A SMALL AREA PROJECT SITE /CLIMATE OF A SMALL AREA PROJECT SITE /

BUILDING SITE.BUILDING SITE.


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CLIMATIC DATA OF A CLIMATOLOGICALCLIMATIC DATA OF A CLIMATOLOGICALSTATION REPRESENTS A MICRO CLIMATE.STATION REPRESENTS A MICRO CLIMATE.

THE INFORMATION WILL DIFFER FOR ATHE INFORMATION WILL DIFFER FOR ASMALLER LOCATION OR SITE CLIMATE.SMALLER LOCATION OR SITE CLIMATE.

FACTORS CAUSING DEVIATIONFACTORS CAUSING DEVIATION TOPOGRAPHY:TOPOGRAPHY:

HILL SLOPE, EXPOSURE, HILL & VELLY YANGHILL SLOPE, EXPOSURE, HILL & VELLY YANGCLOSE TO THE SITE.CLOSE TO THE SITE.

SURFACE OF THE GROUND :SURFACE OF THE GROUND : NATURAL OR MAN MADE (TURFED, PAVED ORNATURAL OR MAN MADE (TURFED, PAVED OR

PRESENT OF WATER ELEMENT) TEMPERATUREPRESENT OF WATER ELEMENT) TEMPERATUREOF THE GROUND SURFACES.OF THE GROUND SURFACES.

3 DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS:3 DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS: BIG TREES, ROW OF TREES, WALL & BUILDINGBIG TREES, ROW OF TREES, WALL & BUILDING

(WIND MOVEMENT & SUN RADIATION)(WIND MOVEMENT & SUN RADIATION)


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AN EXAMPLE OF SITEAN EXAMPLE OF SITE

ANALYSISANALYSIS


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CLIMATIC ELEMENTS THAT ARECLIMATIC ELEMENTS THAT ARE

CHANGESCHANGES:: AIR TEMPERATURE:AIR TEMPERATURE: INFLUENCD BY TOPOGRAPHY (EVERY 100M RISEDINFLUENCD BY TOPOGRAPHY (EVERY 100M RISED

IN HEIGHT, TEMPERATURE DROP BY 1IN HEIGHT, TEMPERATURE DROP BY 100C)C)

HUMIDITY:HUMIDITY:

INFLUENCED BY TEMPERATURE & WATER (IFINFLUENCED BY TEMPERATURE & WATER (IFTHERE ARE WATER ELEMENTS OR COVERED WITHTHERE ARE WATER ELEMENTS OR COVERED WITHTREES, EVEPORATION INCREASESTREES, EVEPORATION INCREASES HUMIDITYHUMIDITYINCREASES)INCREASES)

RAIN:RAIN:

IF THE WIND CARRYING CLOUD ARE IN THE SAMEIF THE WIND CARRYING CLOUD ARE IN THE SAMEDIRECTION AS THE WIND BLOWING TOWARDS ADIRECTION AS THE WIND BLOWING TOWARDS AHILL / CITY, RAINFALL WILL EXCEEDING THEHILL / CITY, RAINFALL WILL EXCEEDING THEAVERAGE RAINFALL FOR THE AREA.AVERAGE RAINFALL FOR THE AREA.


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HOT AIR

COLD AIR

DRY

SLOPE

CERUN

BASAH

HILL

CITY

COLD AIR

HOT AIR

PARTICLES &

DUST IN

ATMOSPHERE


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rag 121sains persekitaran 1b(e)

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