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PERFORMANCE SIMULATION
OF MICRO HYDROPOWER SYSTEM
Mohammad Hanafi Bin Salam
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Electronics and Computer Engineering)
2009
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
R13a
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS Judul: PERFORMANCE SIMULATION OF MICRO HYDROPOWER SYSTEM
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2009/2010
Saya MOHAMMAD HANAFI BIN SALAM
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk
tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. 4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini
sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 5. ** Sila tandakan ( ) di kotak yang berkenaan
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan
Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/
badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat tetap: 27-A BUKIT RAMUN,
81040, KULAIJAYA, JOHOR D.T DR. AL-KHALID HAJI OTHMAN
Nama Penyelia
Tarikh: 12 APRIL 2010 Tarikh: 12 APRIL 2010
CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda.
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai
SULIT dan TERHAD.
This Final Year Project attached here:
Title : PERFORMANCE SIMULATION OF MICRO HYDROPOWER SYSTEM
Student Name : Mohammad Hanafi bin Salam
Matric No : 17755
has been read and approved by:
__________________________ ______________________
Dr. Al-Khalid Haji Othman Date
(Supervisor)
PERFORMANCE SIMULATION OF MICRO HYDROPOWER SYSTEM
MOHAMMAD HANAFI BIN SALAM
Thesis is submitted to
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering
with Honours (Electronic and Computer Engineering) 2010
Dedicated to my beloved family and friends
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project has been made possible as a result of the co-operation and
support rendered by several individuals. While it is impossible to list down all of
them, I am very grateful for their assistance.
Firstly, I would like to extend a very special note of appreciation to my
supportive Final Year Project supervisor, Dr. Al-Khalid Haji Othman who has put so
much effort in coordinating this project. I am thankful to his patience, advices,
comments and guidance throughout the course of this project. His patience and
guidance throughout this project is greatly appreciated.
I would also like to thank to lecturers in Electronic Department who have
offered their advice. Their advice and help was especially helpful in improving this
thesis. Grateful gratitude also dedicated to anyone who directly or indirectly helps in
making this project success.
Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends for all their love,
care, support and companion that had helped me in sailing through the many hard
days in lives and studies all these while. Thank you.
i
ABSTRACT
This thesis is intended to design and implementation of analysis of micro
hydropower system using computer simulation. Micro hydropower is a term used for
hydroelectric system that typically produces in the 5kW to 300kW range of power.
The concept in generating electricity from a potential of water flow has been around
for a long time. There are many hydro electric facilities around the world that have
been implemented. What is new is the idea that this concept will work on a smaller
scale. For a comparison, system for the other type of renewable energy or natural
resources such as wind and solar is being scale up but hydropower system is being
scale down to meets community needs. It is possible and very practical to look at
performance analysis of micro hydropower system using a computer simulation
before implementing it in the actual condition. This thesis will provide a basic
understanding of micro hydropower system development and how performance
simulation of the system can be done. The information will help to determine the
water potential, provide the various components necessary for a micro hydropower
system, and explain the basic differences between common micro hydropower
components and the best design for a micro hydropower system. This thesis also
provides a valuable insight about the technique in designing micro hydropower
system simulation. This thesis hopefully will be informative and enlightening.
ii
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk merekabentuk dan membina untuk
menganalisa sistem mikro hidro menggunakan simulasi komputer. Sistem mikro
hidro adalah terma yang digunakan bagi sistem hidroelektrik yang menjanakuasa
5kW hingga 300 kW. Konsep menjanakuasa elektrik daripada tenaga keupayaan air
yang mengalir telah lama wujud. Terdapat banyak fasiliti bagi hidroelektrik di
seluruh dunia yang telah di bangunkan. Apa yang baru adalah pembinaan pada skala
yang lebih kecil menggunakan konsep yang sama. Sebagai perbandingan, sistem
menggunakan tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui seperti angin dan solar dibangunkan
pada skala semakin besar manakala sistem hydro menjadi semakin kecil bagi
memenuhi keperluan manusia. Adalah sangat berguna dan sangat praktikal untuk
menganalisa keberkesanan sistem mikro hidro menggunakan simulasi komputer
sebelum sistem tersebut dibina di lokasi sebenar. Kajian ini menyediakan asas
pemahaman tentang pembangunan sistem mikro hidro dan simulasi komputer.
Maklumat tersebut akan membantu bagi menentukan potensi sumber air, pelbagai
komponen yang bersesuaian, menerangkan perbezaan antara komponen dan
rekabentuk terbaik bagi sistem mikro hidro. Kajian ini juga menyediakan maklumat
tentang teknik membangunkan sistem simulasi bagi sistem mikro hidro. Diharapkan
kajian ini mengandungi banyak maklumat dan menarik.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENT PAGE
ABSTRACT i
ABSTRAK ii
LIST OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLE ix
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Overview 1
1.2 Statement of Problems 3
1.3 Significant of study 4
1.4 Objectives 5
1.5 Benefits of Project Implementation 6
1.6 Expected Outcomes 7
1.7 Limitations and Assumptions 7
1.8 Thesis Overview 8
iv
CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Elements in Micro Hydropower System 10
2.1.1 Analysis 10
2.1.2 Performance 11
2.1.3 System 11
2.1.4 Hydro 12
2.1.5 Flow 12
2.1.5.1 Container Fill Method 13
2.1.5.2 Float Method 14
2.1.5.3 Weir Method 15
2.1.6 Head 15
2.1.7 Power 17
2.2 Components in Micro Hydropower System 18
2.2.1 Small Dam 20
2.2.2 Intake Weir 21
2.2.3 Penstock 21
2.2.4 Nozzle 23
2.2.5 Water Turbines 25
2.2.6 Type of Turbines 27
2.2.6.1 Impulse Turbines 27
2.2.6.2 Reaction Turbines 29
2.2.6.3 Provision Filter 31
v
2.2.7 Drive System 32
2.2.8 Motor Generator 32
2.2.9 Control Device 35
2.2.10 Power Electronics 36
2.2.11 Electrical Outlet 36
2.3 Simulation System 37
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Design Methodology 40
3.2 Project Flow Chart 41
3.2.1 Project Flow Chart Description 42
3.3 Conceptual Model for Micro Hydropower Simulation System 43
3.4 Simulation System Design Flowchart 44
3.4.1 Block Diagram and Structure Designing 45
3.4.2 LABVIEW 7.0 Editing and Designing Architecture 45
3.4.3 Error Detection and Correction 47
3.4.4 Run Simulation 48
3.4.5 Simulation Analysis 48
vi
CHAPTER 4: SIMULATION SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1 Micro Hydropower Simulation System Design 49
4.2 Micro Hydropower System Design Architecture 53
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 Result and Analysis 57
5.2 Result for Flow Velocity using Different Penstocks and Flow Rates 58
5.3 Results for Jet velocity for different Value of Head Available 59
5.4 Complete Flow Velocity and Jet Velocity for Different Head 60
5.5 Result for Turbine Design for penstock 10 Inches 63
5.6 Results for Turbine Design for penstock 8 Inches 65
5.7 Turbine Design for penstock 6 Inches 68
5.8 Turbine Design for penstock 4 Inches 70
5.9 Results for Turbine Design for Different Number of Nozzles 74
5.10 Results for Runner Design for Head 40m 76
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Conclusion 77
6.2 Recommendation 80
REFERENCES 83
APPENDIX 86
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGES
CHAPTER 2
2.1 Float Method to Measure Flow Rates 14
2.2 Head Measurements 15
2.3 Block Diagram for General Hydropower System 18
2.4 Micro Hydropower System 19
2.5 Intake Weir Design 26
2.6 Examples of Impulse Turbine System 28
2.7 Pelton Turbine and Water Jet Nozzle 28
2.8 Example of Propeller Turbines (Water-wheel). 30
2.9 Example of Over–shot Water Wheel 30
2.10 Example of Under-shot Water Wheel 31
2.11 Cut-away Section of Motor Generator 34
2.12 Example of Electronic Load Controller 35
2.13 Model Construction for Simulation System 38
viii
CHAPTER 3
3.1 Project Flow Chart 41
3.2 Conceptual Model for Micro Hydropower
System for Simulation Purpose 43
3.3 Simulation Software Design Flow Chart 44
3.4 Examples of LABVIEW Front Panel 47
CHAPTER 4
4.1 Examples of LABVIEW 7.0 Tools for Controls and Indicators 50
4.2 Examples of Control Indicator Selection for Front Panel 50
4.3 Examples of Numeric Panel Selection for Block Diagram 52
4.4 Examples of Formula Selection Pane for Block Diagram 52
4.6 Complete Micro Hydropower Simulation System Block Diagram 55
4.7 Complete Micro Hydropower Simulation System Front Panel 56
CHAPTER 5
5.1 Flow Velocity for Different Flow Rates and Penstock Sizes 58
5.2 Graph for Head Vs Jet Velocity 59
ix
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGES
CHAPTER 2
2.1 Physical Characteristics of Common Materials 22
2.2 Jet Sizing Versus Head Available 24
CHAPTER 5
5.1 Flow Velocity for Different Size of Penstock and Flow Rate 58
5.2 Head Vs Jet Velocity 59
5.3 Flow Rate Vs Flow Velocity and Jet Velocity for Different Head 60
5.4 Flow Rate Vs Flow Velocity and Jet Velocity for Different Head 61
5.5 Design for Head 20m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 10 Inch 63
5.6 Design for Head 40m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 10 Inch 63
5.7 Design for Head 60m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 10 Inch 64
5.8 Design for Head 80m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 10 Inch 64
5.9 Design for Head 100m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 10 Inch 65
5.10 Design for Head 20m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 8 Inch 65
5.11 Design for Head 40m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 8 Inch 66
5.12 Design for Head 60m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 8 Inch 66
5.13 Design for Head 80m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 8 Inch 67
5.14 Design for Head 100m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 8 Inch 67
x
5.15 Design for Head 20m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 6 Inch 68
5.16 Design for Head 40m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 6 Inch 68
5.17 Design for Head 60m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 6 Inch 69
5.18 Design for Head 80m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 6 Inch 69
5.19 Design for Head 100m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 6 Inch 70
5.20 Design for Head 20m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 4 Inch 70
5.21 Design for Head 40m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 4 Inch 71
5.22 Design for Head 60m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 4 Inch 71
5.23 Design for Head 80m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 4 Inch 72
5.24 Design for Head 100m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 4 Inch 72
5.25 Design for Penstock 4 inch, Head 40m with 1 Nozzle 74
5.26 Design for Penstock 4 inch, Head 40m with 2 Nozzle 74
5.27 Design for Penstock 4 inch, Head 40m with 3 Nozzle 75
5.28 Design for Penstock 4 inch, Head 40m with 4 Nozzle 75
5.29 Flow rate Vs Runner Speed and Diameter 76
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter will be an overview of the micro hydropower system where
it consists of the project background and its objectives. Furthermore, the expected
outcomes and contribution will be explained, as well as the way of approaching the
project.
1.1 Project Overview
Micro hydropower system is a system that converts potential energy
when water flow from a higher to a lower level in the form of mechanical power and
change it into electrical power. Micro hydropower system was design to converts this
energy in the form of mechanical power using a turbine. This energy is turn into
electricity using a generator. The power from generator will be control using
electrical device before being distribute to the user. The power generates from the
system is proportional to the volume of water flowing, the head from it drops and
efficiency of overall system.
This project is intended to design a simulation system using simulation
software which is able to perform performance analysis for micro hydropower
system and reduce the overall error before implementing the system in actual
2
environment. The purpose of this project is to increase efficiency of the system and
implement the best system. Micro hydropower system has output range from 5 kW to
300kW and known as a system that is small, simple, easy to implement and
renewable. Micro hydropower system is design to be used on a small scale and it is
the most cost effective form of energy. For a comparison, the others renewable
energy sources such as wind and solar being implemented are being scaled up to
meet the community need and micro hydropower system is being scaled down to
residential size. That’s why efficiency of micro hydropower system is under
consideration.
A micro hydropower system consists of main parts such as a small dam,
intake weir, penstock, nozzle, turbine, electrical generator, drive systems and
optional equipment for generating electricity. This project is more focusing on
increasing and analyzing performance and efficiency of micro hydropower system
using a computer simulation system. All part and component are being analyzes and
all relevant parameters such as flow rate from the stream, gross head, head losses,
intake weir design, type of penstock, size of penstock, friction coefficient for the
penstock, thickness for the penstock, nozzle design, size of nozzle, nozzle range from
the turbine, nozzle angle, turbine design, turbine diameter, number of buckets, range
between buckets, turbine rotation per minute, type of generator, types for drive
system, ratio for drive systems, power control system, power output and power
distribution are being considered. This project also illustrates the basic technique in
designing the simulation system and how the input parameters can be manipulate in
the simulation system to analyze the output data. The simulation system is implement
using computer software that is available in the market.
3
1.2 Statements of Problems
There are several major problems in implementing micro hydropower
system. Important problem that occur in implementing micro hydropower system
such as time to develop the system, best design to implement the system, overall cost
to design the system and efficiency of overall system. There are a few design for
micro hydropower system that have been implemented in the actual situation does
not meet the requirement such as the electrical output from the system below the
expected output, system failure or damage after certain period of time and a lot of
time is needed to rebuild and redesign the system.
Problem also occurs when choosing parts or components for
implementing the best micro hydropower system including the intake weir, penstock,
nozzle, turbine, generator, and power distribution. There are a lot of equipments and
component from different manufacturer to implement the system that is available in
the market. All the different equipments and components have a different
specifications and performance rates. Actual behavior for the equipments and
components needs to be investigated at the real time before knowing the overall
efficiency factor to analyze the system.
A simulation system can be the best solution for the problem. Simulation
system can provide users an easiest way to come out the problems in implementing
the best system and reduce implementing down time and design errors.
4
1.3 Significant of Study
Aim and purpose of this project is to perform performance analysis of
micro hydropower system using a simulation software and gain knowledge and skills
to implement the system. This project also gives a better understanding of the actual
system and how to use computer simulation to perform the analysis. This project also
identifies the best and suitable design for implementing micro hydropower system.
The outcome of this project is a simulation system for performance
analysis of micro hydropower system, provides guidance to implement the system
and easier understanding in designing the system. This simulation will provides
performance comparison for different specifications of equipments and components
in implementing micro hydropower system.
This project was significant because performance analysis of micro
hydropower system can be done inside the computer before implementing in the real
situations. Performance analysis of a micro hydropower system can be done by
pointing or clicking the component and equipment parameters inside the simulation
software. Different system can easily be compare by changing the parameters inside
the simulation software.
5
1.4 Objectives
The main objective of this project is to develop simulation system that
can be used for performance analysis for micro hydropower system. In order to
achieve this, several objectives must be reached:
To study and investigates micro hydropower system that has been
implemented.
To gain knowledge about basic micro hydropower system.
To investigate the equipments and components characteristics in developing
micro hydropower system.
To learn the technology in developing micro hydropower system.
Design and develop micro hydropower simulation system for performance
analysis purpose.
Develop software Graphical User Interface (GUI) for simulation.
To introduce the best system that can be implemented from the performance
analysis.
6
1.5 Benefits of Project Implementation
This project is contribute for designing a more efficient micro
hydropower system by applying simulation data from analysis of the micro
hydropower system. This project will decrease overall implementing procedure
downtime and maximizing service availability for micro hydropower system. This
project will contribute for more efficient utilization of hardware and management
resources for micro hydropower system design.
The simulation software will provide an easy approach and useful tools
for the users for performance analysis of micro hydropower system. The simulation
system components will continue to operate in a long term sustainable and safe
manner. The system will minimally impact the environment because the simulation
system provide data performance and analysis by reducing the error and increase the
efficiency before implementing the system in the actual environment. Rather than
reduce the overall cost in implementing the actual system, it also can reduce the time
needed for implementing the whole system. The simulation system will meet
community needs and apply knowledge gained from the data analysis to all future
micro hydropower energy projects.
7
1.6 Expected Outcomes
The expected outcome from this project is a good simulation system for
implementing micro hydropower system and increase efficiency for the system. The
simulation system also expected to provide performance analysis for the best
equipments and components that can be used to implement the system such as the
intake weir design, penstock types and sizes, nozzle design, and turbine design to
implement the best micro hydropower system to reach the requirement. The
simulation system also expected to produce a good data and results to determine the
best system for power generation potential from water resources available for any
sites. This project also expected to provides guidance, reduce the expected error and
reduce the overall cost in implementing micro hydropower system in actual
environment.
1.7 Limitations and Assumptions
Limitations and assumption for this project that is under consideration is
difficult to obtain all the information or data that actually include in the actual system
or actual environment for the system such as the friction coefficient, power loss and
the efficiency coefficient for the equipment and component. The simulations
software will avoid all the small parameters or data in actual condition of a micro
hydropower system if the data being avoid by simulation system designer. All
parameters that include in the actual system need to be considered for implementing
the best simulation software.
8
1.8 Thesis Overview
Chapter 1 provides overview of this project and describes the significant
of implementing simulation system to do the performance analysis of micro
hydropower system. The problems in implementing micro hydropower system are
discussed and its solutions are explained. The benefits of the project implementation
are also discussed in this section.
Chapter 2 will explain the literature review and discuss more of the
system details and how the basic system is operating. It also explains the components
and equipments available in the market and technology that being used at this
moment. Components and equipments characteristic in developing micro
hydropower system is briefly explain in this chapter. This chapter also discusses the
best components and equipments to implement the micro hydropower system depend
on the resources energy available. This chapter investigates the components and
equipments, parts and their relations in making up the whole system that meet the
functional and performance. Parameters include in designing the simulation system
such as flow rate, flow velocity, intake weir, penstock, nozzle, turbine, generator and
power distribution also discusses in this chapter.
Chapter 3 explains the design methodology in order to complete this
project. Technique to design the simulation software is well defined in this chapter.
This chapter also explains the basic operation of the simulation system and the
software development for performance analysis of micro hydropower system.
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