mohammad hanafi bin salam bachelor of engineering with ... simulation of micro...menganalisa sistem...

PERFORMANCE SIMULATION

OF MICRO HYDROPOWER SYSTEM

Mohammad Hanafi Bin Salam

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

(Electronics and Computer Engineering)

2009

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

R13a

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS Judul: PERFORMANCE SIMULATION OF MICRO HYDROPOWER SYSTEM

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2009/2010

Saya MOHAMMAD HANAFI BIN SALAM

(HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk

tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. 4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini

sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 5. ** Sila tandakan ( ) di kotak yang berkenaan

SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan

Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).

TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/

badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh

(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

Alamat tetap: 27-A BUKIT RAMUN,

81040, KULAIJAYA, JOHOR D.T DR. AL-KHALID HAJI OTHMAN

Nama Penyelia

Tarikh: 12 APRIL 2010 Tarikh: 12 APRIL 2010

CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda.

** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai

SULIT dan TERHAD.

This Final Year Project attached here:

Title : PERFORMANCE SIMULATION OF MICRO HYDROPOWER SYSTEM

Student Name : Mohammad Hanafi bin Salam

Matric No : 17755

has been read and approved by:

__________________________ ______________________

Dr. Al-Khalid Haji Othman Date

(Supervisor)

PERFORMANCE SIMULATION OF MICRO HYDROPOWER SYSTEM

MOHAMMAD HANAFI BIN SALAM

Thesis is submitted to

Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering

with Honours (Electronic and Computer Engineering) 2010

Dedicated to my beloved family and friends

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project has been made possible as a result of the co-operation and

support rendered by several individuals. While it is impossible to list down all of

them, I am very grateful for their assistance.

Firstly, I would like to extend a very special note of appreciation to my

supportive Final Year Project supervisor, Dr. Al-Khalid Haji Othman who has put so

much effort in coordinating this project. I am thankful to his patience, advices,

comments and guidance throughout the course of this project. His patience and

guidance throughout this project is greatly appreciated.

I would also like to thank to lecturers in Electronic Department who have

offered their advice. Their advice and help was especially helpful in improving this

thesis. Grateful gratitude also dedicated to anyone who directly or indirectly helps in

making this project success.

Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends for all their love,

care, support and companion that had helped me in sailing through the many hard

days in lives and studies all these while. Thank you.

i

ABSTRACT

This thesis is intended to design and implementation of analysis of micro

hydropower system using computer simulation. Micro hydropower is a term used for

hydroelectric system that typically produces in the 5kW to 300kW range of power.

The concept in generating electricity from a potential of water flow has been around

for a long time. There are many hydro electric facilities around the world that have

been implemented. What is new is the idea that this concept will work on a smaller

scale. For a comparison, system for the other type of renewable energy or natural

resources such as wind and solar is being scale up but hydropower system is being

scale down to meets community needs. It is possible and very practical to look at

performance analysis of micro hydropower system using a computer simulation

before implementing it in the actual condition. This thesis will provide a basic

understanding of micro hydropower system development and how performance

simulation of the system can be done. The information will help to determine the

water potential, provide the various components necessary for a micro hydropower

system, and explain the basic differences between common micro hydropower

components and the best design for a micro hydropower system. This thesis also

provides a valuable insight about the technique in designing micro hydropower

system simulation. This thesis hopefully will be informative and enlightening.

ii

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk merekabentuk dan membina untuk

menganalisa sistem mikro hidro menggunakan simulasi komputer. Sistem mikro

hidro adalah terma yang digunakan bagi sistem hidroelektrik yang menjanakuasa

5kW hingga 300 kW. Konsep menjanakuasa elektrik daripada tenaga keupayaan air

yang mengalir telah lama wujud. Terdapat banyak fasiliti bagi hidroelektrik di

seluruh dunia yang telah di bangunkan. Apa yang baru adalah pembinaan pada skala

yang lebih kecil menggunakan konsep yang sama. Sebagai perbandingan, sistem

menggunakan tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui seperti angin dan solar dibangunkan

pada skala semakin besar manakala sistem hydro menjadi semakin kecil bagi

memenuhi keperluan manusia. Adalah sangat berguna dan sangat praktikal untuk

menganalisa keberkesanan sistem mikro hidro menggunakan simulasi komputer

sebelum sistem tersebut dibina di lokasi sebenar. Kajian ini menyediakan asas

pemahaman tentang pembangunan sistem mikro hidro dan simulasi komputer.

Maklumat tersebut akan membantu bagi menentukan potensi sumber air, pelbagai

komponen yang bersesuaian, menerangkan perbezaan antara komponen dan

rekabentuk terbaik bagi sistem mikro hidro. Kajian ini juga menyediakan maklumat

tentang teknik membangunkan sistem simulasi bagi sistem mikro hidro. Diharapkan

kajian ini mengandungi banyak maklumat dan menarik.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGE

ABSTRACT i

ABSTRAK ii

LIST OF CONTENTS iii

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLE ix

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Overview 1

1.2 Statement of Problems 3

1.3 Significant of study 4

1.4 Objectives 5

1.5 Benefits of Project Implementation 6

1.6 Expected Outcomes 7

1.7 Limitations and Assumptions 7

1.8 Thesis Overview 8

iv

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Elements in Micro Hydropower System 10

2.1.1 Analysis 10

2.1.2 Performance 11

2.1.3 System 11

2.1.4 Hydro 12

2.1.5 Flow 12

2.1.5.1 Container Fill Method 13

2.1.5.2 Float Method 14

2.1.5.3 Weir Method 15

2.1.6 Head 15

2.1.7 Power 17

2.2 Components in Micro Hydropower System 18

2.2.1 Small Dam 20

2.2.2 Intake Weir 21

2.2.3 Penstock 21

2.2.4 Nozzle 23

2.2.5 Water Turbines 25

2.2.6 Type of Turbines 27

2.2.6.1 Impulse Turbines 27

2.2.6.2 Reaction Turbines 29

2.2.6.3 Provision Filter 31

v

2.2.7 Drive System 32

2.2.8 Motor Generator 32

2.2.9 Control Device 35

2.2.10 Power Electronics 36

2.2.11 Electrical Outlet 36

2.3 Simulation System 37

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Design Methodology 40

3.2 Project Flow Chart 41

3.2.1 Project Flow Chart Description 42

3.3 Conceptual Model for Micro Hydropower Simulation System 43

3.4 Simulation System Design Flowchart 44

3.4.1 Block Diagram and Structure Designing 45

3.4.2 LABVIEW 7.0 Editing and Designing Architecture 45

3.4.3 Error Detection and Correction 47

3.4.4 Run Simulation 48

3.4.5 Simulation Analysis 48

vi

CHAPTER 4: SIMULATION SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 Micro Hydropower Simulation System Design 49

4.2 Micro Hydropower System Design Architecture 53

CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 Result and Analysis 57

5.2 Result for Flow Velocity using Different Penstocks and Flow Rates 58

5.3 Results for Jet velocity for different Value of Head Available 59

5.4 Complete Flow Velocity and Jet Velocity for Different Head 60

5.5 Result for Turbine Design for penstock 10 Inches 63

5.6 Results for Turbine Design for penstock 8 Inches 65

5.7 Turbine Design for penstock 6 Inches 68

5.8 Turbine Design for penstock 4 Inches 70

5.9 Results for Turbine Design for Different Number of Nozzles 74

5.10 Results for Runner Design for Head 40m 76

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 Conclusion 77

6.2 Recommendation 80

REFERENCES 83

APPENDIX 86

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGES

CHAPTER 2

2.1 Float Method to Measure Flow Rates 14

2.2 Head Measurements 15

2.3 Block Diagram for General Hydropower System 18

2.4 Micro Hydropower System 19

2.5 Intake Weir Design 26

2.6 Examples of Impulse Turbine System 28

2.7 Pelton Turbine and Water Jet Nozzle 28

2.8 Example of Propeller Turbines (Water-wheel). 30

2.9 Example of Over–shot Water Wheel 30

2.10 Example of Under-shot Water Wheel 31

2.11 Cut-away Section of Motor Generator 34

2.12 Example of Electronic Load Controller 35

2.13 Model Construction for Simulation System 38

viii

CHAPTER 3

3.1 Project Flow Chart 41

3.2 Conceptual Model for Micro Hydropower

System for Simulation Purpose 43

3.3 Simulation Software Design Flow Chart 44

3.4 Examples of LABVIEW Front Panel 47

CHAPTER 4

4.1 Examples of LABVIEW 7.0 Tools for Controls and Indicators 50

4.2 Examples of Control Indicator Selection for Front Panel 50

4.3 Examples of Numeric Panel Selection for Block Diagram 52

4.4 Examples of Formula Selection Pane for Block Diagram 52

4.6 Complete Micro Hydropower Simulation System Block Diagram 55

4.7 Complete Micro Hydropower Simulation System Front Panel 56

CHAPTER 5

5.1 Flow Velocity for Different Flow Rates and Penstock Sizes 58

5.2 Graph for Head Vs Jet Velocity 59

ix

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGES

CHAPTER 2

2.1 Physical Characteristics of Common Materials 22

2.2 Jet Sizing Versus Head Available 24

CHAPTER 5

5.1 Flow Velocity for Different Size of Penstock and Flow Rate 58

5.2 Head Vs Jet Velocity 59

5.3 Flow Rate Vs Flow Velocity and Jet Velocity for Different Head 60

5.4 Flow Rate Vs Flow Velocity and Jet Velocity for Different Head 61

5.5 Design for Head 20m, 1 Nozzle and Penstock 10 Inch 63










x











5.25 Design for Penstock 4 inch, Head 40m with 1 Nozzle 74




5.29 Flow rate Vs Runner Speed and Diameter 76

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter will be an overview of the micro hydropower system where

it consists of the project background and its objectives. Furthermore, the expected

outcomes and contribution will be explained, as well as the way of approaching the

project.

1.1 Project Overview

Micro hydropower system is a system that converts potential energy

when water flow from a higher to a lower level in the form of mechanical power and

change it into electrical power. Micro hydropower system was design to converts this

energy in the form of mechanical power using a turbine. This energy is turn into

electricity using a generator. The power from generator will be control using

electrical device before being distribute to the user. The power generates from the

system is proportional to the volume of water flowing, the head from it drops and

efficiency of overall system.

This project is intended to design a simulation system using simulation

software which is able to perform performance analysis for micro hydropower

system and reduce the overall error before implementing the system in actual

2

environment. The purpose of this project is to increase efficiency of the system and

implement the best system. Micro hydropower system has output range from 5 kW to

300kW and known as a system that is small, simple, easy to implement and

renewable. Micro hydropower system is design to be used on a small scale and it is

the most cost effective form of energy. For a comparison, the others renewable

energy sources such as wind and solar being implemented are being scaled up to

meet the community need and micro hydropower system is being scaled down to

residential size. That’s why efficiency of micro hydropower system is under

consideration.

A micro hydropower system consists of main parts such as a small dam,

intake weir, penstock, nozzle, turbine, electrical generator, drive systems and

optional equipment for generating electricity. This project is more focusing on

increasing and analyzing performance and efficiency of micro hydropower system

using a computer simulation system. All part and component are being analyzes and

all relevant parameters such as flow rate from the stream, gross head, head losses,

intake weir design, type of penstock, size of penstock, friction coefficient for the

penstock, thickness for the penstock, nozzle design, size of nozzle, nozzle range from

the turbine, nozzle angle, turbine design, turbine diameter, number of buckets, range

between buckets, turbine rotation per minute, type of generator, types for drive

system, ratio for drive systems, power control system, power output and power

distribution are being considered. This project also illustrates the basic technique in

designing the simulation system and how the input parameters can be manipulate in

the simulation system to analyze the output data. The simulation system is implement

using computer software that is available in the market.

3

1.2 Statements of Problems

There are several major problems in implementing micro hydropower

system. Important problem that occur in implementing micro hydropower system

such as time to develop the system, best design to implement the system, overall cost

to design the system and efficiency of overall system. There are a few design for

micro hydropower system that have been implemented in the actual situation does

not meet the requirement such as the electrical output from the system below the

expected output, system failure or damage after certain period of time and a lot of

time is needed to rebuild and redesign the system.

Problem also occurs when choosing parts or components for

implementing the best micro hydropower system including the intake weir, penstock,

nozzle, turbine, generator, and power distribution. There are a lot of equipments and

component from different manufacturer to implement the system that is available in

the market. All the different equipments and components have a different

specifications and performance rates. Actual behavior for the equipments and

components needs to be investigated at the real time before knowing the overall

efficiency factor to analyze the system.

A simulation system can be the best solution for the problem. Simulation

system can provide users an easiest way to come out the problems in implementing

the best system and reduce implementing down time and design errors.

4

1.3 Significant of Study

Aim and purpose of this project is to perform performance analysis of

micro hydropower system using a simulation software and gain knowledge and skills

to implement the system. This project also gives a better understanding of the actual

system and how to use computer simulation to perform the analysis. This project also

identifies the best and suitable design for implementing micro hydropower system.

The outcome of this project is a simulation system for performance

analysis of micro hydropower system, provides guidance to implement the system

and easier understanding in designing the system. This simulation will provides

performance comparison for different specifications of equipments and components

in implementing micro hydropower system.

This project was significant because performance analysis of micro

hydropower system can be done inside the computer before implementing in the real

situations. Performance analysis of a micro hydropower system can be done by

pointing or clicking the component and equipment parameters inside the simulation

software. Different system can easily be compare by changing the parameters inside

the simulation software.

5

1.4 Objectives

The main objective of this project is to develop simulation system that

can be used for performance analysis for micro hydropower system. In order to

achieve this, several objectives must be reached:

To study and investigates micro hydropower system that has been

implemented.

To gain knowledge about basic micro hydropower system.

To investigate the equipments and components characteristics in developing

micro hydropower system.

To learn the technology in developing micro hydropower system.

Design and develop micro hydropower simulation system for performance

analysis purpose.

Develop software Graphical User Interface (GUI) for simulation.

To introduce the best system that can be implemented from the performance

analysis.

6

1.5 Benefits of Project Implementation

This project is contribute for designing a more efficient micro

hydropower system by applying simulation data from analysis of the micro

hydropower system. This project will decrease overall implementing procedure

downtime and maximizing service availability for micro hydropower system. This

project will contribute for more efficient utilization of hardware and management

resources for micro hydropower system design.

The simulation software will provide an easy approach and useful tools

for the users for performance analysis of micro hydropower system. The simulation

system components will continue to operate in a long term sustainable and safe

manner. The system will minimally impact the environment because the simulation

system provide data performance and analysis by reducing the error and increase the

efficiency before implementing the system in the actual environment. Rather than

reduce the overall cost in implementing the actual system, it also can reduce the time

needed for implementing the whole system. The simulation system will meet

community needs and apply knowledge gained from the data analysis to all future

micro hydropower energy projects.

7

1.6 Expected Outcomes

The expected outcome from this project is a good simulation system for

implementing micro hydropower system and increase efficiency for the system. The

simulation system also expected to provide performance analysis for the best

equipments and components that can be used to implement the system such as the

intake weir design, penstock types and sizes, nozzle design, and turbine design to

implement the best micro hydropower system to reach the requirement. The

simulation system also expected to produce a good data and results to determine the

best system for power generation potential from water resources available for any

sites. This project also expected to provides guidance, reduce the expected error and

reduce the overall cost in implementing micro hydropower system in actual

environment.

1.7 Limitations and Assumptions

Limitations and assumption for this project that is under consideration is

difficult to obtain all the information or data that actually include in the actual system

or actual environment for the system such as the friction coefficient, power loss and

the efficiency coefficient for the equipment and component. The simulations

software will avoid all the small parameters or data in actual condition of a micro

hydropower system if the data being avoid by simulation system designer. All

parameters that include in the actual system need to be considered for implementing

the best simulation software.

8

1.8 Thesis Overview

Chapter 1 provides overview of this project and describes the significant

of implementing simulation system to do the performance analysis of micro

hydropower system. The problems in implementing micro hydropower system are

discussed and its solutions are explained. The benefits of the project implementation

are also discussed in this section.

Chapter 2 will explain the literature review and discuss more of the

system details and how the basic system is operating. It also explains the components

and equipments available in the market and technology that being used at this

moment. Components and equipments characteristic in developing micro

hydropower system is briefly explain in this chapter. This chapter also discusses the

best components and equipments to implement the micro hydropower system depend

on the resources energy available. This chapter investigates the components and

equipments, parts and their relations in making up the whole system that meet the

functional and performance. Parameters include in designing the simulation system

such as flow rate, flow velocity, intake weir, penstock, nozzle, turbine, generator and

power distribution also discusses in this chapter.

Chapter 3 explains the design methodology in order to complete this

project. Technique to design the simulation software is well defined in this chapter.

This chapter also explains the basic operation of the simulation system and the

software development for performance analysis of micro hydropower system.

mohammad hanafi bin salam bachelor of engineering with ... simulation of micro...menganalisa sistem...

Documents