minggu 1 pengenalan_overview anatomy_system (e)
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Human Body:
An Overview
IPG Kampus Perempuan MelayuPJM3106 (PJ ELEKTIF)
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomythe study of the structure of body parts
and their relationships to one another
Gross or macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental
Physiologythe study of the function of the bodys
structural machinery
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Gross Anatomy
Regionalall structures in one part of the body
(such as the abdomen or leg)
Systemicgross anatomy of the body studied by
system
Surfacestudy of internal structures as they relateto the overlying skin
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Microscopic Anatomy
Cytologystudy of the cell
Histologystudy of tissues
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Developmental Anatomy
Traces structural changes throughout life
Embryologystudy of developmental changes of
the body before birth
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Specialized Branches of Anatomy
Pathological anatomystudy of structural changes
caused by disease
Radiographic anatomystudy of internal structures
visualized by X ray
Molecular biologystudy of anatomical structuresat a subcellular level
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Physiology
Considers the operation of specific organ systems
Renalkidney function
Neurophysiologyworkings of the nervous system
Cardiovascularoperation of the heart and blood
vessels
Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the
cellular or molecular level
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Physiology
Understanding physiology also requires a
knowledge of physics, which explains electrical
currents, blood pressure, and the way muscle uses
bone for movement
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Levels of Structural Organization
Chemicalatoms combined to form molecules
Cellularcells are made of molecules
Tissueconsists of similar types of cells
Organmade up of different types of tissues
Organ systemconsists of different organs that
work closely together
Organismalmade up of the organ systems
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Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
1
2
3
4
Cellular level
Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of
cells
5 Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different organs
that work together closely
Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues
6 Organismal level
The human organism is
made up of many organ
systems
Atoms
Molecules
Smooth m uscle cel l
Smooth
muscle
t issue
Connectivetissue
Smoothmuscletissue
Epithelialtissue
Bloodvessel
(organ)
Heart
Blood
vessels
Cardiovascular
system
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
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Organ Systems of the Body
Integumentary system
Forms the external body covering
Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands,
hair, and nails
Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizesvitamin D
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Organ Systems of the Body
Skeletal system
Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
Protects and supports body organs
Provides the framework for muscles
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ Systems of the Body
Muscular system
Composed of muscles and tendons
Allows manipulation of the environment,
locomotion, and facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ Systems of the Body
Nervous system
Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
Is the fast-acting control system of the body
Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and
glands
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ Systems of the Body
Cardiovascular system
Composed of the heart and blood vessels
The heart pumps blood
The blood vessels transport blood throughout the
body
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ Systems of the Body
Lymphatic system
Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen,
lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and
returns it to blood
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
Houses white blood cells involved with immunity
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ Systems of the Body
Respiratory system
Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea,bronchi, and lungs
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes
carbon dioxide
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ Systems of the Body
Digestive system
Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, andliver
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter
the blood
Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ Systems of the Body
Urinary system
Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and
urethra
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the
blood
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ Systems of the Body
Male reproductive system
Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum,
and ductus deferens
Main function is the production of offspring
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female
reproductive tract
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ Systems of the Body
Female reproductive system
Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine
tubes, uterus, and vagina
Main function is the production of offspring
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization
and development of the fetus
Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the
newborn
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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ Systems Interrelationships
The integumentary system protects the body from
the external environment Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with
the external environment, take in nutrients and
oxygen
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