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Crop diversification was introduced

during the Second Malaysia Plan,

phasing out rubber in favour of oil

palm.

Second Malaysia PlanFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Second Malaysia Plan (In Malay language:Rancangan

alaysia Kedua) was an economic development plan

introduced by the government of Malaysia with the goal ofimplementing the Malaysian New Economic Policy (NEP). It

lasted from 1971 to 1975 and aimed to "restructure" the

society of Malaysia and reduce Malaysian Chinese and

foreign dominance in the economy of Malaysia so as to

improve the economic position of the Malays.[1] It was the

successor to the First Malaysia Plan, which was also intended

to specifically tackle the problem of poverty among the

Malays. However, the First Malaysia Plan had limited

success, which may have been a factor in the May 13

Incident in 1969 when race riots broke out in Kuala Lumpur.

The Second Malaysia Plan was regarded by some as

excessive in its zeal to increase Malay participation in the

economy, and the government accordingly scaled back the

emphasis on restructuring the economy when the plan ended.

Contents

1 Background

2 Economic restructuring 3 Industrialisation

4 Mining 5 Agriculture

6 Health 7 Education 8 Transportation

9 Legacy 10 See also

11 Notes 12 References

Background

Although the Malays have nearly always comprised a majority of the Malaysian population, their

economic power has rarely been commensurate. In 1970, the Bumiputra controlled only 1.9% of the

Malaysian economy, while the non-Malays (mostly Chinese) held 37.4%, with the rest in foreign

hands.[2] Due to this wide disparity, Article 153 of the Constitution requires the government to set

quotas for the dispensation of scholarships, employment in the civil service, etc. targeted at

improving the economic status of the Malays.

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However, the First Malaysia Planwhose approach had been dependent on the Malays "availing

themselves of these facilities and services and putting them to good use"failed in addressing the

economic imbalance.[3]

Its policies also resulted in discontent among the non-Malays, who mostly

supported the opposition parties that favoured reducing or eliminating affirmative action for the

Bumiputra in the 1969 general election. A victory parade held on May 12 by supporters of the

opposition led to a retaliatory rally on May 13 by the United Malays National Organisation

(UMNO), a major party in the governing Alliance coalition. However, the rally soon turned into ariot which lasted two days. Officially, around 200 people diedalthough others have given much

larger estimateswith thousands left homeless, the majority of them Chinese. A state of emergency

was declared, and Parliament was suspended. The National Operations Council (NOC) governed

until 1971, when Parliament reconvened.[4]

The Second Malayan Five Year Plan (1961 1965) was an economic development plan launched

by the government of Malaya, and continued by the government of Malaysia (a new nation

comprising Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak). This plan followed the First Malayan Five Year

Plan, which ran from 1956 to 1960. The Second Malayan Five Year Plan increased expenditure for

the development of agriculture and rural areas. Funding was markedly increased for landdevelopment schemes, physical infrastructure, and social services. The Plan's stated objective was

"to provide facilities and opportunities for the rural population to improve its level of economic and

social wellbeing." Some have attributed the greater expenditure of the Plan to the governing Alliance

political coalition's political woes; the coalition had only narrowly won the 1959 general elections

due to discontent among the rural Malay electorate over the lack of economic progress. [5]

While it held the reins of power, the NOC set out the NEP, with the ultimate aim of eradicating

poverty and eliminating "the identification of race with economic function" through a "rapidly

expanding economy"; the NEP aimed for a Bumiputra share of 30% of the economy within 20 years.[6] The Outline Perspective Plan was also approved, with similar goals to the NEP. Both the NEP and

the Outline Perspective Plan were set to expire in 1990, and the Second Malaysia Plan was passed by

Parliament to implement the goals of these policies.[7]

Economic restructuring

The Second Malaysia Plan stepped up government involvement in the economy, with the main goal

of increasing Malay economic interests, especially in the areas of manufacturing and mining.[8]

In

order to avoid directly hurting Chinese economic interests, the plan focused on huge economic

growth, with the goal of expanding both the Malay and non-Malay shares of the economy in absolute

terms, while increasing the Malay share in relative terms as well.

[9]

A sum of M$7.25 billion in total was allocated for the Second Malaysia Plan. Although this

constituted a decrease from the First Malaysia Plan's allocation of M$10.5 billion, the Second

Malaysia Plan hoped to achieve greater reduction in poverty and increase the involvement of the

Malays in the private sector by imposing certain restrictions on private firms that would benefit

Malay employment and economic ownership.[10]

At the time the plan was announced, the non-Malays had, in the words of one commentator, "a

virtual monopoly of private industrial and commercial employment", and were concentrated in the

urban areas. However, foreign interests controlled most modern industries, including manufacturing,

banking, finance, rubber, and tin. The Malays were largely involved in rural occupations such as ricefarming, fishing, tending to rubber or oil palm smallholdings, and so on. They were conspicuously

absent from even minor white collar jobs, such as clerical work, and only in the civil service, where




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At the beginning of the Second

Malaysia Plan, the private sector

employed mostly Malaysian Chinese;

however, they had no real ownership

stake in modern industries.

they were guaranteed 80% of all government jobs, were they present in the upper portion of the

hierarchy. Most members of some professions, such as medicine and law, were non-Malay.

Ironically, government policies, such as those set out by Article 153, appeared to hinder Malay

involvement in the private sector by giving them preference in only the public sector.

Unemployment among all races was also rampant, largely due to poor education, with about 70% of

the 275,000 unemployed in 1970 being aged between 15 and 25 years. It was all this that the NEP

and the Second Malaysia Plan set out to change.[11]

Industrialisation

Several government agencies that had been established prior to the advent of the Second Malaysia

Plan increased their participation in the economy during the Second Malaysia Plan. These agencies

included the Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA) and Majlis Amanah Rakyat

(MARA). Several more were also established under the plan, including the Perbadanan Nasional

(PERNAS, or the National Trading Corporation), State Economic Development Corporation and the

Urban Development Authority (UDA).[12]

PERNAS was established to purchase businesses and

participate in joint ventures with private companies, as well

as to develop nascent industries to be held in trust until the

Malays held sufficient capital to take them over. By the end

of the plan's tenure, PERNAS owned 100% of eight

companies involved in insurance, trading, construction,

properties, engineering, securities, and mining. Joint ventures

had also been formed with the private sector to develop the

mining, containerisation, tourism and consulting industries.[12]

Parliament passed the Industrial Coordination Act during the

Second Malaysia Plan, which required all new manufacturing

enterprises with RM100,000, or twenty-five or more workers,

to be licensed by the Minister of Trade and Industry. To

obtain such a licence, each firm had to meet certain

conditions set by the Ministry, which could vary. Malaysian

Chinese manufacturers were concerned about the act, as they

had operated with minimal control from the government

before. Nevertheless, the government stated the act was not

meant to be detrimental towards any group, and went ahead

with its implementation. Under the act, firms were divided

into three categories: firms approved after 1 January 1972,

firms approved before then, and firms operating without

approval from the Ministry. All firms subject to the act were

required to submit a proposal to the Ministry stating how they planned to achieve the long-term

target of achieving 30% Malay and 70% non-Malay Malaysian ownership in the company. Proposals

that were accepted then became the guidelines for how the relevant company would operate.[13]

Until the Second Malaysia Plan, industry was concentrated on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

The plan thus moved to establish new industrial estates on the east coast, in order to curb rural-urbanmigrationthe east coast was considerably less urbanised than the west coast. [14]




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By 1975, manufacturing activities constituted 16% of the Malaysian Gross Domestic Product (GDP),

one per cent short of the target of the Second Malaysia Plan. Manufacturing grew negligibly in 1975,

attributed by the government to the global recession that year. This contrasted with the 15% growth

achieved in 1974, which well exceeded the target of 12.5% growth per year during the Second

Malaysia Plan. Food, wood products, and chemical products made up the majority of the

manufacturing sector. The substantial growth in manufacturing during this period has been attributed

to the government's establishment of free trade zones, where any goods brought in would not besubject to customs duties, and goods could be freely exported abroad or transferred to another free

trade zone. In 1974, such zones were declared in the states of Penang, Selangor, and Malacca. The

industries located in these zones were mostly electronics-, rubber product- and textile-based.[15]

Mining

Until the late 1970s, Malaysia was the world's foremost producer of tin, supplying roughly 40% of

the non-communist world's tin. Nevertheless, tin reserves were declining; mining's contribution to

the GDP was projected to fall 13% over the course of the Second Malaysia Plan, due to the

exhaustion of tin and iron reserves. However, bauxite and copper continued to contribute to themining sector in the early 1970s. Malay participation in the mining sector was minimal, and as much

as 70% of the industry remained under foreign control.[16] This was a legacy of the British colonial

era; many British firms, which had arrived in the 19th century to exploit Malaysian mineral

resources, had not departed yet. Malay participation in the mining sectorespecially in tinwas

further hampered by the British tendency in the 19th century to bring in cheap Chinese labour; most

of those employed in mining were still Chinese as late as 1970.[8][17]

Petroleum or crude oil began to significantly contribute to the Malaysian economy in the 1970s, as

new oil rigs and refineries were set up. By 1975, total production of crude oil stood at 90,000 barrels

per day (14,000 m3

/d), most of it produced by Shell. In 1974, the exclusive right to own, explore andexploit petroleum in Malaysia was vested in the government enterprise of Petronas. The following

year, Petronas was granted sole rights over the marketing and distribution of all petroleum products

and a provision to control other companies without taking an ownership stake in them, through the

issuance of management shares to Petronas.[18]

The number of Malays employed in the mining sector soared from 1970 onwards, as the

government's restructuring policies came into force. When the Second Malaysia Plan began, less

than 200,000 Malays were employed in the mining industry. By 1990, they numbered nearly a

million, well ahead of the target numbers originally outlined.[19] Licences for mining operations were

specially reserved for Malays as part of the drive to increase their ownership level in the miningindustry.[20] The government also ostensibly increased Bumiputra ownership by nationalising several

formerly foreign mining companiesby 1989, state corporations controlled 60% of the mining

industry.[21] The government was also aided by the fact that petroleum soon eclipsed other minerals

in the mining sectoras Petronas was a state-owned corporation, it was also considered a Bumiputra

enterprise. However, the government has been criticised for this practice, as it is argued nationalised

corporations belong to the public at large, and not only to the Bumiputra.[22]

Agriculture

The Second Malaysia Plan continued the initiatives that previous five year plans, such as the FirstMalayan Five Year Plan, had taken. Although expenditure on other development increased

substantially, by about M$1 million, funding for rural development was also increased. The Second




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Malaysia Plan focused on diversifying crops grown in Malaysia; the 1974 Green Book Program

aimed to make Malaysia self-sufficient in food production by encouraging farmers to grow

vegetables, such as long beans, chilies, etc., and rear livestockthe Veterinary Department going as

far as to distribute cattle. Fertilisers, seedlings, insecticides and herbicides were subsidised. Double-

cropping of rice was encouraged, so farmers could harvest twice in one year and effectively double

their output.[23][24][25] The Farmers' Organization Authority was established in 1973 with the goal of

coordinating agricultural cooperatives, farmers' associations, and government agricultural agencies.[26]

Growth in small-scale agriculture was viewed as crucial to creating jobs and reducing rural poverty,

and government agencies such as FELDA (the Federal Land Development Authority) vastly

increased the scope and size of their development programs. RISDA (the Rubber Industries

Smallholder Development Agency) was given the task of diversifying smallholder estates; RISDA

set itself the ambitious goal of developing 150,000 acres (610 km2) during the Second Malaysia

Plan. The main aim was to diversify into palm oil through the planting of oil palms. The Malaysian

economy relied heavily on rubber at the timeat its peak, Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia) alone

produced more than half of the world's rubber. However, the Great Depression, which depressedrubber prices, greatly set back the Malayan economy. The Malaysian government thus aimed to avert

another incident by diversifying the agriculture sector. However, RISDA overreached itself in

attempting to so quickly reappropriate land; by the end of the Second Malaysia Plan, only 40,000

acres (160 km2) had been developed, with only half this number comprising oil palm estates.[27][28]

The land development and resettlement policies instituted by the government, however, failed to

make an impact on rural poverty. The government managed to resettle only 40,000 people, despite

an estimated 535,000 families engaged in agriculture living below the poverty level. Due to

inefficiencies in the program, the beneficiaries of resettlement and development were not always

those with the greatest need. It was also alleged by some that there had been too much emphasis on

the difficult process of resettlement and development of new areas, instead of increasing productivityin existing farms. Matters were complicated by the Constitution, which gave the states much control

over land development, and thus requiring the federal government to negotiate with individual state

governments. Non-Malay rural families also did not benefit much due to this, as the Constitution

reserved portions of land for the Malays, and state governments were not anxious to receive destitute

non-Malays.[29]

Although the Second Malaysia Plan greatly modernised the "rice bowl" states of Kedah and Perlis

virtually eliminating the water buffalo by replacing it with tractorsmost smallholders and

individual farmers did not benefit technology-wise. In the corporate agriculture sector, the Malays

held only a 0.3% stake, as opposed to 70.8% held by foreign interests. In the noncorporate sector, theMalays held 47.1%. Due to limited capital, many Malays were still engaged in "lower productivity

activities" as the Second Malaysia Plan ended.[30]

Health

The Second Malaysia Plan continued past initiatives in raising nutritional levels through a number of

programs. These included incentives to grow nutritious food, instruction in nutrition and menu

planning, and provision of food for groups with the highest rates of malnutrition. However, these

programs were hindered by a lack of trained medical personnel.[31]




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Although family planning was established as a national goal in 1964, efforts during the Second

Malaysia Plan to promote it were hampered by government neglect. Much of the success achieved

by the National Family Planning Board occurred during the years of the First Malaysia Plan (1966

1970). The Second Malaysia Plan hoped to add 600,000 new users of family planning techniques,

but the facilities and personnel provided were inadequate. The topic was viewed as rather sensitive

by the government, and thus family planning was mostly ignored.[32] Ironically, in 1984 Malaysian

Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad effectively eliminated family planning as a governmentpolicy by announcing the National Population Policy, which targeted a 70 million population by

2100up from 12.6 million in 1984.[33]

Education

Although education was mostly sidelined in favour of socieconomic restructuring programs during

the Second Malaysia Plan, some important initiatives were taken during its tenure.[34]

In 1970,

Malay, the national language, became the major medium of instruction from primary to tertiary

level, replacing English. British standardised examinations were replaced with local ones, and new

Malay-language textbooks were introduced. By the end of the plan, most formerly English-based

schools had converted the first four years of instruction entirely to the new Malay-medium

curriculum.[35]

In 1973, the Curriculum Development Centre was established. Its goal was to coordinate projects to

reform the curriculum that had previously been handled by varying government departments. It also

began revamping the curriculum for science and mathematics, and began a new program to review

the various social science curricula.[36]

The Second Malaysia Plan also hoped to increase the availability of vocational and technical

training. Despite some attempts, little progress was made in improving the curriculum, whichfocused on providing a general education and made little room for vocational or technical training.

Several new technical and vocational schools were built under the Second Malaysia Plan, with seven

institutions alone completed in 1975. It was hoped this would alleviate the problem of

unemployment, especially among the youth.[37]

Transportation

The Second Malaysia Plan aimed to modernise Malaysian railroads, which the government regarded

as crucial to development and industry. All trains were converted to use the more efficient diesel

fuel, and the government increased allocations for maintenance and modernisation of the railinfrastructure. In particular, emphasis was placed on upgrading existing rolling stock, roadbeds, and

repair facilities.[38]

Air service was expanded under the plan, which paid for the purchase of all-weather and night traffic

control equipment, as well as the training of staff to handle the equipment. The Second Malaysia

Plan also saw Malaysia-Singapore Airlines split into the Malaysia Airline System (MAS) and

Singapore Airlines (SIA).[39]




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The Second Malaysia Plan also saw the introduction of containerisation in Malaysia to better

facilitate transportation. The plan called for the establishment of a national haulage company to

handle inland transport; in August 1971, Kontena Nasional Berhad (National Containers Limited)

was established by the government. In December, M.V. Benavon became the first container vessel to

dock in Malaysia, at the North Terminal of Port Klang in Selangor.[40]

At the time of the Second Malaysia Plan, there were only two sea ports in Malaysia; one in Penang,and one in Klang. The plan called for the construction of two new ports, both in peninsular Malaysia;

one would be in Johor, and another would be in Kuantan, a major town in Pahang. The two main

objectives of these projects were to meet increasing demand for sea transportation of freight, and to

bring development to underdeveloped states. Johor Port was completed in 1977, while Kuantan Port

began full operations in 1984.[41]

Legacy

At the end of the Second Malaysia Plan, the poverty rate was found to have declined from 49% to

43%. Unemployment improved slightly, decreasing from 7.5% to 7.4%. Great strides were made inincreasing Bumiputra involvement in the private sector, however; the employment rate of Bumiputra

in the manufacturing sector increased from 29% to 33%, and from 24% to 34% in the commercial

sector. Bumiputra equity ownership more than doubled from 3% to 7.8%. However, this was

considered unsatisfactory by many, especially as much of the progress had been made by

government enterprises holding the equity in trust.[42] Although the plan had initially targeted a GDP

growth rate of 12.5% a year, only an average of 11% was managed. The growth was extremely

uneven; while in 1973 GDP grew by 27%, in 1975, it grew a paltry 3% due to the global recession at

the time.[43] Despite the government's efforts to tackle unemployment, creating 600,000 new jobs

during the Second Malaysia Plan, the number of unemployed actually increased between 1970 and

1975; in 1970, there were 275,000 unemployed, but by 1975, the number stood at 324,000.[44]

The Second Malaysia Plan was also forced to confront an unexpected problem: inflation. Between

1972 and 1975, the consumer price index (CPI) unexpectedly increased by 40%. In 1974, the

inflation rate averaged 18%, although it was reduced to 7% by 1975.[45] This new conundrum was

therefore considered by the government when it set out the Third Malaysia Plan (19761980).

Another overarching consequence of the Second Malaysia Plan was its efforts in crop diversification.

Despite RISDA failing to meet its targets, the palm oil industry in Malaysia continued to grow. By

1998, palm oil was the second-largest contributor towards Malaysia's GDP, second only to

electronics products.[46]

Overall, the Second Malaysia Plan made much more substantial progress towards reducing the

inequity in the economy than its predecessor had. However, the emphasis on improving the lot of the

Malays greatly worried the non-Malays, and when the Third Malaysia Plan was launched, the

government toned down its rhetoric on affirmative action and emphasised greater economic growth,

which would benefit all.[9]

See also

First Malaysia Plan Malaysian New Economic Policy




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Notes

1. ^ Shuid, Mahdi & Yunus, Mohd. Fauzi (2001). Malaysian Studies, p. 85. Longman. ISBN 983-74-2024-

3.2. ^ Henderson, John William, Vreeland, Nena, Dana, Glenn B., Hurwitz, Geoffrey B., Just, Peter, Moeller,

Philip W. & Shinn, R.S. (1977).Area Handbook for Malaysia, p. 323. American University, Washington

D.C., Foreign Area Studies. LCCN 771294.3. ^ Henderson, et al., pp. 147149, 322.

4. ^ Means, Gordon P. (1991).Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation, pp. 79. Oxford UniversityPress. ISBN 0-19-588988-6.

5. ^ Henderson, John William, Vreeland, Nena, Dana, Glenn B., Hurwitz, Geoffrey B., Just, Peter, Moeller,Philip W. & Shinn, R.S. (1977).Area Handbook for Malaysia, p. 293. American University, Washington

D.C., Foreign Area Studies. LCCN 771294.6. ^ Means, p. 24.

7. ^ Henderson, et al., p. 294.

8. ^ a b Henderson, et al., p. 324.

9. ^ a b Henderson, et al., p. 6.

10. ^ Shuid & Yunus, p. 86, 87.

11. ^ Henderson, et al., pp. 37, 9092.12. ^

a bHenderson, et al., p. 322.

13. ^ Henderson, et al., pp. 323, 325.

14. ^ Henderson, et al., p. 325.15. ^ Henderson, et al., pp. 331332, 339.

16. ^ Henderson, et al., pp. 325, 327.

17. ^ Mispari, Masariah binti, Abdul Wahab, Johara binti & Hasan, Ridzuan bin (2003). Sejarah Tingkatan2, pp. 141, 142. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ISBN 983-62-7831-1.

18. ^ Henderson, et al., pp. 329, 331.19. ^ Snodgrass, Donald R. (1991). "Successful Economic Development in a Multi-Ethnic Society: The

Malaysian Case" (http://www.cid.harvard.edu/hiid/503.pdf). Retrieved February 17, 2006.20. ^ Heng, Pek Koon (1997). "The New Economic Policy and the Chinese Community in Peninsular

Malaysia" (http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Periodicals/De/pdf/97_03_03.pdf). The DevelopingEconomies XXXV-3: 262292. Retrieved December 21, 2011.

21. ^ Aslam, Mohamed & Hassan, Asan Ali Golam (2003). "DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND

REGIONAL IMBALANCES INMALAYSIA" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070929050311/http://www.cassey.com/fea2003-5.pdf).

Retrieved February 17, 2006.22. ^ Kamarudin, Raja Petra (March 22, 2005). "The need for a marriage

counsellor" (http://web.archive.org/web/20071218062116/http://www.malaysia-today.net/loonyMY/2005_03_22_MT_loonyMY_archive.htm).Malaysia Today.

23. ^ Kamil, Nik Fuad, Alwi, Syed Abdillah & Singh, Mukhtiar (1996)."MALAYSIA" (http://www.avrdc.org/pdf/dynamics/Malaysia.pdf). Retrieved February 16, 2006.

24. ^ Butz, William & DaVanzo, Julie (1998). "First Malaysian Family Life Survey, 1976

1977" (http://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/vanneman/socy699J/mfls1smp.pdf). Retrieved February 16, 2006.25. ^ Mohd. Arshad, Fatimah & Shamsudin, Mad Nasir (1997). "Rural Development Model in

Malaysia" (http://www.econ.upm.edu.my/~fatimah/rural.pdf). Retrieved February 16, 2006.26. ^ Henderson, et al., pp. 307, 308.

27. ^ Henderson, et al., p. 309, 311.28. ^ Mispari, Abdul Wahab & Hasan, p. 131, 133.

29. ^ Henderson, et al., pp. 311312.30. ^ Henderson, et al., p. 313.

31. ^ Henderson, et al., p. 36.32. ^ Henderson, et al., p. 35, 36.

33. ^ Chin, Christine B.N. (1998). "In Service and

Servitude" (http://www.ciaonet.org/book/chin/chin06.html). Retrieved February 15, 2006.

34. ^ Henderson, et al., p. 165.35. ^ Henderson, et al., p. 171.36. ^ Henderson, et al., p. 170.




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37. ^ Henderson, et al., pp. 169170, 174.38. ^ Henderson, et al., p. 29.

39. ^ Henderson, et al., pp. 2930.40. ^ Tengku Mahmud Shah Al-haj, Tengku Jamaluddin Bin (2003). "LIBERALIZATION OF THE

CONTAINER HAULAGE INDUSTRY IN

MALAYSIA" (http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TPTS_pubs/bulletin73/bulletin73_ch4.pdf).Retrieved February 17, 2006.

41. ^ Bajpai, Nirupam & Shastri, Vanita (1999). "Port Development in Tamil Nadu: Lessons from ChineseProvinces" (http://www.cid.harvard.edu/hiid/731.pdf). Retrieved February 17, 2006.

42. ^ Henderson, et al., pp. 295296.43. ^ Henderson, et al., p. 285.

44. ^ Henderson, et al., p. 37.45. ^ Henderson, et al., p. 150.

46. ^ "Crude Palm Oil Futures" (http://www.mdex.com.my/education/educpof.htm). Retrieved February 16,

2006.

References

Henderson, John William, Vreeland, Nena, Dana, Glenn B., Hurwitz, Geoffrey B., Just, Peter,Moeller, Philip W. & Shinn, R.S. (1977).Area Handbook for Malaysia. American University,

Washington D.C., Foreign Area Studies. LCCN 771294.

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