wtw utusan borneo sarawak final

7/29/2019 WtW Utusan Borneo Sarawak Final

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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: UTUSAN BORNEO SARAWAK

15/08/13

Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures

Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at:

[email protected] 523 4575

or

Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer

Centre for Independent [email protected]

03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx


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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for UTUSAN BORNEO SARAWAK..........................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.

Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10

Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12

2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14

2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18

2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative

Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20

Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23

Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25

.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

2 UTUSAN BORNEO SARAWAK


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Executive Summary of Key Results for UTUSAN BORNEOSARAWAK

Introduction

Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.

But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?

The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.

The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.

Key Results

In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Utusan Borneo Sarawak, we found the followingtrends:

(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was skewed heavily towards

BN.

PR were attacked (69.66%) and covered negatively (59.38%) more then BN, with BNreceiving more positive coverage (87.36%).

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used the most often (54%), followed by the positive category (32%).

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures

Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about? The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was skewed

towards BN (61%).

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used the most often (54%), followed by the positive category (34%).

However, of the non-neutral material, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR,while BN was given the most positive coverage.

Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?

Taib Mahmud and Najib Razak were used as sources most often.



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Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (54%) than both PR politicians (13%)and independent/other political figures (33%).

Taib Mahmud and Najib Razak) were first and second most commonly engaged in attackpolitics.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often (76%) than either

opposition politicians or independents/others.

(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.

The Non-Policy Issue of Economy & Development was the most covered issue overall.



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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

BN received the most coverage (51.69%), followed by DAP, PKR, PR, then SUPP..

Refer to Table 1 for figures.


BN

DAPPKR

PR

SUPP

Other

PAS

PBB

SPDP

UMNO

PRS

MCA

MIC

Gerakan

PRM

PBS

PSM

SAPP

UPKO

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

51.69

9.507.08

6.35

6.35

5.65

5.36

2.88

2.50

1.26

0.78

0.17

0.12

0.10

0.07

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.00

Volume


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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coveragededicated to each major coalition was skewed heavily towards BN.



BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

65.89

28.29

0.17

5.65

Volume


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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used the most often (54%), followed by the positive category (32%).


6%9%

54%

32%Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive


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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN were the most negatively covered (24.15%), followed by DAP (17.61%) then PAS(15.34%).

PR were the most attacked (37.61%), followed by Others (17.52%), DAP (17.09%), PAS(9.83%), then BN (7.69%).



BN

DAP

PAS

PR

PKR

SUPPOther

UMNO

SPDP

PRS

MCA

PBB

Gerakan

MIC

PBS

PRM

PSM

SAPP

UPKO

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN received the most positive (80.05%) coverage by a very significant margin.



BN

DAP

SUPP

PKR

Other

PASPBB

PR

SPDP

PRS

UMNO

MCA

MIC

PRM

Gerakan

PBS

PSM

SAPP

UPKO

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were attacked (69.66%) and covered negatively (59.38%) more then BN, withBN receiving more positive coverage (87.36%).

Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PRTonal

Weighting

Positive 1 : 0.12 32%Neutral 1 : 0.46 54%

Negative 1 : 1.63 9%

Attacked 1 : 5.43 6%


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

12.82

36.36

63.79

87.36

69.66

59.38

29.19

10.25

17.52

4.26

7.01

2.39

Coverage Volume


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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.

Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion(35.76%), followed by Taib Mahmud (10.54%) then Anwar Ibrahim (10.4%).

Refer to Table 5 for full figures.


Najib Razak

Taib Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

Alfred Jabu

Yong Teck Lee

Chong Chieng Jen

Lim Guan Eng

Nik Aziz

William Mawan

Lim Kit Siang

Baru Bian

Wong Soon Koh

Karpal Singh

Wong Ho Leng

Rosmah MansurAmbiga Sreenevasan

Khalid Ibrahim

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa Aman

Mahathir Mohamad

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

35.76

10.54

10.40

5.98

4.27

3.42

3.42

2.71

2.71

2.42

2.28

1.99

1.57

1.57

1.421.14

1.14

1.00

1.00

0.85

Coverage Volume


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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionswas skewed towards BN (61%).



61%

32%

7%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Taib Mahmud was used as a source mostoften (23.39%), followed by Najib Razak (21.95%), then Muhyiddin Yassin (7.75%).



Taib Mahmud

Najib Razak

Muhyiddin Yassin

Election Commission Spokesperson

Anwar Ibrahim

Baru Bian

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Mahathir Mohamad

Hadi Awang

0 5 10 15 20 25

23.39

21.95

7.75

6.04

5.52

3.42

2.10

1.45

0.53

0.26

Coverage Volume


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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (54%) than both PR politicians (13%)and independent/other political figures (33%).



54%

13%

33%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used the most often (54%), followed by the positive category (34%).


34%

54%

8%5%

Positive

Neutral

Negative

Attacked


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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim receivedthe most negative coverage (41.51%) and attacks (45.46%).

Nik Aziz was second most attacked (27.27%).

Refer to Table 8 for full figures.


Anwar Ibrahim

Chong Chieng Jen

Alfred Jabu

Baru Bian

Najib Razak

Nik Aziz

Mahathir Mohamad

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Lim Kit Siang

Nurul Izzah

Dzulkefly Ahmad

Hadi Awang

Hassan Ali

Khalid Ibrahim

Rosmah Mansur

Taib Mahmud

Tian Chua

Lim Guan Eng

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

Ambiga SreenevasanAzmin Ali

Bernard Dompok

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (59.57%) and neutral coverage (29.19%).



Najib RazakTaib Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

Yong Teck Lee

Alfred Jabu

William Mawan

Chong Chieng Jen

Lim Guan Eng

Wong Soon Koh

Rosmah Mansur

Lim Kit Siang

Baru Bian

Wong Ho Leng

Karpal Singh

Khalid Ibrahim

Musa Aman

Nik Aziz

James Masing

Hadi Awang

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Muhyiddin Yassin

Mahathir Mohamad

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Overall, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR, while BN was given the mostpositive coverage.

It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.

Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PRTonal

Weighting

Positive 1 : 0.2 33%

Neutral 1 : 0.48 53%

Negative 1 : 4.1 8%

Attacked 1 : 15.5 6%


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent/ Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

6.06

18.87

60.27

79.57

93.94

77.36

29.19

16.09

0.00

3.77

10.54

4.35

Coverage Volume


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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning

Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'

Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Taib Mahmud (30.95%) then Najib Razak (23.81%) were first and second most commonlyengaged in attack politics, followed by Muhyiddin Yassin (19.05%) then Anwar Ibrahim(16.67%).



Taib Mahmud

Najib Razak

Muhyiddin Yassin

Anwar Ibrahim

Baru Bian

Lim Guan Eng

Mahathir Mohamad

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Chua Soi Lek

Hadi Awang

Hassan Ali

Jeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Ibrahim

Lim Kit Siang

Musa Aman

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

30.95

23.81

19.05

16.67

2.38

2.38

2.38

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Attack Volume


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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often (76%) than eitheropposition politicians or independents/others.



76%

21%

2%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

More coverage overall is given to Policy Issues than Non-Policy Issues.



57%

43% Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues


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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

Of all Policy Issues covered, the Economy and Development were given the most coverage,followed by Vision Policies and Programmes then Education.



34%

4%

49%

6%

0%1%1%2%

2%

Policy Issues

VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion


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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed byDemocracy & Human Rights, Socioeconomic Status, then Electioneering.



31%

5%

22%

20%

0%

5%

18%

Non-Policy Issues

Ethnicity

Religion

Democracy & Human Rights

Socioeconomic Status

Mudslinging

Gender

Electioneering


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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)

Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 13607

Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 842

Average number of articles/day: na/d = 27

Data Collection

The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.

Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:

They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).

They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.

They were from within the TV news broadcasts.

They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level

(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.

Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.

Data Analysis

The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/


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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables


TABLE 1

Party Percentage

BN 51.685

DAP 9.503

Gerakan 0.09697

MCA 0.1697

MIC 0.12121

PAS 5.3576

PBB 2.8848

PBS 0.048485

PKR 7.0788

PR 6.3515

PRS 0.77576

PRM 0.072727

PSM 0.048485

SAPP 0.048485

SPDP 2.497

SUPP 6.3515

UMNO 1.2606

UPKO 0

Other 5.6485

TABLE 2

Party Percentage Coalition Percentage

BN 51.685

BN 65.891025

Gerakan 0.09697

MCA 0.1697

MIC 0.12121

PBB 2.8848

PBS 0.048485

PRS 0.77576

SPDP 2.497

SUPP 6.3515

UMNO 1.2606

UPKO 0

PR 6.3515

PR 28.2909DAP 9.503

PAS 5.3576

PKR 7.0788

PRM 0.072727

Independent 0.169697PSM 0.048485

SAPP 0.048485

Other 5.6485 Other 5.6485

TABLE 3

Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL

BN 7.6923 24.148 43.996 80.046 155.8823

DAP 17.094 17.614 10.632 3.698 49.038

Gerakan 0 0 0.091659 0.15408 0.245739

MCA 0.42735 0 0.22915 0.077042 0.733542

MIC 0 0 0.22915 0 0.22915

PAS 9.8291 15.341 5.637 1.3097 32.1168

PBB 0.42735 0 4.1247 2.0031 6.55515

PBS 0 0 0.091659 0 0.091659

PKR 5.1282 12.216 8.9368 2.9276 29.2086

PR 37.607 14.205 3.9872 2.3112 58.1104

PRS 0 0.28409 1.2374 0.30817 1.82966

PRM 0 0 0.13749 0 0.13749

PSM 0 0 0.091659 0 0.091659

SAPP 0 0 0.091659 0 0.091659

SPDP 0 2.5568 3.6664 1.0786 7.3018

SUPP 0 5.1136 9.3034 3.0046 17.4216

UMNO 4.2735 4.2614 0.82493 0.69337 10.0532

UPKO 0 0 0 0 0

Other 17.521 4.2614 6.6911 2.3883 30.8618

Parties &Coalitions


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TABLE 4

BN

Attacked 12.8205

Negative 36.36389

Neutral 63.794448

Positive 87.364962

PR

Attacked 69.6583

Negative 59.376

Neutral 29.193

Positive 10.2465

Attacked 17.521

Negative 4.2614

Neutral 7.011908

Positive 2.3883

Independent &Other

TABLE 5

Politician/Political Figure

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0.2849

Alfred Jabu 5.9829

Ambiga Sreenevasan 1.1396

Anwar Ibrahim 10.399

Azmin Ali 0.14245

Baru Bian 2.2792

Bernard Dompok 0

Chong Chieng Jen 3.4188

Chua Soi Lek 0

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.14245

Elizabeth Wong 0.14245

G. Palanivel 0

Hadi Awang 0.5698

Hassan Ali 0.14245

Hishamuddin Hussein 0.14245

Ibrahim Ali 0.2849

James Masing 0.5698

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Karpal Singh 1.567

Khalid Ibrahim 1.1396

Khalid Samad 0

Lim Guan Eng 3.4188

Lim Kit Siang 2.4217

Liow Tiong Lai 0.14245Mahathir Mohamad 0.8547

Maximus Ongkili 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.42735

Muhyiddin Yassin 0.99715

Musa Aman 0.99715

Najib Razak 35.755

Ng Yen Yen 0.14245

Nik Aziz 2.7066

Nizar Jamaluddin 0

Nurul Izzah 0.71225

Rafizi Ramli 0

Rosmah Mansur 1.4245

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0

Taib Mahmud 10.541

Teresa Kok 0.14245

Tian Chua 0.42735

Tony Pua 0

William Mawan 2.7066

Wong Ho Leng 1.567

Wong Soon Koh 1.9943

Yong Teck Lee 4.2735

Percentage(mention)


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TABLE 6

Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek

MCA 0.2849

BN 61.11085

Liow Tiong Lai

Ng Yen Yen

G. PalanivelMIC 0

Alfred JabuPBB 16.5239

Taib Mahmud

Maximus Ongkili PBS 0

James Masing PRS 0.5698

William Mawan SPDP 2.7066

Wong Soon Koh SUPP 1.9943

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

UMNO 39.03135

Hishamuddin Hussein

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa Aman

Najib Razak

Bernard Dompok UPKO 0

Chong Chieng Jen

DAP 12.53575

PR 31.62425

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Teresa Kok

Tony Pua

Wong Ho Leng

Dzulkefly Ahmad

PAS 3.8462

Hadi Awang

Khalid Samad

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Siti Mariah Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

PKR 15.2423

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Elizabeth Wong

Jeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Tian Chua

Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 1.1396

7.26495

Hassan Ali Independent 0.14245

Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0.2849

Rosmah Mansur 1.4245

Yong Teck Lee SAPP 4.2735

Independent/Other

'1st lady'


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TABLE 7

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 0

BN 53.74503

Mahathir Mohamad 0.52562


Musa Aman 0.13141

Najib Razak 21.945

Nazri Aziz 0

Taib Mahmud 23.39


PR 13.00933

Baru Bian 3.4166

Hadi Awang 0.26281

Jeffrey Kitingan 0.13141

Khalid Ibrahim 0

Lim Guan Eng 2.1025

Lim Kit Siang 1.4455

Nik Aziz 0.13141

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.13141

Independent 33.24592

Hassan Ali 0.13141

Vox Pop Male 10.118

Vox Pop Female 4.9934

11.827

6.0447

Percentage(source)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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TABLE 8

Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0.27027 0.43478

Alfred Jabu 0 7.5472 5.6757 5.6522

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0.54054 2.6087

Anwar Ibrahim 45.455 41.509 8.1081 2.1739

Azmin Ali 0 0 0.27027 0

Baru Bian 3.0303 5.6604 2.1622 1.7391

Bernard Dompok 0 0 0 0

Chong Chieng Jen 0 11.321 3.7838 1.7391

Chua Soi Lek 0 0 0 0

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 1.8868 0 0

Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0

G. Palanivel 0 0 0 0

Hadi Awang 0 1.8868 0.81081 0

Hassan Ali 0 1.8868 0 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0.27027 0Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0.54054 0

James Masing 0 0 0.81081 0.43478

Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0 0

Karpal Singh 0 0 1.8919 1.7391

Khalid Ibrahim 0 1.8868 1.8919 0

Khalid Samad 0 0 0 0

Lim Guan Eng 9.0909 0 2.973 4.3478

Lim Kit Siang 6.0606 1.8868 2.1622 2.1739

Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0 0.43478

Mahathir Mohamad 3.0303 3.7736 0.54054 0.43478Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 3.7736 0.27027 0

Muhyiddin Yassin 0 0 0.54054 0.86957

Musa Aman 0 0 1.3514 0.86957

Najib Razak 3.0303 5.6604 29.189 59.565

Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0.27027 0

Nik Aziz 27.273 3.7736 1.3514 0.43478

Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0 0

Nurul Izzah 3.0303 1.8868 0.54054 0.43478

Rafizi Ramli 0 0 0 0

Rosmah Mansur 0 1.8868 2.4324 0

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0

Taib Mahmud 0 1.8868 14.324 7.8261

Teresa Kok 0 0 0.27027 0

Tian Chua 0 1.8868 0.54054 0

Tony Pua 0 0 0 0

William Mawan 0 0 4.5946 0.86957

Wong Ho Leng 0 0 2.1622 1.3043

Wong Soon Koh 0 0 2.4324 2.1739

Yong Teck Lee 0 0 7.027 1.7391


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TABLE 9

BN

Attacked 6.0606

Negative 18.868

Neutral 60.2698

Positive 79.56503

PR

Attacked 93.9401

Negative 77.3584

Neutral 29.1894

Positive 16.08676

Attacked 0

Negative 3.7736

Neutral 10.54048

Positive 4.3478

Independent/Other

TABLE 10

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 0

BN 76.191

Mahathir Mohamad 2.381


Musa Aman 0

Najib Razak 23.81

Nazri Aziz 0

Taib Mahmud 30.952


PR 21.429

Baru Bian 2.381

Hadi Awang 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Khalid Ibrahim 0

Lim Guan Eng 2.381

Lim Kit Siang 0Nik Aziz 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0

Independent 2.381

Hassan Ali 0

Vox Pop Male 0

Vox Pop Female 2.381

0

0

Percentage(source +attacking)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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TABLE 11

Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage

Vision Policies/Programmes 12.427

Policy Issues 36.76504

Environment 1.3234Economy/Development 17.85

Education 2.3241

Foreign Policy 0.12912

Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 0.54874

Oppressive Legislation 0.51646

Health 0.77469

Religion 0.87153

Ethnicity 8.5216

27.79212

Religion 1.2912

Democracy & Human Rights 6.0362

Socioeconomic Status 5.4551

Mudslinging 0.12912

Gender 1.3557

Electioneering 5.0032

Non-PolicyIssues


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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)

1. Abdul Rahman Dalan

2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein

16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman

29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng

43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee

2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)

1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng

10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad

12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak

15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson

3. Party or Coalition

1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement

Party)

4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)

17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)

4. Organisations

1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented

organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission

5. Policy Issues

1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation

Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)

4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'



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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other

2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other

3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other

4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System

6. PTPTN7. Other

5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other

6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other

7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University

Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act

4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)

6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)

7. Other

8. Health1. 1Care2. Other

9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other

6. Non-Policy Issues

1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other

2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism

6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other

3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other

4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban

12. Rural13. Cost of Living



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14. Other

5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah

6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence

6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other

7. Gender

1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance

7. Sexism8. Other

8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other

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