utillz.a.tion of agro-waste to produce biofertilizer

UTILlZATION OF AGRO-WASTE TO PRODUCE BIOFERTILIZER

Sylvester Usan Ak Matu

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours 5 Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering) 6545

20105985 2010

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

Judul UTILIZATION OF AGRO-WASTE TO PRODUCE BIOFERTlLlZER

SESI PENGAJIAN 2009120)0

Saya SYLVESTER USAN AKMATU (H URUFBESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis ini di simpan dl Pusa Khidmat Maklwnat Akademik Unjversiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syara[- syaral kegunaan sepelt bcrikul

1 Tes is adalah hakmilik Univers iri Malaysia Sarawak 2 Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademtk Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan unlUk

IUjuan pengajian sa haja 3 Membuat pendigitan umuk membangWlkan Pangkalan Data KandWlgan Tempatan 4 Pusat Khidmat MakJwnar Akademi k Universiti Ma laysia Sarawak dlbe-narkan membuat sa linan les is im

sehagai bahan pertukaran antara instirusi pengajian ringgi 5 51 1a tandakan ( v ) eli kOlak yang berkenaan

o SULIT (Mengandungl maklumat yang berdarjah kese lamalan atau kepentmgan Malays ia seperti yang telmakrub di dalam AKTA RAHS IA RASM I 1972)

o TERHAD (MengandlHlgi makJumat TERHAD yang c lah dllentukan oleh organisasil badan UJ mana penyelidlkan diJ a lan kan )

o TIOAK TERHAD

fJkM oleh

z~O _ (TANDATANGAN PENULlS) (TAND~T cNC~N PENYELlA)

Alamat tetap

DA MATU EKUM DR LIM SOH FONG SK SG ARAU Nlt-Ima Penye ha 96000 SIBU SARAWAK

Tarikh Tarikh

CATATAN TeSlS din13ksudkan sebagal tesis bag IJ a2ah Doktor Falsafah Sa[)ana dan Sarjana Muda

Jlka testS ini SULIT atau TERHAD sJJ a lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasaorgamsasi berkenJan dengan menya(akan seka li sebab dan lempoh tesls lni perlu dtkelaskan sebagai SU LIT dn TERHAD

APPROVAL PAGE

The following fmal year project

Title Utilization ofAgro-Waste to Produce Biofertilizer

Writer Sylvester Usan ak Matu

Matrix 1785 7

is being read and approved by

J

DR LIM SOH FONG DArE

SUPERVISOR

_ t _

UNIVOOITI MALAyenS1A SAlVWAX

UTILIZATION OF AGRO-WASTE TO PRODUCE BIOFERTILIZER

SYLVESTER USAN AK MATU

This Project is Submitted to the

Faculty of Engineering Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree for

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

(Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering) 20092010

Special dedicated to my beloved parents and fiance

Your love alld support will always be my inspiration and I willllever be

forgotten

II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I express my thanks to God for all the blessings that have been

given to me throughout my works in order to acco mplish this report within the

desired time frame

I want to acknowledge my appreciation to my supervisor Dr Lim Soh Fong

for her guidance and help throughout the work for the research I also like to

acknowledge the apprec iation to all technical staffs in the mechanica l engineering

laboratory especially Mr Masri and Mr Sabariman for their helps that have been

given in guiding me on the right way to use tools in the laboratory and workshop in

facu lty of engineering Special thanks also to staffs and officers in Faculty of Science

and Resource Technology like Mr Leo Mr Tommy and Miss Zeti for their

continuous effort in providing the best serv ice to help me learned new thing in a very

new environment for me Without the help of these people it would be difficult for

me to accomplish this research

It is great pleasure that I would give my thankful to my family members that

have given me the necessary support throughout this research period Lastly thank to

you my belo ved fiance Simang Wan for her se lfless effort in helping in my work

and giving inspiration to work hard on this research

III

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study is (0 develop a simple and cost-effective method

to produce biofenili zer using agro-wastes Solid stat e fermentation was the method

used to produce such biofertilizer There were 5 types of agro-wastes being used in

this research They were wastes from water melon papaya pineapple citrus orange

and banana The met hod used to plant the vegetable samples were also exp lained in

detail within this report Physical propeJ1y tests were done on the plant samples of 5

weeks of age in order to determine the effectiveness of the biofertilizer The results

of the experiment showed that the plant samples treated with biofertilizer from water

melon papaya and banana wastes bad promising physical characteristics Other tests

such as analyses of pH values and potassium content in the biofertilizers were also

done in this research It was found that water melon biofertilizer had th e highest pH

value (5 15) The banana biofertilizer had the highest content of potassium with a

content of 3932g KlL Thus it was found that agro-wastes from water melon

papaya and banana were suitable to be used to produce biolertilizer using so lid state

fermentation method

IV

ABSTRAK

Mallamat kajian ini adalah untuk membangunkan teknik yang effeklif dan

mmah untuk menghasilkan bajabio daripada bahan buangan-agro Penapaian

berkeadaan pepejal adalah kaedah yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan bajabio ini 5

jenis bahan buangan agro digunakan untuk menghas ilkan bajabio ini adalah terdiri

daripada bahan buangan tembikai betik nenas limau manis dan pisang Kaedah

yang digunakan untuk menyemai benih sayllr sampel juga diterangkan dengan teliti

dalam laporan ini Ujian fizik al terhadap tumbuhan sampel berusia 5 minggu

digunakan untuk menentukan kesan penggunaan bajabio Keputusan ujian mendapati

bahawa tumbuhan yang menggunakan bajabio daripada bahan buangan-agro

tembikai betik dan pisang mempu nya i ciri fizik al yang baik Ujian juga dilakukan

dalam kajian ini untuk mengetahui nilai pH dan potassium yang terdapat di dalam

setiap bajabio Oaripada ujian yang telah dilakukan didapati bahawa bajabio

tembikai mempunyai nilai pH yang paling baik berbanding bajabio yang lain iaitu

5 15 Manakala daripada keputusan ujian kandungan potassium pula mendapati

bahawa pisang mempunyai kandungan potassium yang tinggi berbanding bajabio

yang lain iaitu sebanyak 3932g KlL Berdasarkan keputusan ujian yang telah

diperolehi didapati bahawa bah an buangan-agro daripada tembikai betik dan pisang

boleh dijadikan bajabio dengan mengg unakan kaedah penapaian berkeadaan pepejal

v

Pugt~l Khidmat MaJdumat Akuel UN IVEKSTI MJUn ~ ~AiAlttiM

TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE

DEDICATION 11

ACKNOWI~EDGEMENT III

ABSTRACT lV

ABSTRAK v

TABLE OF CONTENT Vl

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xv

LIST OF NOMENCLAT URES XXII

CHAPTER

1 INTROD UCTION

1 1 Background of Biofertilizer

12 Problem Statement 3

13 Objective 4

14 Significant of Study 4

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2 1 Waste and Agro-Waste 5

211 Utilization or Agro-Waste 7

2 12 National Stat istic Amount of Agro-Waste 12

Discharge

22 Type ofNutrient in Bioferti lizer 14

vi

221 N itrogen 14

222 Phosphorus 18

223 Potass ium 19

23 Crop Response 20

24 Conventional Method to Produce Biofertilizer 23

24 1 Compo sting 23

242 Solid State Fermentation Method 24

25 Dilution Teclmique 26

3 METHODOLOGY

3 I Preparation of Material 30

311 Agro-Waste Raw Material 30

(Pineapple Water Melon Papaya and

Citrus Orange Fruit Waste)

32 Preparation of Filtering Equipment 3 1


33 1 First Batch Fermentation Procedure 33

332 Second Batch Fermentation Procedure 33

34 Fermented App lication on Sample Plant 34

34 1 Procedure A App lication of the liquid 35

Biofertil izer on Plant Sample

342 Procedure B App licat ion of Liquid 36

BiofertiJizer on Plant Sample

343 Procedure of App lication of Solid Wet 37

Biofeliilizer on Sample Plant

vii

344 Procedure of Application of Solid Dry 38

Biofer1ilizer on Plant Sample

345 Procedure of Application of chemical 39

fertilizer on Plant Sample

346 Procedure oftreatment without any 40

application of biofertilizer

347 Procedure for the Plantation of Plant Sample 40

35 Physical Analysis of Plant Samples 41

351 Procedure to Measure the Length of the Root 42

of Plant Samples

352 Procedures for Measuring the Weight of Plant 42

Samples

353 Procedures for Calculating the Number of 43

Leaves of Plant Samples

354 Procedures for the Test of the Effect of 44

Nutrients On Surface of the Leaves

36 Characterization of Biofer1ilizer 45

361 Procedures for pH Test 45

362 Procedures for Analysis of Potassium Content 46

in the Liquid Biofer1ilizer

4 RESULTS ANALYSIS amp DISCUSSION

41 Solid State Fermentation Analysis 48

42 Filtering Equipment 49

421 Fabrication Process 53

viii

42 2 Procedure for Using Filtering Equipment

42 3 Cleaning the Filt ering Equipment

43 Application ofBio fertilizer in Plantation

431 Results for the Weight Analysis of the Plant

432 Results for Analysis of the Roo t of

plant Samples

433 Results Jor the Analysis of the Number of

Plant Samples

44 pH Test Results

45 Potassium Test Results

46 Discussion

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

51 Conclus ion

52 Reco mmendation for Futme

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

A-I

A-2

A-3

A-4

56

57

58

58

64

70

76

77

78

83

84

86

A-2

A-8

A-20

A-32

ix

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

2 11 Disposal practice from agro-industry 12

23 1 Effect of modes of biofertilizer app lications 20

on the changes in NH4-N content (mgkg) in so il

(Mean of3 replications)

232 Effect of modes of bio-fertilizer applications on the 20

changes in N03N content (mgkg) in soil

(Mean of 3 replications)

233 Effect of modes ofbio-fertilizer applications on the 21

changes in available P content (mgkg) in

soil (Mean o f 3 replications)

234 Effect of modes of bio- fert ilizer applications on the 21

changes in available K content (mgkg)

in soil (Mean of3 replications)

4 11 Fermentat ion period of bio fertiliz er 49

42 1 Ma in components filt ering equipment 52

43 1 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using first batch of 59

bioferti lizer

43 2 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using second batch 60

o f bio fertilizer

4 33 Weight of water spinach vegetable treated using second 62

batch biofertilizer

x

434 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 65

using first batch biofertilizer


using second batch biofertilizer

4 3 6 Length of the longest root length of water spinach 68

treated using second batch biofertilizer

43 7 Number of mustard vegetable leaf treated using fiTst 70

batch biofertili zer

438 N umber of mustard vegetable leaf treated using second 72

batch biofertilizer

4 39 N umber of water spinach vegetable leaf treated using 74

second batch

4A I pH level of biofertilizer 76

451 Potassium (K) content ofbiofertilizer 77

biofertili zer (mustard plant)

liquid biofertilizer (mustaTd plant)

biofertilizer (mustard plant)


A Il Weig ht of plant treated using flTst batch liquid A-2

A U Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-3

AU N umber of plant leaf treated 1lSing flTst batch liquid A-4

A lA Weight of plant treated using flTst batch solid wet A-5

A 1 5 Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-6

so lid wet biDfertilizer (mustaTd plant)

xi

A-7 A 16 Number of plant leaf treated using first batch solid wet


A 21 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-S

biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)

liquid biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)


biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)

liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)



so lid wet bio fertilizer (mustard plant)

wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)

bio fertil izer (mustard plant)

A 2 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A- IS

solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)

A22 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-9

A23 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-IO

A 24 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-II

A 25 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-12

A 26 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-13

A27 Weight of plant treated using second batch so lid wet A-14

A28 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-IS

A2 9 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch so lid A-16

A 210 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-17

xii

A 212 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch solid A-1 9

dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)

A 3 1 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-20

biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)

A 32 Longest root length ofplant treated using second batch A-21

liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)

A 33 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-22


A 34 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-23

biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)


liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)


biofertilizer procedure B (water sp inach plant)

A 37 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid wet A-26

biofertilizer (water spinach plant)


so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)

A 39 Number of plant leaf treated llsing second batch so lid A-28

wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)



A 3 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-30

so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)

xiii

A 312 Number of plan leaf treated using second batch so lid A-31

dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)

xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9

of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)

2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II

oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory

glass with alternative fuels

221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16

seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar

assembly for growing large seeded legumes and

(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection

of roots by rhizobia

241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24

compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning

30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29

3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30

(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits

321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31

33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32

procedure

332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33

(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that

has been sliced and cut

xv

333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34

were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and

(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being

measured using super cup measuring

341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35

inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that

have been harvested

342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36

for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are

planted and used in the research

343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37

bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process

and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced

to the seedlings

344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38

using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that

has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the

seedlings

345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39

the experiment

xvi

346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41

used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps

for the plantation seedlings that are covered with

leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct

expose to sun ray and also from raining

351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42

352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43

of plant sample

353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44

361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45

pH meter

362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47

machine

411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49

421 Picture of filtering equipment 51

422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54

423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55

assembled with its component

424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56

liquid biofertilizer collected using pail

425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57

equipment

431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59

batch of biofertilizer

xvii

432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61

second batch of biofertilizer

433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63

second batch biofertilizer

434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65

vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer

43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67

vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer

436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69

spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer

437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71

fIrst batch biofertilizer

438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73


441 pH level of biofertilizer 76

45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78

46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79

462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80

46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81

464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81

liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)

first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)

AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2

A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3

xviii

A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst

batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)

A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5

solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)

A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6

fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)

A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7

batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)

A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8

liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)

A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9

second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard

plant)

A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO

batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)

A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II

batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)


second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard

plant)

A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13


A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14

batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)

xix

A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using

second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)

A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second

batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)

A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second

batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)

A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using

second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)

A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second

batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)

A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second

batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach

plant)


second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water

spinach plant)

A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second

batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach

plant)


batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach

plant)


second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water

spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24

A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25

batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach

plant)

A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26

batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)

A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27

second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach

plant)

A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28

batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)

batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)

A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29


second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach

plant)

A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31


A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33

A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34

A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35

A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36

A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37

A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38

xxi

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

Judul UTILIZATION OF AGRO-WASTE TO PRODUCE BIOFERTlLlZER

SESI PENGAJIAN 2009120)0

Saya SYLVESTER USAN AKMATU (H URUFBESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis ini di simpan dl Pusa Khidmat Maklwnat Akademik Unjversiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syara[- syaral kegunaan sepelt bcrikul

1 Tes is adalah hakmilik Univers iri Malaysia Sarawak 2 Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademtk Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan unlUk

IUjuan pengajian sa haja 3 Membuat pendigitan umuk membangWlkan Pangkalan Data KandWlgan Tempatan 4 Pusat Khidmat MakJwnar Akademi k Universiti Ma laysia Sarawak dlbe-narkan membuat sa linan les is im

sehagai bahan pertukaran antara instirusi pengajian ringgi 5 51 1a tandakan ( v ) eli kOlak yang berkenaan

o SULIT (Mengandungl maklumat yang berdarjah kese lamalan atau kepentmgan Malays ia seperti yang telmakrub di dalam AKTA RAHS IA RASM I 1972)

o TERHAD (MengandlHlgi makJumat TERHAD yang c lah dllentukan oleh organisasil badan UJ mana penyelidlkan diJ a lan kan )

o TIOAK TERHAD

fJkM oleh

z~O _ (TANDATANGAN PENULlS) (TAND~T cNC~N PENYELlA)

Alamat tetap

DA MATU EKUM DR LIM SOH FONG SK SG ARAU Nlt-Ima Penye ha 96000 SIBU SARAWAK

Tarikh Tarikh

CATATAN TeSlS din13ksudkan sebagal tesis bag IJ a2ah Doktor Falsafah Sa[)ana dan Sarjana Muda

Jlka testS ini SULIT atau TERHAD sJJ a lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasaorgamsasi berkenJan dengan menya(akan seka li sebab dan lempoh tesls lni perlu dtkelaskan sebagai SU LIT dn TERHAD

APPROVAL PAGE




Matrix 1785 7


J


SUPERVISOR

_ t _











forgotten

II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



desired time frame















III

ABSTRACT















fermentation method

IV

ABSTRAK



















v


TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE

DEDICATION 11


ABSTRACT lV

ABSTRAK v

TABLE OF CONTENT Vl

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xv


CHAPTER

1 INTROD UCTION



13 Objective 4


2 LITERATURE REVIEW




Discharge


vi

221 N itrogen 14

222 Phosphorus 18

223 Potass ium 19

23 Crop Response 20


24 1 Compo sting 23



3 METHODOLOGY
















vii










of Plant Samples


Samples













viii






plant Samples


Plant Samples

44 pH Test Results


46 Discussion


51 Conclus ion


REFERENCES

APPENDIX

A-I

A-2

A-3

A-4

56

57

58

58

64

70

76

77

78

83

84

86

A-2

A-8

A-20

A-32

ix

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

















bioferti lizer


o f bio fertilizer


batch biofertilizer

x










batch biofertilizer


second batch













xi

























xii

























xiii



xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE


















procedure




xv







have been harvested







to the seedlings




seedlings


the experiment

xvi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi

APPROVAL PAGE




Matrix 1785 7


J


SUPERVISOR

_ t _











forgotten

II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



desired time frame















III

ABSTRACT















fermentation method

IV

ABSTRAK



















v


TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE

DEDICATION 11


ABSTRACT lV

ABSTRAK v

TABLE OF CONTENT Vl

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xv


CHAPTER

1 INTROD UCTION



13 Objective 4


2 LITERATURE REVIEW




Discharge


vi

221 N itrogen 14

222 Phosphorus 18

223 Potass ium 19

23 Crop Response 20


24 1 Compo sting 23



3 METHODOLOGY
















vii










of Plant Samples


Samples













viii






plant Samples


Plant Samples

44 pH Test Results


46 Discussion


51 Conclus ion


REFERENCES

APPENDIX

A-I

A-2

A-3

A-4

56

57

58

58

64

70

76

77

78

83

84

86

A-2

A-8

A-20

A-32

ix

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

















bioferti lizer


o f bio fertilizer


batch biofertilizer

x










batch biofertilizer


second batch













xi

























xii

























xiii



xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE


















procedure




xv







have been harvested







to the seedlings




seedlings


the experiment

xvi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi

_ t _











forgotten

II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



desired time frame















III

ABSTRACT















fermentation method

IV

ABSTRAK



















v


TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE

DEDICATION 11


ABSTRACT lV

ABSTRAK v

TABLE OF CONTENT Vl

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xv


CHAPTER

1 INTROD UCTION



13 Objective 4


2 LITERATURE REVIEW




Discharge


vi

221 N itrogen 14

222 Phosphorus 18

223 Potass ium 19

23 Crop Response 20


24 1 Compo sting 23



3 METHODOLOGY
















vii










of Plant Samples


Samples













viii






plant Samples


Plant Samples

44 pH Test Results


46 Discussion


51 Conclus ion


REFERENCES

APPENDIX

A-I

A-2

A-3

A-4

56

57

58

58

64

70

76

77

78

83

84

86

A-2

A-8

A-20

A-32

ix

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

















bioferti lizer


o f bio fertilizer


batch biofertilizer

x










batch biofertilizer


second batch













xi

























xii

























xiii



xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE


















procedure




xv







have been harvested







to the seedlings




seedlings


the experiment

xvi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi



forgotten

II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



desired time frame















III

ABSTRACT















fermentation method

IV

ABSTRAK



















v


TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE

DEDICATION 11


ABSTRACT lV

ABSTRAK v

TABLE OF CONTENT Vl

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xv


CHAPTER

1 INTROD UCTION



13 Objective 4


2 LITERATURE REVIEW




Discharge


vi

221 N itrogen 14

222 Phosphorus 18

223 Potass ium 19

23 Crop Response 20


24 1 Compo sting 23



3 METHODOLOGY
















vii










of Plant Samples


Samples













viii






plant Samples


Plant Samples

44 pH Test Results


46 Discussion


51 Conclus ion


REFERENCES

APPENDIX

A-I

A-2

A-3

A-4

56

57

58

58

64

70

76

77

78

83

84

86

A-2

A-8

A-20

A-32

ix

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

















bioferti lizer


o f bio fertilizer


batch biofertilizer

x










batch biofertilizer


second batch













xi

























xii

























xiii



xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE


















procedure




xv







have been harvested







to the seedlings




seedlings


the experiment

xvi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



desired time frame















III

ABSTRACT















fermentation method

IV

ABSTRAK



















v


TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE

DEDICATION 11


ABSTRACT lV

ABSTRAK v

TABLE OF CONTENT Vl

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xv


CHAPTER

1 INTROD UCTION



13 Objective 4


2 LITERATURE REVIEW




Discharge


vi

221 N itrogen 14

222 Phosphorus 18

223 Potass ium 19

23 Crop Response 20


24 1 Compo sting 23



3 METHODOLOGY
















vii










of Plant Samples


Samples













viii






plant Samples


Plant Samples

44 pH Test Results


46 Discussion


51 Conclus ion


REFERENCES

APPENDIX

A-I

A-2

A-3

A-4

56

57

58

58

64

70

76

77

78

83

84

86

A-2

A-8

A-20

A-32

ix

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

















bioferti lizer


o f bio fertilizer


batch biofertilizer

x










batch biofertilizer


second batch













xi

























xii

























xiii



xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE


















procedure




xv







have been harvested







to the seedlings




seedlings


the experiment

xvi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi

ABSTRACT















fermentation method

IV

ABSTRAK



















v


TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE

DEDICATION 11


ABSTRACT lV

ABSTRAK v

TABLE OF CONTENT Vl

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xv


CHAPTER

1 INTROD UCTION



13 Objective 4


2 LITERATURE REVIEW




Discharge


vi

221 N itrogen 14

222 Phosphorus 18

223 Potass ium 19

23 Crop Response 20


24 1 Compo sting 23



3 METHODOLOGY
















vii










of Plant Samples


Samples













viii






plant Samples


Plant Samples

44 pH Test Results


46 Discussion


51 Conclus ion


REFERENCES

APPENDIX

A-I

A-2

A-3

A-4

56

57

58

58

64

70

76

77

78

83

84

86

A-2

A-8

A-20

A-32

ix

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

















bioferti lizer


o f bio fertilizer


batch biofertilizer

x










batch biofertilizer


second batch













xi

























xii

























xiii



xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE


















procedure




xv







have been harvested







to the seedlings




seedlings


the experiment

xvi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi

ABSTRAK



















v


TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE

DEDICATION 11


ABSTRACT lV

ABSTRAK v

TABLE OF CONTENT Vl

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xv


CHAPTER

1 INTROD UCTION



13 Objective 4


2 LITERATURE REVIEW




Discharge


vi

221 N itrogen 14

222 Phosphorus 18

223 Potass ium 19

23 Crop Response 20


24 1 Compo sting 23



3 METHODOLOGY
















vii










of Plant Samples


Samples













viii






plant Samples


Plant Samples

44 pH Test Results


46 Discussion


51 Conclus ion


REFERENCES

APPENDIX

A-I

A-2

A-3

A-4

56

57

58

58

64

70

76

77

78

83

84

86

A-2

A-8

A-20

A-32

ix

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

















bioferti lizer


o f bio fertilizer


batch biofertilizer

x










batch biofertilizer


second batch













xi

























xii

























xiii



xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE


















procedure




xv







have been harvested







to the seedlings




seedlings


the experiment

xvi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi


TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE

DEDICATION 11


ABSTRACT lV

ABSTRAK v

TABLE OF CONTENT Vl

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xv


CHAPTER

1 INTROD UCTION



13 Objective 4


2 LITERATURE REVIEW




Discharge


vi

221 N itrogen 14

222 Phosphorus 18

223 Potass ium 19

23 Crop Response 20


24 1 Compo sting 23



3 METHODOLOGY
















vii










of Plant Samples


Samples













viii






plant Samples


Plant Samples

44 pH Test Results


46 Discussion


51 Conclus ion


REFERENCES

APPENDIX

A-I

A-2

A-3

A-4

56

57

58

58

64

70

76

77

78

83

84

86

A-2

A-8

A-20

A-32

ix

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

















bioferti lizer


o f bio fertilizer


batch biofertilizer

x










batch biofertilizer


second batch













xi

























xii

























xiii



xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE


















procedure




xv







have been harvested







to the seedlings




seedlings


the experiment

xvi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi

221 N itrogen 14

222 Phosphorus 18

223 Potass ium 19

23 Crop Response 20


24 1 Compo sting 23



3 METHODOLOGY
















vii










of Plant Samples


Samples













viii






plant Samples


Plant Samples

44 pH Test Results


46 Discussion


51 Conclus ion


REFERENCES

APPENDIX

A-I

A-2

A-3

A-4

56

57

58

58

64

70

76

77

78

83

84

86

A-2

A-8

A-20

A-32

ix

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

















bioferti lizer


o f bio fertilizer


batch biofertilizer

x










batch biofertilizer


second batch













xi

























xii

























xiii



xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE


















procedure




xv







have been harvested







to the seedlings




seedlings


the experiment

xvi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi










of Plant Samples


Samples













viii






plant Samples


Plant Samples

44 pH Test Results


46 Discussion


51 Conclus ion


REFERENCES

APPENDIX

A-I

A-2

A-3

A-4

56

57

58

58

64

70

76

77

78

83

84

86

A-2

A-8

A-20

A-32

ix

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

















bioferti lizer


o f bio fertilizer


batch biofertilizer

x










batch biofertilizer


second batch













xi

























xii

























xiii



xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE


















procedure




xv







have been harvested







to the seedlings




seedlings


the experiment

xvi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi






plant Samples


Plant Samples

44 pH Test Results


46 Discussion


51 Conclus ion


REFERENCES

APPENDIX

A-I

A-2

A-3

A-4

56

57

58

58

64

70

76

77

78

83

84

86

A-2

A-8

A-20

A-32

ix

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

















bioferti lizer


o f bio fertilizer


batch biofertilizer

x










batch biofertilizer


second batch













xi

























xii

























xiii



xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE


















procedure




xv







have been harvested







to the seedlings




seedlings


the experiment

xvi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

















bioferti lizer


o f bio fertilizer


batch biofertilizer

x










batch biofertilizer


second batch













xi

























xii

























xiii



xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE


















procedure




xv







have been harvested







to the seedlings




seedlings


the experiment

xvi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi










batch biofertilizer


second batch













xi

























xii

























xiii



xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE


















procedure




xv







have been harvested







to the seedlings




seedlings


the experiment

xvi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi

























xii

























xiii



xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE


















procedure




xv







have been harvested







to the seedlings




seedlings


the experiment

xvi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi

























xiii



xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE


















procedure




xv







have been harvested







to the seedlings




seedlings


the experiment

xvi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi



xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE


















procedure




xv







have been harvested







to the seedlings




seedlings


the experiment

xvi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE


















procedure




xv







have been harvested







to the seedlings




seedlings


the experiment

xvi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi







have been harvested







to the seedlings




seedlings


the experiment

xvi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi








of plant sample



pH meter


machine









equipment



xvii

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi

























xviii













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi













plant)







plant)





xix













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi













plant)



spinach plant)



plant)



plant)



spinach plant)

xx

A-1 6

A-I

A-18

A-1 9

A-20

A-2 1

A-22

A-23

A-24



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi



plant)





plant)







plant)









xxi

utillz.a.tion of agro-waste to produce biofertilizer

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