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Malay Landscape:A study of Malayethnobotany through

traditional midwiferypractices in eastcoast

MalaysiaPresenter:

Nooriszai Ishak

G 0720384

Master of science (Built environment)

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DUCTION

A landscape comprises the i si bl e f e a t u r e s ofn a r e a ,of land including -h ys i c a l a n d ma na de e lem en ts . Landscape may also signifyo b j e c t saround the building( , )Sirisrisak 2005

Landscape is n ex pr e s s io ns o f i d e a sthat includes the h ys ic al n a t u r a lh ar ac te r i s t i c a nd b u i l d e n vi ro n m e n tof an area of land( , )Ignasio 2003

Landscape

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a ayLandscape

Malay landscape is a complex design. It comprises

ofbelief, thought and culture that related toMalay way of life (Abdullah Sani, 2004).

Malay Landscape Traditional Malay midwifery

Malay Landscape : softscape elements

DUCTION

,oday Malay landscape design basically can be describedas one of Malay culture( . , ).Abd Wahab 2008

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Most of plant species are planted in andomayout with simple application of site planning

( )Abu Bakar 2007 states that Malay landscape;consist of two major concept r ad it i on al M a l a yo u se G a r d en and o ya l M al ay P a l a c e G ar d e n

a ayLandscape

TERISTIC

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a ayLandscape

TERISTIC

View of a typical Malay village house surrounded by( ,ethnobotanicplant species in the compound Ismail Said

)2001

Laman Tiba(welcoming garden)

Laman Sisi(side garden)

Laman Suri( )back garden

Malay Traditional House Garden

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a ayLandscape

TERISTICRoyal Malay Palace Garden

Design characters: ,safety purposes privacy of the.space and protocol concern of the royal family

The palace garden also used as a place for theroyal family members to have their leisure

activities

male members will use the garden as a place forhunting and archery practice

the female members used the garden on privaterecreational activities

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DUCTIONthnobotanyAs the study and evaluation of the knowledge of

all phases of plant life amongst primitive

societies and of the effect of the environmentupon the , ,i fe c u s t o m s be li ef s a n d h i st o r y

of the peoples of such societies( , )Coe 2008

-Ethno botany is the study of o w a n d w h y peopleof a a r ti cu l a r c u l t u re a n d r e g io n make ofuse and o n c e p t u a l i z e s in di ge n ou s p l a n t s in

their local environment( , )Ford 1978

Ethnobotany is the t u dy o f th e k n o w l e d g e anduse of plants in primitive societies in the a s tn d p r e s e n t

( , )Schultes 1992

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a onamedicine( )Zakaria and Mohd 2004 defined that traditional

medicine as a c ie n c e o r p r a c t i c e in me di ci nen d h ea lt h c a r e that imparted through generation.either using verbal or written formsDue to h e r i c h n e s s o f th e n a t ur al r e s o ur c e

, /in Malaysia it help more for midwives herbal

practitioner or Malay community itself o ma keu l l u s e of the resources for the treatmentprocess

a c h t r i be o r r ac es h a ve t h e i r o w nr a d i t i o na l w ay of preventing illness ortreatment for the disease and also employedr a d i t i o na l p la nt sbased on their r a c t i c e sn d b e l i e f

DUCTION

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UES a onamedicineThere is an rgent need to document thealuable knowledge on medicinal plants

because of the rapid i s a p p e ar an ce o f f o r e s th a b i t a t s .,Furthermore the native healers who possess thetraditional knowledge of medicinal plants often

ail to transfer their knowledge to youngergenerationswho appears to have access to all the

benefit and conveniences of the modern medicine andthus least interested to inherit the traditional

.knowledge of their forefathers

ocumentation and preservation of thisndigenous knowledge must therefore be accordedigh priority if the future generation intends to

. benefit from it And it s in a way to r es e r v e t h eal ua b le o f c u l t u ra l pr ac t i c e s a n d i d en ti ty.o r m a t i o n s

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a aymidwife

T h e m id w ife h a s a lo t o f m p o r t a n t ro le s to w a rd s :th e w o m e n s h e a lth care T h e p e rson w h o isco n sid e re d a n e xp e rt in -o m e n re la te d,ro b le m s h e rb a l fo rm u la tio n s a n dro d u c tio n o f h e rb a l p ro d u c tsis b id a n

k a m p o n g o r th e tra d itio n a l m id w ife

Tra d itio n a l M id w ife ry is th e ra c tic e o f a s s is tin gw o m a n th ro u g h c h ild b irth u s in g n a tu ra lp r o c e d u r e s

,In b o th tra d itio n a l a n d m o d e rn cu ltu ra l se ttin g sm id w ife ry is in vo lve d w ith p ro vid in g ,e a lth c a re,u rin g p re g n a n c y c h ild b irth a n d p o s tn a ta la re to b o th m o th e r a n d n e w b o rn .

,A cco rd in g to C o e 2 0 0 8 it is a lso a p ra ctice

DUCTION

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a aymidwife

,In M a la y tra d itio n a l m e d icin a l la n ts h a s b e e n.id e u s e d It h a s b e e n id e n tifie d d u e to th e.ch a ra cte ristic an d n u trio u s Fro m th e re ve a le d

sage of plants in medicinal field , plants alsohave its ignificance in the human built

nvironment ( , ; , )Coe 2008 Cunningham 2001Traditional herbal treatments vary l i g h t l y f ro mo c a t i o n t o l oc at io n . The types of herbalformulations used in each location are normally

based on l a nt s th a t a r e e as i l y f o u n d i n t hea r e aHerbs used are those easily available in the

traditional Malay kitchen garden such as ,i n g e r, , (a r l i c t a m a r i n d a s a m ge l u g or G ar c i n i a) , , ,t r o v i r d is t ur me ri c le m o n g r a s s l e n g k u as( ) ,l pi n ia g a la n ga l v in eg a r f ro m ni p ah p a lmy pa f ru ti c an s and various other spices

TERISTIC

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E OF STUDY ay an scape ougmidwifery,Most Malay midwifery species are wild but a n ymp or tan t sp ec i e s a r e n a t i ve t o c e r t a i noc at ion o r a r e a .

This study is important because it is the i r s tys t e m at ic st u d y of pl an t s p e c i e sd e n t i fi ca t i o n a n d p r e s e r v a ti on used by Malaymidwifery in Malaysia

The h a ra c t e ri st ic of M a la y L an d s c ap e that hadbeen identified will be sed as the principlesor the guidelines of Malay landscape design

that are relevant in the present environment

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SUESDue to i mi te d d oc um en ta ti on on the subject of

,Malay landscaping the concept and theme remain

unclear

Due to - ,a pi d c h a n g e s i n s oc i o e c on o m i cn vi r o n m e n t a l a n d cu lt ur a l b e l i e f sin,Malaysia the plants used by Malay midwifery is in

.transformation Time have changes and ue to theichness progress of technologies andcience studies , this traditional medicinal

.practices are rarely been uses

The evolution of the Malay landscape design is theresult of the nterrelationship between mannd his surroundings , an and his inherent

ultural attributesand the need o survive .

ay an scape ougmidwifery

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CTIVES ay an scape ougmidwiferyThe se of relationship between plants andpeoplewill ncrease the number of

nderstanding .of a people or location, :Therefore the objectives of this studies areTo understand the al ay mi d w i f e r y p ro ce ss esnd s t a ge s in order o c r e a t e a n se ek an

f f i ci en t l a n ds c a pe a p p r oa ch in formating the.Malay landscape identityTo explore the -t h n o b o t a n i c al f u n c t i o n s an dse s of Malay midwifery plant species as a l a y

an ds c ap e p l a n t s el em en ts .To o n s e r v e pl an ts u s e d by Malay midwifery

through landscape design in Malaysia( / )Locations geographical

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METHODOLOGY ay an scape ougmidwifery:he methodology consists of 4 phases

-ackground study gathering and familiarization of Malay .midwifery process and stages and also plant species that been used. ( )Collecting and indexing all the information gathered Objective 1

thnobotanical data Ethnobotanical data were collected( ). -according to the methodology suggested by Jain 1996 A semi

structured questionnaire was used to extract information on the

- . -ethno botanical uses of plants To facilitate cross checking of plant,species the specimens were identified through various floristic, ,records or secondary data such as sources from books internet

; ;University of Malaya University Putra Malaysia Universiti; ( ),Kebangsaan Malaysia Forest Research Institute of Malaysia FRIM

;Kepong and also from previous research studies and journals as( ) .described by Cotton 1996 to ascertain the nomenclature (Objective

)2alay midwifery rituals and practices primary data will be

,collected by quetionnaires observation and interviews as described( ). ( )in detail by Etkin 1993 Objective 3

G u i d e l i n e s f o r M a l a y l a n d s c a p e based on findings

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DINGS ay an scape ougmidwiferyr ad i t i o n al b a t h s o r m an di s e r o m:Special baths postnatal care treatment to

- ,improve new born mother general healthspirituality boost up

: (Concept of aromatherapy mixtures of boiling/ )foliage hot and fragrance leaves

:Some of the most popular are /Daun kemudu mengkudu ( )Morinda citrifoliaDaun Kuau ( )Peristrophe acuminataPandan Wangi ( )Pandanus odurusBathing new mother to be a rite of

.purification ( , )Skeat 1972

She will remain in a state of ritual impurity

( - ),until the lochia have ceased to flow 3 6 weeksthe new mother will probably become ritually pure in Islam Muslim doctrinetraditional herbal bath

ith herbs rich in essentialils are commonly practiced

t the end of a massagereatment to bring forth a

ense of calm and further.elaxes The herbs arereshly boiled and mixed

.ith bath water Flowers arelso added to enhance the

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Site selectionAlthough traditional medicines are still in common use by the

local communities here in the vicinities of the most,eastcoast peninsular Malaysia ccurate knowledge of the

lants and their medicinal properties are held bynly a few individuals .in each community

,Ethnobotanically the rea remains unexploredand no.comprehensive account of local tradition is available

This selected area is unique because of its ositionetween the lowland and hill . The area is located at aheight of less than 500 meters but it has elements of a

( -dipterocarp forest rare species valuable in, , )colors forms scales for commercialize landscape igh rates

.f endemism

DINGS

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DINGS ay an scape ougmidwifery

81 plantsspecies

44 plantsspecies

39 plantsspecies

100 plantsspecies

64 species of herbal medicines in 15 families( )without species of royal herbs baths and have been recorded.in the course of the study

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DINGS ay an scape ougmidwifery.g Kuala Bekah ,a mp un g P ay a Re sa kMarang . ,g Sura Panjang Dungun

Traditional confinement 11 9 13

Coconut belly rubs 0 0 0

Point Massage5 9 2

Body massage 0 0 0

Body Spread 6 3 8

Forehead treatments 0 5 0

Vaginal heat 0 8 0

Body girdle 5 16 0

Traditional baths 7 14 16

Spice baths 0 0 0

Heat treatment 0 0 0

Ending confinement 4 0 0

Post-natal blues talcum 3 0 0Scrub 3 17 0

Total species 44 81 39

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DINGS ay an scape ougmidwifery: . ,THNOBOTANICAL LIST Kg Kuala Bekah Kuala Terengganu

Traditional baths

Lengkuas alpinia galanga B,S / Zingiberaceae herbsMengkudu morinda citrifolia B / Rubiaceae Shrubs/ trees

Serai wangi cymbopogon nardus rendle B,S / Poaceae herbs

Jambu batu Psidium guajava S / Myrtaceae trees

Tanduk rusa B,S / Shrubs/ trees

Kapal terbang Eupatorium odoratum B / Asteraceae Shrubs

Pandan pandanus amaryllifolius B,S / Pandanaceae herbs

F: Frontyard, B: Backyard, S: Sideyard, O: Others

Lengkuas Mengkudu Serai wangi Pandan

,These plants represent 1 species of Zingiberaceae family,1 species of Rubiaceae family and 1 species of Poaceae family 1

,species of Myrtaceae family 1 species of Asteraceae family and 1

.species of Pandanaceae family

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DINGS ay an scape ougmidwifery: . ,THNOBOTANICAL LIST Kg Sura Panjang Dungun TerengganuTraditional baths

Mengkudu morinda citrifolia B RubiaceaeLengkuas alpinia galanga B ZingiberaceaeGandar rusa justiccia gandarrusa B AcanthaceaeSerai wangi cymbopogon nardus rendle B PoaceaePandan pandanus amaryllifolius B PandanaceaeGinger zingiber officinale B ZingiberaceaeSembong Blumea blasamifera B AsteraceaeGuni -Terape -Kapal terbang Eupatorium odoratum B AsteraceaeTapak sulaiman Elephantus scaber F,B

Nyamuk -Limau purut citrus hystrix B,S RutaceaeSemboyan Henckelia platypus - TetrameristaceaeBelalang kouk Pittosporum ferrugineum - Pittosporaceaeketumbit Leucas zeylaniza - Lamiaceae

F: Frontyard, B: Backyard, S: Sideyard, O: Others

Gandar rusa Guni Sembong Nyamuk ,These plants represent 1 species of Rubiaceae family 1 species Acanthaceae

, ,family and 1 species of Pandanaceae family 2 species of Zingiberaceae family 1 species of, ,Melastomataceae family 1 species of Poaceae family and 2 species of Asteraceae family I

,species of Laminaceae family and 1 species of Rutaceae family 1 species of Tetrameristaceae,family 1 species of Pittosporaceae family

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DINGS ay an scape ougmidwiferyMalay Landscape designs have their own uniqueness that cannot

.be found in the other landscape design

We do agree that the concept revolves around the effects of- .the equatorial climate and the outdoors style life

,Normally it will reflect through the daily life activitiesdone by the Malay people and related closely with the usageof outdoor spaces

.Images of frontyard at typical Malay village home compound

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DINGS ay an scape ougmidwiferySome might say that a ypical Malay garden resembles a

village with o c o n u t t r e e s around its perimeter witho tt e d b o u g an vi ll alining up n f r o n t o f a M a l a y.o u s e

The root of a design process is actually about being. .practical The same applies to the Malay garden design We

find a r a s s y l a w n w i t h f ru i t t r e e s at the edge of theland

The a i n c e n t r a l p l o t i s l e f t u n p l a n t e d as it would beused often to put up a huge parachute tent for a wedding

.`kenduri'

,So an p e n l a w n i s a m u s t f o r t h e g a r d e n . Picture 1.shows a common lawn to serve that function

As a result of this need for ,o p e n n e s s ' s m a l l p l a n t s a n dh r u b s are pushed towards the edge of the garden

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DINGS ay an scape ougmidwiferyObjective 3 :Midwifery practices vary slightly from location to location

:The midwifery practices differ from locality and culture ofbeliefs

:The use of plants based on the ecology and ecosystem of.particular area

SITE STUDY PAHANG TERENGGANU KELANTAN

RIPARIAN more structurally diverseand more productive in

plant and animal biomass

than adjacent uplandareas

- -

COASTAL AREA - accumulation of sediment-usually sand orgravel-that occupies a

portion of the coast

-

DIPTEROPCARPFOREST

- - a dominant component of the world's tropicalforests

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DINGS ay an scape ougmidwiferyy a l r it u a l t r a d i t i on al b a t h s

30 plan sp e ci es o u t o f 10 0

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DINGS ay an scape ougmidwiferyy a l r it u a l t r a d i t i on al b a t h sNo Local names

1 Temulawak 2 Tanduk Rusa3 Lerek Bukit4 Pokok Pulut5 Mas Cotek 6 Kunyit Putih7 Kunyit Hitam8 Bawang Bakung Bukit9 Pandan10 Paku Haji

11 Paku Lipan12 Gelenggang kecik 13 Serai Wangi14 Tunjuk Langit15 Balik Adab16 Dedap17 Sepulih18 Kekabu19 Pecah Periuk (Bunga merah)

20 Ceri21 Pokok nyumbat musang@ berak

musang22 Ciku23 Serenge24 Tanjung25 Susun Kelapa

26 Serape27 Haro @ Ara kambing @ Ara hijau

28 Cekak patung @ Cekak Manis Gajah(kelantan)

29 Pokok Oren30 Pokok Pekang31 Melor 32 Mato Kesing33 Pokok Ngedeng34 Umbut Rotan tawar @ Daun rotan Tawar

35 Pokok

36 Paku Resam37 Serom38 Daun Jarak Merah39 senduduk 40 Putat Bukit41 Kira42 Pokok Kopi43 Haro Merah @ Ara Merah44 Pokok Kapur Barus45 Pokok Jerok 46 Pokok Lesung Alu

47 Pokok Keno48 Pokok Jambu49 Akar Ribu50 Pokok bongi biru kundang @ Bungor

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DINGS ay an scape ougmidwiferyy a l r it u a l t r a d i t i on al b a t h s51 Pokok Pena

52 Pokok Gata @ Bunga Kantan53 Pokok Bembang54 Pokok Pecah Kaca

55 Pokok celaka panas pange56 Pokok Ngobok kecik57 Pokok Serai kayu58 Asam Riam Batu59 Pokok Ngobok Besar 60 Pokok Seto61 Pokok Pinang62 Pokok Kait63 Pokok Setawar Padan (Bunga merah)64 Pokok Kayu Sok Sek65 Pokok Belimbing Masam (Buah 4 segi)66 Pokok Jarum67 Pokok Sepat @ Topu Hitam (Besut)68 Pokok Semeru69 Gelenggang Besar70 Pokok Tulang Belut71 Pokok Padi72 Pokok Pulai73 Pokok Gabuh74 Pokok Campur Besi75 Balik Angin76 Pucuk lampin Budak @ Kait Dayam77 Pokok Tapo Hitam

78 Mempelas

79 Tepuh (bunga macam bunga kantan)80 Pokok abba81 Pokok Mahang82 Pokok Nilam83 Pokok Nyamuk84 Pokok Jati Hitam

85 Pokok Kelampoyang86 Pokok cicau87 Pokok suka88 Pokok lebang89 Pokok Salak Kapur 90 Daun Petai91 Daun Cenera92 Pokok Sudu @ Kemboja93 Pokok Rambai94 Pokok Kemudu kampong95 Pokok kemo96 Pokok Kapal Terbang97 Pokok Lengkuas98 Kayu Bubu99 Kunyit biasa100 Genda Rusa

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After several visits made to the selectrd district, adocumentation of the medicinal plants of the Malays group wasfinally completed.

It was believed that there are actually more than 100 species ofherbal medicines are found in the district but due to lack ofawareness and interest among the younger generations,some of the traditional medical knowledge was buried togetherwith the old generations.

In recognizing the need to document and study the medicinalplants in the area, the researches involved in this study

recommend that local government and village authorities need toact fast to conserve the traditional medical knowledge of

the Malay tribes in the district by promoting the use of theseplants in everyday life, while research institutions and researchesin general accord greater interest in enhancing further scientificstudies on the medicinal plants.Introducing and applying this plants species as Malay

Softscape elements for Malay landscape

ay an scape ougmidwiferyNDATIONS

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LUSION ay an scape ougmidwiferyd i b l e g a r d e n p u t r a j a y a

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LUSION ay an scape ougmidwiferyd i b l e g a r d e n p u t r a j a y a

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LUSION ay an scape ougmidwiferyBeauty and health are two aspects of life that are of immense.importance to everyone of us

,Therefore the traditional malay culture puts high emphasis on,treatments related to male and female libido postnatal care and

- ( ,female related disease problems beginning from puberty through, - , ,marriage pre pregnancy pregnancy postnatal care and related female.problems

With the diversity of ethnic living in harmony with the environment,which is rich in botanical diversity it is not surprising to find

-that this age old craft is still practiced hand in hand with modern.medicine throughout this studies area

:Malay midwife conceptualized plants

- (Different culture have different midwifery practices slightly in)term of process

- / /The practices used of plant species raw are also vary based on itsecosystem

- /The influences of the environment ecosystem affected the

assessment of this plant materials

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LUSION ay an scape ougmidwifery

e rb s p la nt s :suitable for potted and ground/ planting as border fences

Development activities which putindigenous knowledge into the

context of natural resourcemanagement are particularly. ,important Therefore future

studies are needed in order toestablish a medicinal plantinformation database in order to

educate young people especiallyand Malaysian about the

-importance of ethno botanyfunctions and uses and to

prevent this knowledge to becomehistory

The impact on societies oftraditional medicines and modern

,medical systems has varied but:the facts are

Traditional knowledge of herbal

medicine is disappearingMalay midwives are becoming

rare and less respected -Medicinal plants are overharvested

a ay

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a ayLandscape

LUSIONTherefore the conservation of medicinal plants and traditionalmedicinal knowledge must run in parallel because these two factors

are important and interrelated

In order to prevent this knowledge from become extinct and disappear:the following actions need to be taken

Community involvement and participation in in situconservation andbuilt up consideration of the important f medicinal plants

Encouragement of the cultivation of economically important andextinct species of medicinal plants

Integration of traditional and modern medical practices into a newmedical system and landscape formations

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LUSION

THANK YOUv(^_^)v