VEHICLE EMISSION PURIFIER

Nor Imran bin Nor Azlan, Ainatul Naimah binti Zailan Shukri, Anisha Adzihan binti Bakri, Ahmad Mukhlis Zikri bin Marhaban, Mohd Erwan bin Sanik

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor

Email: amzm1994@gmail.com_________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

In this work, the effect of using a Vehicle Emission Purifier on the vehicle exhaust emissions was evaluated. A Vehicle Emission Purifier is a device designed to operate as a filter for the removal of particulate contaminants such as Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxide and Hydrocarbon that can be harmful to people. Emissions tests were conducted on two different vehicle categories to validate this. All vehicles underwent pre-emissions testing before placing the Vehicle Emission Purifier. Each test was conducted for a period of approximately 15 minutes. The Toxic Gas Monitor and Toximeter was used to measure the emissions at each stage, and a similar procedure was followed to measure the emissions after the gas was filtered using Vehicle Emission Purifier. The results show slight average reduction in Carbon Monoxide CO (30.7%), Nitrogen Oxides NOx (19.3%) and Hydrocarbons HC (6.25%) emissions released from Bus filtered and CO (7.78%), NOx (5.5%), HC (4.35%) of emissions from Toyota Hilux respectively with Vehicle Emission Purifier.

Keywords: vehicle emission purifier, clean air, green environment___________________________________________________________________________

1.0 Introduction

Air is the main source of life and the environment that needs to be controlled and focused care. Therefore, the automotive industry has built a framework plan and has developed products for the filtration emission control vehicle emissions. However, this is only focused on the small transport such as trains and ignored the larger vehicles such as buses, trucks and so on. While these vehicles are a major contributor to environmental pollution compared to smaller vehicles. Burning fuels like petrol and diesel oil is the main cause of air pollution. Fuel combustion from this source liberate large quantities of sulphur dioxide gas (SO₂) , carbon monoxide (CO) , hydrocarbons (HC) , nitrogen dioxide (NOₓ) , and materials of fine particles into the atmosphere. Therefore, a product was invented to solve this problem, namely Vehicle Emission Purifier.

Emissions by motor vehicles, especially heavy vehicles such as buses and trucks are seen as contributors to air pollution issues in turn have a negative impact on human health. Therefore, this project will attempt to produce smoke purifier suitable tool placed in locations concentrations of people and motor vehicles.

The objectives of the project are to identify the chemical composition found in the smoke of the vehicle, to identify and utilize materials that can absorb harmful composition in smoke vehicles, and to produce a tool Vehicle Emission Purifier by combining existing or used equipment as well as special filters using materials that are identified. The project more focused on motor vehicle emissions. In addition, we use the equipment that are already used in this project. Materials that are easily accessible will also be identified and used for the production of air filters. Location for demonstrations are selected in the areas of this university and more focusing on locations such as a focal point for students waiting for the bus and so on.

.

2.0 Literature Study

2.1 Chemicals In Smoke Vehicles

Fig. 1 shows the chemical or emissions from motor vehicles are typical.

Figure 1: Emission from motor vehicle

2.1.1 Carbon MonoxideControl of CO (carbon monoxide) is important because it is toxic [1] .Pengeluaran carbon

monoxide occurs when fuel is burned with insufficient air mixing. The ignition spark-ignition engines, the stoichiometric ratio between air and fuel is required to produce maximum power, to work less strenuous and especially to start the engine when cold and during warm up.

When the fuel supplied by the carburetor or fuel injection systems, acceleration and crisp-acceleration (press pedal fuel) which also briefly cause a lot of mixed fuel. Even with adequate air ratio, there is still gas carbon monoxide in the exhaust, this is due to the failure to establish similarities between monoxide and dioxide during the process of development. Among other sources of CO emissions is fuel injection timing is not right, a dirty air filter and fuel pressure is higher than normal.

Carbon monoxide is a gas that is colorless, tasteless and odorless directly. CO can affect the properties of the materials, plants and humans. CO can cause adverse effects on human aerobic metabolism, which may inhibit the function of red blood cells in transferring oxygen hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood to form 'carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), which would reduce the ability of platelets in the circulation of oxygen [1].

2.1.2 Nitrogen OxidesNitrogen oxides (NOₓ) will be produced in all combustion processes when the operating

temperature in the combustion chamber has increased so 2500◦F [1]. When the engine is running, the air will move into the carburetor and mixes with the fuel before entering the combustion chamber of the cylinder enjin.Semasa process, the temperature in the combustion chamber increases until the temperature reaches 2500◦F.Nitrogen 4500◦F .Semasa oxides have been formed quickly ie from the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen in udara.NOₓ produced during the combustion temperature and high pressure.

To reduce HC and CO exhaust emissions, most engines are designed to operate on a lean mixture (air and fuel much less) and at high temperatures. However, the high combustion

temperatures will result in the Nitrogen oxides which combine with the element nitrogen, oxygen and thus produces nitric acid which is a strong material pengarat. Nitrogen oxide is a gas composed of six types of compounds that are known to date, namely Nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), Nitrous oxide (N₂O), Nitrogen sesquuioksida (N₂O³), Nitrogen tetroksid (N₂O⁴) and Nitrogen pentoxide (N₂O⁵) . NOₓ also play an important role in the photochemical reaction. It is one of the main components in the formation of smog and acid rain [1].

3.0 Methodology

3.1 Selection of material3.1.1 Filter

Charcoal is used as a filter to filter out harmful gases such as Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbon smoke emitted from vehicles. This rarely works as an absorbent for chemicals and the air coming out of the output only clean air that does not contain chemicals that are harmful. Selection charcoal as filter material is suitable because it is readily available and can absorb the chemicals properly.

3.1.2 Materials

a. Solar PanelThe solar system is a power generation system that uses heat as a source. Solar is one of the

facilities and progress in the field of engineering, its use is rapidly increasing. Therefore, the choice of solar power generating capacity and built products. This is to overcome the problem of power supply in the event of electricity supply interruption.

b. Zinc aluminiumZinc aluminum is among the metals that are difficult to rust. Therefore, it is suitable for the walls

was selected products. The elastic nature of the job is easy to produce a product that would be built. Moreover, its strength is definitely better than other materials.

c. Exhaust FanExhaust Fan is a component that is used to draw air from the outside to the inside of the

appliance. Its usefulness as the concept of vacuum that sucks air. Exhaust fan is used to avoid inhalation of air from outside into the tool will be more efficient.

3.1.3 Circuit

Circuit is one of the important components in this tool. without this tool circuit will not work. a circuit was designed and simulated the circuit in order to run smoothly.

4.0 Data And Analysis

An experiment was conducted to determine whether the product can function properly or not. The experiments conducted around UTHM on Dec 1, 2014. Experimental tests by using bus and 4 wheels as experimental material. The data below shows the result of the experiment.

4.1 BusTable 1: Data before and after for bus

READINGTIME BEFORE AFTER

CO NO CO2 CO NO CO20 410 70 365 410 70 3655 611 75 512 542 75 48010 308 67 496 276 48 46215 275 62 435 244 35 388

CO Nox CO2 CO(after filter)

Nox(after filter)

CO2(after filter)

050

100150200250300350400450500

401

68.5

452

275.75

55.25

423.75

Average Emmisions(ppm)

Figure 2: Average exhaust emissions for Bus before and after filter.

4.2 4 wheels

Table 2: Data before and after for 4 wheels

READINGTIME BEFORE AFTER

CO NO CO2 CO NO CO20 196 136 185 195 136 1855 293 153 196 284 145 18810 238 148 180 203 132 17115 173 109 174 147 103 159

CO Nox CO2 CO(after filter)

Nox(after filter)

CO2(after filter)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

225

136.5

183.75

275.75

129

175.75

Average Emmisions(ppm)

Figure 3: Average exhaust emissions for 4 wheels before and after filter.

5.0 Conclusion

The results show a significant average reduction emission for the bus after fitment of a Vehicle Emissions Purifier. Based on the test it is evident that the 30.7%, 19.3% and 6.25% average reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) respectively. Meanwhile, the average reduction emissions for 4 wheels are 7.78% for carbon monoxide (CO), 5.5% for nitrogen oxides (NOx) and 4.35% for carbon monoxide (CO2). Further detailed test work is recommended at higher engine speed to investigate if emissions reductions could still be achieved. The filter is designed for micro-filtration, the filter media may be slightly modified to perform simultaneous molecular filtration since the filter has a larger active filtration area. Future studies will also focus on improving the efficiency of the filter media in order to increase the effectiveness of filtering the harmful gases.

References

[1] Mohd. Anuar Jailani, Mohammad Nazri Mohd Jaafar, “ Emisi Ekzos Dari Kenderaan Bermotor, Kesannya Ke Atas Atmosfera Dan Kaedah Pengurangannya: Satu Kajian” Jurnal Mekanikal, Jilid II, 1999

[2] United States Bureau If Mines, Arno Carl Fielder, Sidney Hershberg Katz, “Gas Mask For Protection In Air Against All Gases, Vapors And Smoke”, 2000

[3] P. Syeda Noori Banu, P. Syeda Arshi Banu, “Simulation And Empirical Modeling of A Design of Cyclonic Separator To Combat Air Pollution”, P. Syeda Noori Banu Et Al. / International Journal Of Engineering Science And Technology (IJEST), 2012

[4] K. Bhaskar, G. Nagarajan And S. Sampath, “Experimental Investigation Of Cold Start Emissions Using Electrically Heated Catalysts In A Spark Ignition Engine”, K. Bhaskar Et Al./ International Journal Of Automotive And Mechanical Engineering 2(2010) 105-118

[5] Faridah binti Mohmad(2003).“Kajian Pencemaran Udara di Kawasan Perindustrian dan Kawasan Perumahan di Senai, Johor.” Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Thesis Projek Sarjana Muda

APPENDIX