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STATISTIK SISWAZAH 2018

GRADUATES STATISTICS 2018

JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIADEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

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ISSN 2710-6926

Statistik Siswazah 2018Graduates Statistics 2018 iii

Penerbitan ini adalah keluaran baharu oleh Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia (DOSM) yang melaporkan statistik tahunan bagi siswazah di Malaysia. Penyusunan statistik ini adalah berpandukan kepada konsep dan definisi International Labour Organization dan International Standard Classification of Education 2011. Pelbagai sumber data digunakan untuk penganggaran statistik dalam penerbitan ini terutamanya Survei Tenaga Buruh, Survei Gaji & Upah, Statistik Pendidikan Tinggi dan maklumat daripada Kajian Pengesanan Graduan.

Menyedari keperluan statistik siswazah yang komprehensif, penerbitan ini menyediakan statistik mengikut ciri-ciri demografi dan sosioekonomi iaitu kumpulan umur, jantina, kumpulan etnik, sijil tertinggi diperoleh, strata, negeri, pekerjaan, taraf pekerjaan, tahap kemahiran dan aktiviti ekonomi. Edisi pertama ini melaporkan statistik tahunan siswazah bagi tempoh 2016 hingga 2018. Penerbitan ini merupakan satu sumber rujukan penting kepada pelbagai pihak seperti agensi kerajaan, ahli ekonomi, ahli akademik, organisasi sektor swasta dan individu terutamanya dalam menilai penawaran dan kebolehpasaran siswazah dalam pasaran buruh; dan menyediakan panduan bagi penggubalan dasar yang berkaitan.

Penerbitan ini dibahagikan kepada tiga bahagian. Bahagian pertama memaparkan ringkasan penemuan bagi siswazah meliputi bekerja, menganggur dan luar tenaga buruh. Jadual statistik terperinci dilaporkan di bahagian kedua manakala aspek teknikal seperti skop dan liputan, konsep, definisi dan metodologi disediakan di bahagian ketiga bagi memudahkan pengguna memahami statistik yang diterbitkan.

DOSM merakamkan setinggi-tinggi penghargaan atas kerjasama semua pihak dalam menjayakan pengeluaran penerbitan ini. Setiap maklum balas dan cadangan ke arah penambahbaikan laporan ini pada masa hadapan amat dihargai.

DATO’ SRI DR. MOHD UZIR MAHIDINKetua Perangkawan Malaysia

Disember 2019

KATA PENGANTAR

Statistik Siswazah 2018Graduates Statistics 2018iv

This publication is a new release by the Department of Statistics, Malaysia (DOSM) which reports annual statistics of graduates in Malaysia. The compilation of the statistics is guided by the concepts and definitions from the International Labour Organization and International Standard Classification of Education 2011. Various data sources are used to estimate the statistics in this publication mainly Labour Force Survey, Salaries & Wages Survey, Higher Education Statistics and information from Graduate Tracers Study.

Realising a need for comprehensive statistics on graduates, this publication provides disaggregation by demographic and socioeconomic characteristic namely by age group, sex, ethnic group, highest certificate obtained, strata, state, occupation, status in employment, skill level and economic activity. This first edition reports annual graduates statistics for the period of 2016 to 2018. This publication is an essential point of reference for various parties such as government agencies, economists, academicians, private sector organisations and individuals particularly to assess the supply and employability of graduates in the labour market; and serves as guidance in formulation of related policies.

This publication is divided into three sections. The first section presents the summary of findings on graduates encompassing employed, unemployed and outside labour force. The detailed statistical tables are available in the second section while the technical aspects such as scope and coverage, concepts, definitions and methodology are provided in the third section to facilitate users’ understanding of the published statistics.

DOSM gratefully acknowledges the cooperation by all parties in making this publication a success. Every feedback and suggestion towards improving this publication in the future are greatly appreciated.

DATO’ SRI DR. MOHD UZIR MAHIDINChief Statistician Malaysia

December 2019

PREFACE

Statistik Siswazah 2018Graduates Statistics 2018 v

Muka Surat Page

Kata Pengantar Preface

Kandungan Contents

Ringkasan Penemuan Summary of Findings

Jadual Tables

KANDUNGAN CONTENTS

01

02

1

35

1a Statistik Utama Penduduk Umur Bekerja, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Working Age Population, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 38

1b Statistik Utama Siswazah mengikut Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates by Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 38

2a Kadar Penyertaan Tenaga Buruh Siswazah mengikut Kumpulan Umur dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Graduates Labour Force Participation Rate by Age Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

40

2b Kadar Penyertaan Tenaga Buruh Siswazah mengikut Kumpulan Etnik dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Graduates Labour Force Participation Rate by Ethnic Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

42

2c Kadar Penyertaan Tenaga Buruh Siswazah mengikut Strata dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 Graduates Labour Force Participation Rate by Strata and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

43

3a Kadar Pengangguran Siswazah mengikut Kumpulan Umur dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016-2018Graduates Unemployment Rate by Age Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

44

3b Kadar Pengangguran Siswazah mengikut Kumpulan Etnik dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Graduates Unemployment Rate by Ethnic Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

46

3c Kadar Pengangguran Siswazah mengikut Strata dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Graduates Unemployment Rate by Strata and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 47

iii

v

Statistik Siswazah 2018Graduates Statistics 2018vi

Muka Surat Page

4a Bilangan Siswazah mengikut Kumpulan Umur dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 Number of Graduates by Age Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 48

4b Bilangan Siswazah mengikut Kumpulan Etnik dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Number of Graduates by Ethnic Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 50

4c Bilangan Siswazah mengikut Strata dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Number of Graduates by Strata and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 51

5a Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Kumpulan Umur dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 Employed Graduates by Age Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 52

5b Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Kumpulan Etnik dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Employed Graduates by Ethnic Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 54

5c Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Strata dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Employed Graduates by Strata and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 55

5d Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Pekerjaan, Tahap Kemahiran dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Employed Graduates by Occupation, Skill Level and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

56

5e Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Taraf Pekerjaan dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Employed Graduates by Status in Employment and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 58

5f Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Aktiviti Ekonomi, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 Employed Graduates by Economic Activity, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 59

5g Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Aktiviti Ekonomi, Lelaki, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Employed Graduates by Economic Activity, Male, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 60

5h Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Aktiviti Ekonomi, Perempuan, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Employed Graduates by Economic Activity, Female, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 61

6a Siswazah Menganggur mengikut Kumpulan Umur dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Unemployed Graduates by Age Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 62

6b Siswazah Menganggur mengikut Kumpulan Etnik dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Unemployed Graduates by Ethnic Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 64

6c Siswazah Menganggur mengikut Strata dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Unemployed Graduates by Strata and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 65

6d Siswazah Menganggur mengikut Tempoh Menganggur, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Unemployed Graduates by Duration of Unemployment, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 66

7a Siswazah Luar Tenaga Buruh mengikut Kumpulan Umur dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 Graduates Outside Labour Force by Age Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

68

7b Siswazah Luar Tenaga Buruh mengikut Kumpulan Etnik dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Graduates Outside Labour Force by Ethnic Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

70

7c Siswazah Luar Tenaga Buruh mengikut Strata dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Graduates Outside Labour Force by Strata and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 71

7d Siswazah Luar Tenaga Buruh mengikut Sebab Tidak Mencari Pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Graduates Outside Labour Force by the Reasons for Not Seeking Work, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

72

Statistik Siswazah 2018Graduates Statistics 2018 vii

Muka Surat Page

8a Statistik Utama Siswazah, Johor, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Johor, 2016 - 2018 74

8b Statistik Utama Siswazah, Kedah, 2016 - 2018 Principal Statistics of Graduates, Kedah, 2016 - 2018 75

8c Statistik Utama Siswazah, Kelantan, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Kelantan, 2016 - 2018 76

8d Statistik Utama Siswazah, Melaka, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Melaka, 2016 - 2018 77

8e Statistik Utama Siswazah, Negeri Sembilan, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Negeri Sembilan, 2016 - 2018 78

8f Statistik Utama Siswazah, Pahang, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Pahang, 2016 - 2018 79

8g Statistik Utama Siswazah, Pulau Pinang, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Pulau Pinang, 2016 - 2018 80

8h Statistik Utama Siswazah, Perak, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Perak, 2016 - 2018 81

8i Statistik Utama Siswazah, Perlis, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Perlis, 2016 - 2018 82

8j Statistik Utama Siswazah, Selangor, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Selangor, 2016 - 2018 83

8k Statistik Utama Siswazah, Terengganu, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Terengganu, 2016 - 2018 84

8l Statistik Utama Siswazah, Sabah, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Sabah, 2016 - 2018 85

8m Statistik Utama Siswazah, Sarawak, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Sarawak, 2016 - 2018 86

8n Statistik Utama Siswazah, W.P. Kuala Lumpur, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, W.P. Kuala Lumpur, 2016 - 2018 87

8o Statistik Utama Siswazah, W.P. Labuan, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, W.P. Labuan, 2016 - 2018 88

8p Statistik Utama Siswazah, W.P. Putrajaya, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, W.P. Putrajaya, 2016 - 2018 89

9a Purata Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Kumpulan Umur, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Mean Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by Age Group, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

92

9b Penengah Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Kumpulan Umur, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Median Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by Age Group, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

92

9c Purata Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Kumpulan Etnik, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Mean Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by Ethnic Group, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

92

Statistik Siswazah 2018Graduates Statistics 2018viii

Muka Surat Page

9d Penengah Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Kumpulan Etnik, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Median Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by Ethnic Group, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

92

9e Purata Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Sijil Tertinggi Diperoleh dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Mean Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by the Highest Certificate Obtained and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

93

9f Penengah Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Sijil Tertinggi Diperoleh dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Median Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by the Highest Certificate Obtained and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

93

9g Penengah Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Sijil Tertinggi Diperoleh dan Strata, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Median Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by the Highest Certificate Obtained and Strata, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

94

9h Penengah Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Sijil Tertinggi Diperoleh dan Strata, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Median Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by the Highest Certificate Obtained and Strata, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

94

9i Purata Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Tahap Kemahiran, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Mean Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by Skill Level, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

95

9j Penengah Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Tahap Kemahiran, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Median Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by Skill Level, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

95

9k Purata Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Sektor, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Mean Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by Sector, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 95

9l Penengah Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Sektor, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Median Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by Sector, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 95

9m Purata Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Negeri, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Mean Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by State, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 96

9n Penengah Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Negeri, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Median Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by State, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 96

Nota Teknikal Technical Notes03 97

Statistik Siswazah 2018Graduates Statistics 20182


Sumber : Statistik Siswazah 2018, Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia

Siswazah, 2018

Penduduk umur bekerja 15 tahun dan lebih, 2018

24.47 juta 4.96 jutaBekerja80.4%

Siswazah20.3%

Luar Tenaga Buruh16.4%

Penganggur3.2%

83.6 peratus daripada 4.96 juta siswazah

berada dalam tenaga buruh manakala

16.4 peratus berada di luar tenaga buruh

pada 2018

Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh siswazah meningkat sebanyak 0.3 mata peratus kepada

83.6 peratus pada 2018

Peratus sumbangan siswazah bekerjameningkat sebanyak 0.1 mata peratus kepada


Peratus sumbangan siswazah luar tenaga buruh turun sebanyak 0.3 mata peratus kepada


Siswazah Tenaga Buruh, 2016 - 2018 Siswazah Luar Tenaga Buruh, 2016 - 2018

3,622.7 3,844.5

4,152.3

2016 2017 2018

Siswazah Tenaga Buruh ('000)Kadar Penyertaan Tenaga Buruh Siswazah, KPTBS (%)

Siswazah Luar Tenaga Buruh ('000)Peratus Sumbangan Siswazah Luar Tenaga Buruh (%)

659.6 769.1 811.8

2016 2017 2018

15.4%16.7% 16.4%84.6%

83.3% 83.6%

Siswazah Bekerja, 2016 - 2018

Siswazah Bekerja ('000)Peratus Sumbangan Siswazah Bekerja (%)

3,476.93,689.6

3,990.4

2016 2017 2018

96.0% 96.0% 96.1%

Siswazah Menganggur, 2016 - 2018

Kadar pengangguran siswazah pada 2018 turun sebanyak 0.1 mata peratus

kepada 3.9 peratus

Siswazah Menganggur ('000)Kadar Pengangguran Siswazah, KPS (%)

145.8154.9

162.0

2016 2017 2018

4.0% 4.0% 3.9%

Jumlah SiswazahKPTBS =Siswazah

Tenaga Buruh PeratusSumbangan =

Jumlah Siswazah

Siswazah Luar Tenaga Buruh

PeratusSumbangan =

Siswazah BekerjaSiswazah

Tenaga Buruh

Siswazah MenganggurSiswazah

Tenaga BuruhKPS =

Kadar Penyertaan Tenaga Buruh Siswazah mengikut Jantina, 2018

Lelaki Perempuan87.1% 80.5%

Kadar Pengangguran Siswazah mengikut Jantina, 2018

Lelaki Perempuan3.4% 4.4%

Statistik Siswazah 2018Graduates Statistics 2018 3



Lebih separuh siswazah yang menganggur kurang dari 6 bulan

34.5 peratus siswazah berada di luar tenaga buruh disebabkan kerja rumah/ tanggungjawab keluarga diikuti oleh masih belajar/ program latihan (30.5%)

49.8%

29.9%

11.9%

8.4%

Siswazah Menganggur

< 3 bulan

3-6 bulan

6 bulan - 1 tahun

> 1 tahun

Tempoh Siswazah Menganggur, 2018

Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Tahap Kemahiran dan Jantina, 2018

Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Sektor, 2018 (’000)

Siswazah Luar Tenaga

Buruh3.5%1.6%

2.1%34.5%

30.5%27.8%Masih belajar/program latihanKerja rumah/tanggungjawab keluarga Akan melanjutkan pelajaran

Hilang upaya

Sudah bersara/lanjut usia

Tidak minat/baru tamat belajar

Sebab Tidak Mencari Pekerjaan, 2018

56.4

Pertanian

41.9

Perlombongan & Pengkuarian 497.7

Pembuatan

212.3

Pembinaan3,182.0

Perkhidmatan

Hampir 80 peratus daripada siswazah bekerja adalah di sektor Perkhidmatan

1.4%

1.1%

12.5%

5.3%

79.7%

Mahir

BerkemahiranRendah

Separuh Mahir

Jumlah Siswazah Bekerja (’000)

Lelaki

1,520.4

33.1

424.3

1,425.3

13.3

573.9

Perempuan

2,945.7

46.4

998.2

Jumlah

Peratus Sumbangan

1,977.8 2,012.53,990.4Jumlah

Peratus Sumbangan (%)

73.8

1.2

25.0

Jumlah

100.0

76.9

1.7

21.4

Lelaki

100.0

70.8

0.7

28.5

Perempuan

100.0

Merujuk kepada penganggur aktif


STATISTIK SISWAZAH MENGIKUT NEGERI 2018


Statistik Utama Siswazah, 2018 (’000)

Kadar Penyertaan Tenaga Buruh Siswazah, 2018 (%)

Kadar Pengangguran Siswazah, 2018 (%)

Perlis

Perlis

Selangor

Selangor

Terengganu

Terengganu

W.P. KualaLumpur

W.P. Kuala

Lumpur

W.P. Labuan

W.P. Labuan

W.P. Putrajaya

W.P. Putrajaya

Sabah

Sabah

Sarawak

Sarawak

Perak

Perak

Pahang

Pahang

Negeri Sembilan

Negeri

Sembilan

Johor

Johor

Kedah

Kedah

Melaka

Melaka

PulauPinang

Pulau

Pinang

Kelantan

Kelantan

PerlisSelangor

Terengganu

W.P. Kuala

Lumpur

W.P. Labuan

W.P. Putrajaya

SabahSarawak

PerakPahang

Negeri

SembilanJohor

KedahMelaka

Pulau

PinangKelantan

Bekerja

396.0

222.4

266.1

151.8

137.5

130.7

158.0

209.2

Siswazah Siswazah

489.1

296.1

83.7 80.9 78.2 80.3 82.0 83.3 82.2 79.375.8

88.4

77.0

85.7 84.679.5

83.389.1

3.3 3.46.0

1.53.9 3.7 2.6

5.4 6.83.3

7.3 8.64.8

2.15.3

0.9

332.4

189.2

174.4

165.2

214.8

267.8

Penganggur

13.6

12.6

7.1

5.8

5.6

2.0

10.0

7.3

Luar Tenaga Buruh

79.6

61.2

59.2

31.6

31.4

32.5

46.8

51.2

Bekerja

24.3

25.5

10.4

394.3

230.7

242.0

123.8

1,267.7

34.4

28.9

13.2

506.5

286.4

309.0

173.5

1,483.2

Penganggur

1.8

0.2

0.6

8.3

11.7

22.7

9.7

42.9

Luar Tenaga Buruh

8.3

3.2

2.2

103.9

44.0

44.3

40.0

172.5


STATISTIK GAJI & UPAH SISWAZAH 2018


Nota: Statistik gaji & upah bulanan siswazah adalah berdasarkan maklumat pekerjaan utama sepenuh masa atau setaraf bagi pekerja bergaji

Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan di kawasan bandar lebih tinggi berbanding

luar bandar

Gaji & Upah Siswazah mengikut Jantina, 2018 Gaji & Upah Siswazah mengikut Strata, 2018

Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan bagi siswazah lelaki lebih tinggi berbanding siswazah perempuan

Gaji & Upah Siswazah mengikut Negeri, 2018

Purata(RM)

Penengah(RM)

Purata(RM)

Penengah(RM)

PerlisJohor4,842 3,950 4,791 4,491

W.P. PutrajayaPerak4,005 3,393 5,413 4,287

W.P. LabuanPulauPinang

4,270 3,205 4,859 3,911

W.P. KualaLumpurPahang

4,269 3,733 6,424 4,654

SarawakNegeri Sembilan

4,641 3,745 4,950 4,328

SabahMelaka4,086 3,127 4,795 4,517

TerengganuKelantan4,439 3,911 4,460 3,579

SelangorKedah3,832 3,164 5,216 4,220

Purata (RM)

Penengah (RM)

5,475 4,335 Lelaki

4,369 3,727 Perempuan

Jumlah4,897 3,936

5,031 4,013

Bandar

3,810 3,367 Luar Bandar

Purata(RM)

Penengah(RM)



Source : Graduates Statistics 2018, Department of Statistics Malaysia

Graduates, 2018

Working age population 15 years

and over, 2018

24.47 million 4.96 millionEmployed80.4%

Graduates20.3%

Outside Labour Force

16.4%

Unemployed3.2%

83.6 per cent of the 4.96 million graduates

were in the labour force while

16.4 per cent were outside labour force

in 2018

Graduates labour force participation rate increased 0.3 percentage points to

83.6 per cent in 2018

The share of employed graduates increased 0.1 percentage point to 96.1 per cent in 2018

The share of graduates outside labour force decreased 0.3 percentage points to

16.4 per cent in 2018

Graduates Labour Force, 2016 - 2018 Graduates Outside Labour Force, 2016 - 2018

3,622.7 3,844.5

4,152.3

2016 2017 2018

Graduates Labour Force ('000)Graduates Labour Force Participation Rate, GLFPR (%)

Graduates Outside Labour Force ('000)Percentage Share of Graduates Outside Labour Force (%)

659.6 769.1 811.8

2016 2017 2018

15.4%16.7% 16.4%84.6%

83.3% 83.6%

Employed Graduates, 2016 - 2018

Employed Graduates ('000)Percentage Share of Employed Graduates (%)

3,476.93,689.6

3,990.4

2016 2017 2018

96.0% 96.0% 96.1%

Unemployed Graduates, 2016 - 2018

Graduates unemployment rate in 2018decreased 0.1 percentage point

to 3.9 per cent

Graduates Unemployment ('000)Graduates Unemployment Rate, GUR (%)

145.8154.9

162.0

2016 2017 2018

4.0% 4.0% 3.9%

Total GraduatesGLFPR =

Graduates Labour Force

Total Graduates

Graduates OutsideLabour ForcePercentage

Share =

Employed GraduatesPercentageShare

= Graduates Labour Force

GraduatesUnemployment

Graduates Labour Force

GUR =

Graduates Labour Force Participation Rate by Sex, 2018

Male Female87.1% 80.5%

Graduates Unemployment Rate by Sex, 2018

Male Female3.4% 4.4%




More than half of graduates were unemployed for less than 6 months

34.5 per cent of graduates were outside labour force because of housework/ family responsibilities

followed by schooling/ training programme (30.5%)

Almost 80 per cent of employed graduates were in Services sector

49.8%

29.9%

11.9%

8.4%

Unemployed Graduates

< 3 months

3-6 months

6 months - 1 year

> 1 year

Duration of Unemployed Graduates, 2018

Employed Graduates by Level of Skill and Sex, 2018

Employed Graduates by Sector, 2018 (’000)

Skilled

Low-skilled

Semi-skilled

Graduates Outside

Labour Force3.5%1.6%

2.1%34.5%

30.5%27.8%Schooling/training programmeHousework/family responsibilitiesGoing for further studies

Disabled

Retired/ old age

Not interested/just completed study

Reasons for Not Seeking Work, 2018

56.4

Agriculture

41.9

Mining & Quarrying 497.7

Manufacturing

212.3

Construction 3,182.0

1.4%

1.1%

12.5%

5.3%

79.7%

Services

Number of Employed Graduates (’000)

Male FemaleTotal

Percentage Share

Refers to active unemployed

Percentage Share (%)

Total Male Female

Total

1,520.4

33.1

424.3

1,425.3

13.3

573.9

2,945.7

46.4

998.2

1,977.8 2,012.53,990.4

73.8

1.2

25.0

100.0

76.9

1.7

21.4

100.0

70.8

0.7

28.5

100.0


GRADUATES STATISTICS BY STATE 2018


Principal Statistics of Graduates, 2018 (’000)

Graduates Labour Force Participation Rate, 2018 (%)

Graduates Unemployment Rate, 2018 (%)

Perlis

Perlis

Selangor

Selangor

Terengganu

Terengganu

W.P. KualaLumpur

W.P. Kuala

Lumpur

W.P. Labuan

W.P. Labuan

W.P. Putrajaya

W.P. Putrajaya

Sabah

Sabah

Sarawak

Sarawak

Perak

Perak

Pahang

Pahang

Negeri Sembilan

Negeri

Sembilan

Johor

Johor

Kedah

Kedah

Melaka

Melaka

PulauPinang

Pulau

Pinang

Kelantan

Kelantan

PerlisSelangor

Terengganu

W.P. Kuala

Lumpur

W.P. Labuan

W.P. Putrajaya

SabahSarawak

PerakPahang

Negeri

SembilanJohor

KedahMelaka

Pulau

PinangKelantan

Employed

396.0

222.4

266.1

151.8

137.5

130.7

158.0

209.2

Graduates Graduates

489.1

296.1

83.7 80.9 78.2 80.3 82.0 83.3 82.2 79.375.8

88.4

77.0

85.7 84.679.5

83.389.1

3.3 3.46.0

1.53.9 3.7 2.6

5.4 6.83.3

7.3 8.64.8

2.15.3

0.9

332.4

189.2

174.4

165.2

214.8

267.8

Unemployed

13.6

12.6

7.1

5.8

5.6

2.0

10.0

7.3


79.6

61.2

59.2

31.6

31.4

32.5

46.8

51.2

Employed

24.3

25.5

10.4

394.3

230.7

242.0

123.8

1,267.7

34.4

28.9

13.2

506.5

286.4

309.0

173.5

1,483.2

Unemployed

1.8

0.2

0.6

8.3

11.7

22.7

9.7

42.9


8.3

3.2

2.2

103.9

44.0

44.3

40.0

172.5


GRADUATES SALARIES & WAGES STATISTICS 2018


Note: Graduates salaries & wages statistics are based on full-time equivalent principal occupation of paid employees

Graduates Salaries & Wages by State, 2018

Mean(RM)

Median(RM)

Johor4,842 3,950

Perak4,005 3,393

PulauPinang

4,270 3,205

Pahang4,269 3,733

Negeri Sembilan

4,641 3,745

Melaka4,086 3,127

Kelantan4,439 3,911

Kedah3,832 3,164

Mean(RM)

Median(RM)

Perlis4,791 4,491

W.P. Putrajaya5,413 4,287

W.P. Labuan4,859 3,911

W.P. KualaLumpur

6,424 4,654

Sarawak4,950 4,328

Sabah4,795 4,517

Terengganu4,460 3,579

Selangor5,216 4,220

The mean and median of monthly salaries & wages in urban area were higher compared

to rural

Graduates Salaries & Wages by Sex, 2018 Graduates Salaries & Wages by Strata, 2018

5,031 4,013

Urban

3,810 3,367 Rural

The mean and median of monthly salaries & wages for male graduates were higher as

compared to female graduates

Mean(RM)

Median(RM)

Mean(RM)

Median(RM)

5,475 4,335 Male

4,369 3,727 Female

Total4,897 3,936


1. PENGENALANPenerbitan ini membentangkan statistik tahunan siswazah bagi tempoh 2016 hingga 2018. Statistik ini disusun daripada pelbagai sumber data terutamanya Survei Tenaga Buruh, Statistik Pendidikan Tinggi dan maklumat daripada Kajian Pengesanan Graduan. Siswazah ditakrifkan sebagai individu berumur 15 tahun dan lebih yang memperoleh sijil tertinggi daripada universiti, kolej, politeknik, badan yang diiktiraf atau setaraf, di mana tempoh pengajian adalah sekurang-kurangnya dua tahun. Siswazah dikelaskan kepada dua kategori iaitu siswazah berkelulusan diploma dan siswazah berkelulusan ijazah.

Statistik gaji & upah siswazah turut dibentangkan dalam penerbitan ini untuk memberi maklumat berkenaan pendapatan siswazah di Malaysia. Statistik ini diperoleh daripada Survei Gaji & Upah yang mengumpul maklumat berkenaan gaji & upah bulanan bagi pekerjaan utama sepenuh masa atau setaraf untuk pekerja bergaji.

Menyedari kepentingan statistik graduan yang komprehensif, laporan ini membekalkan maklumat mengikut ciri-ciri demografi dan sosioekonomi iaitu kumpulan umur, jantina, kumpulan etnik, sijil tertinggi diperoleh, strata, negeri, pekerjaan, taraf pekerjaan, tahap kemahiran and aktiviti ekonomi.

2. STATISTIK UTAMA SISWAZAH

Carta 1: Statistik utama siswazah, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

Pada 2018, bilangan siswazah di Malaysia adalah seramai 4.96 juta orang, meningkat 7.6 peratus daripada 4.61 juta orang pada seperti yang digambarkan pada Carta 1. Pada tempoh yang sama, tenaga buruh siswazah meningkat 8.0 peratus kepada 4.15 juta orang (2017: 3.84 juta orang). Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh siswazah (KPTBS) adalah 83.6 peratus, meningkat 0.3 mata peratus berbanding 83.3 peratus pada 2017.

Daripada keseluruhan tenaga buruh siswazah, 96.1 peratus (3.99 juta orang) adalah bekerja, meningkat 8.2 peratus daripada 3.69 juta orang pada tahun sebelumnya. Sebaliknya, kadar

RINGKASAN PENEMUAN

2017 20184,964.2

Menganggur

Bekerja

Luar tenaga buruh

Perubahan tahunan (%)

3,689.63,990.4

154.9

4,613.6Siswazah berumur ≥ 15

Tenaga buruh siswazah

162.0769.1 811.8

4,152.33,844.5

83.3 83.6

3.94.0

8.2

4.6

7.68.0

7.68.0

5.5

2017 20184,964.2

Unemployed

Employed

Outside labour force

Annual change (%)

3,689.63,990.4

154.9

4,613.6Graduates aged ≥ 15

Graduates labour force

162.0769.1 811.8

4,152.33,844.5

83.3 83.6

3.94.0

8.2

4.6

5.5Graduates labour force participation rate (%)

Graduates unemployment rate (%)

Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh siswazah (%)

Kadar pengangguran siswazah (%)


pengangguran siswazah turun 0.1 mata peratus kepada 3.9 peratus (162.0 ribu orang). Sementara itu, siswazah luar tenaga buruh adalah 0.81 juta orang pada 2018, meningkat 5.5 peratus daripada 0.77 juta orang (2017).

Carta 2: Statistik utama siswazah mengikut sijil, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

Dari segi siswazah mengikut sijil, siswazah berkelulusan ijazah berjumlah 2.58 juta orang dengan sumbangan 51.9 peratus (2017: 51.8%; 2.39 juta orang) seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Carta 2. Siswazah berkelulusan ijazah dalam tenaga buruh meningkat 7.3 peratus kepada 2.25 juta orang (2017: 2.10 juta orang). KPTB bagi siswazah berkelulusan ijazah jatuh 0.4 mata peratus kepada 87.3 peratus pada 2018 (2017: 87.7%).

Siswazah berkelulusan ijazah yang bekerja adalah 2.16 juta orang (96.1%), meningkat 6.8 peratus dari 2017 (2.02 juta orang). Pada masa yang sama, kadar pengangguran bagi siswazah berkelulusan ijazah naik 0.5 mata peratus kepada 3.9 peratus (88.0 ribu orang) pada 2018.

Daripada jumlah siswazah berkelulusan ijazah, luar tenaga buruh merangkumi 327.7 ribu orang (2017: 294.3 ribu orang).

Bagi siswazah berkelulusan diploma, terdapat 2.39 juta orang pada 2018, menyumbang 48.1 peratus daripada keseluruhan siswazah. Siswazah berkelulusan diploma dalam tenaga buruh meningkat 8.8 peratus pada 1.9 juta orang pada 2018 (2017: 1.75 juta orang). Pada masa yang sama, KPTB siswazah berkelulusan diploma turun 0.4 mata peratus kepada 79.7 peratus (2017: 78.6%).

Siswazah berkelulusan diploma yang bekerja adalah 1.83 juta orang (96.1%), naik 9.8 peratus daripada 2017 (1.66 juta orang). Kadar pengangguran bagi siswazah berkelulusan diploma jatuh 0.9 mata peratus daripada 4.8 peratus (83.2 ribu orang) pada 2017 kepada 3.9 peratus (74.0 ribu orang) pada 2018.

Daripada keseluruhan siswazah berkelulusan diploma, luar tenaga buruh merangkumi 484.1 ribu orang (2017:474.8 ribu orang).

2017Ijazah

2018 2017Diploma

2018

2,024.7

1,664.9


Tenaga buruh siswazah 2,096.42,578.12,250.4

2,222.91,748.1

2,386.11,902.0

3.4

7.87.3

7.38.8

Menganggur Bekerja Luar tenaga buruh Perubahan tahunan (%)

Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh siswazah (%) Kadar pengangguran siswazah (%)

294.3 327.7 474.8 484.171.7 83.2

3.9 4.8

2,162.3

88.0 22.8

11.3 2.0

6.8

-11.1

9.81,828.0

74.0

3.9

87.7 87.3

78.6 79.7

2017Degree

2018 2017Diploma

2018

2,024.7

1,664.9


Graduates labour force 2,096.42,578.12,250.4

2,222.91,748.1

2,386.11,902.0

3.4

7.87.3

7.38.8

Unemployed Employed Outside labour force Annual change (%)

Graduates labour force participation rate (%) Graduates unemployment rate (%)

294.3 327.7 474.8 484.171.7 83.2

3.9 4.8

2,162.3

88.0 22.8

11.3 2.0

6.8

-11.1

9.81,828.0

74.0

3.9

87.7 87.3

78.6 79.7


3. STATISTIK SISWAZAH BEKERJA

Paparan 1: Siswazah bekerja mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

Pada 2018, bilangan siswazah bekerja adalah 3.99 juta orang, meningkat 8.2 peratus daripada 2017 (3.69 juta orang). Perbandingan siswazah bekerja mengikut jantina menunjukkan perempuan mendominasi dengan sumbangan 50.4 peratus manakala siswazah lelaki menyumbang 49.6 peratus. [Paparan 1]

Bilangan siswazah lelaki bekerja meningkat 7.6 peratus kepada 1.98 juta orang (2017: 1.84 juta orang). Majoriti siswazah lelaki adalah dalam kumpulan umur 25 hingga 34 tahun (824.9 ribu orang) dan kumpulan umur 35 hingga 44 tahun (577.3 ribu orang). Kedua-dua kumpulan umur ini menyumbang 70.4 peratus kepada keseluruhan siswazah lelaki bekerja.

Sementara itu, bilangan siswazah perempuan bekerja meningkat 8.7 peratus kepada 2.01 juta orang (2017: 1.85 juta orang). Begitu juga, majoriti siswazah perempuan berada dalam kumpulan umur 25 hingga 34 tahun (984.1 ribu orang) dan kumpulan umur 35 hingga 44 tahun (537.2 ribu orang). Kedua-dua kumpulan umur ini menyumbang 75.6 peratus kepada jumlah siswazah perempuan bekerja.

Paparan 2: Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Kumpulan Etnik, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

Lebih daripada 90.0 peratus siswazah bekerja di Malaysia terdiri daripada Bumiputera dan Cina. Pada 2018, terdapat 2.6 juta siswazah Bumiputera bekerja dengan sumbangan

2017 2018 Peratus sumbangan (%) Perubahan tahunan (%)

Jumlah

≤ 24

25 - 34

35 - 44

≥ 45

8.2

5.5

13.7

5.7

9.5

2017 2018 Annual change (%)Percentage share (%)

Total

≤ 24

25 - 34

35 - 44

≥ 45

8.2

5.5

13.7

5.7

9.5

1,838.2 1,977.8

153.4 170.7

781.1 824.9

507.3 577.3

396.4 405.0

1,838.2 1,977.8

153.4 170.7

781.1 824.9

507.3 577.3

396.4 405.0

3,689.6 3,990.4

346.0 378.9

1,711.4 1,809.0

980.1 1,114.5

652.1 688.0

3,689.6 3,990.4

346.0 378.9

1,711.4 1,809.0

980.1 1,114.5

652.1 688.0

1,851.4 2,012.5

192.6 208.1

930.3 984.1

472.8 537.2

255.7 283.0

1,851.4 2,012.5

192.6 208.1

930.3 984.1

472.8 537.2

255.7 283.0

Siswazah Bekerja Lelaki Perempuan

Employed Graduates Male Female

49.6

58.9

51.8

45.6

45.1

50.4

41.1

48.2

54.4

54.9

49.6

58.9

51.8

45.6

45.1

50.4

41.1

48.2

54.4

54.9

2018 2017 Peratus Sumbangan (%)

2,608.9 65.3

2,386.7 64.7

Bumiputera

983.9 24.7

935.2 25.3

Cina

263.6 6.6

243.2 6.6

India

133.9 3.4

124.6 3.4

Lain-lain

2018 2017 Percentage share (%)

Bumiputera Chinese Indians Others

2,608.9 65.3

2,386.7 64.7

983.9 24.7

935.2 25.3

263.6 6.6

243.2 6.6

133.9 3.4

124.6 3.4


65.4 peratus (2017: 64.7%; 2.39 juta orang) diikuti oleh Cina dengan 983.9 ribu orang (24.7%). Manakala peratus sumbangan siswazah bekerja bagi India dan Lain-lain etnik masing-masing adalah 6.6 peratus (263.6 ribu orang) dan 3.4 peratus (133.9 ribu orang). [Paparan 2]

Paparan 3: Siswazah bekerja mengikut taraf pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

Siswazah bekerja mengikut taraf pekerjaan menunjukkan 84.2 peratus (3.36 juta orang) adalah dalam kategori pekerja, diikuti oleh bekerja sendiri yang menyumbang 9.3 peratus (371.6 ribu orang) dan kategori majikan dengan sumbangan 5.0 peratus (198.8 ribu orang). Sementara itu, sebanyak 1.5 peratus siswazah bekerja terdiri daripada pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji (58.7 ribu orang). [Paparan 3]

Paparan 4: Siswazah bekerja mengikut tahap kemahiran dan pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

Peratus sumbangan (%)

2018

2017

Percentage share (%)

2018

2017

Employer EmployeesOwn

AccountWorker

UnpaidFamilyWorker

Majikan Pekerja BekerjaSendiri

PekerjaKeluarga

Tanpa Gaji

198.8 5.0

202.7 5.5

3,361.2 84.2

3,129.4 84.8

371.6 9.3

308.6 8.4

58.7 1.5

48.8 1.3

198.8 5.0

202.7 5.5

3,361.2 84.2

3,129.4 84.8

371.6 9.3

308.6 8.4

58.7 1.5

48.8 1.3

Total

Skilled

ManagersProfessionalsTechnicians and associate professionals

Semi-skilled

Clerical support workersService and sales workersSkilled agricultural, forestry, livestock and fishery workersCraft and related trades workersPlant and machine operators, and assemblers

392.8 9.8

391.9 9.8

0.6 29.8 0.7

110.4 2.8

73.3 1.9

998.2 25.0

Low-skilled 46.4 1.2

Elementary occupations 46.4 1.2

3,990.4 100.0

Jumlah

Mahir

377.0 9.5

1,809.4 45.3

759.3 19.0

2,945.7 73.8

Separuh Mahir 998.2 25.0

Berkemahiran Rendah 46.4 1.2

46.4 1.2

3,990.4

2018

2018

100.0

388.4 10.6

1,687.8 45.7

708.6 19.2

2,784.9 75.5

867.7 23.5

37.0 1.0

37.0 1.0

3,689.6 100.0

2017

Pengurus

Profesional

Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu

392.8 9.8365.2 9.9Pekerja sokongan perkeranian

391.9 9.8323.0 8.8Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan

29.8 0.723.7 0.6Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan, penternakan dan perikanan

110.4 2.899.6 2.7Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan

73.3 1.956.2 1.5Operator mesin dan loji, dan pemasang

Pekerja asas

377.0 9.5

1,809.4 45.3

759.3 19.0

365.2 9.9

323.0 8.8

23.7

99.6 2.7

56.2 1.5

867.7 23.5

37.0 1.0

37.0 1.0

3,689.6 100.0

2017

388.4 10.6

1,687.8 45.7

708.6 19.2

2,784.9 75.5 2,945.7 73.8




Siswazah bekerja bagi kategori mahir menyumbang 73.8 peratus (2,945.7 ribu orang) pada 2018, di mana sumbangan tertinggi merupakan kategori pekerjaan Profesional dengan 45.3 peratus (1,809.4 ribu orang) diikuti oleh Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu pada 19.0 peratus (759.3 ribu orang).

Di samping itu, siswazah bekerja bagi kategori separuh mahir merangkumi 25.0 peratus (998.2 ribu orang). Daripada keseluruhan siswazah bekerja bagi kategori ini, Pekerja sokongan perkeranian dan Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan masing-masing meliputi 9.8 peratus diikuti Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan pada 2.8 peratus (110.4 ribu orang).

Baki siswazah bekerja sebanyak 1.2 peratus berada di kategori berkemahiran rendah (46.4 ribu orang). [Paparan 4]

Paparan 5: Siswazah bekerja mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

Daripada perspektif aktiviti ekonomi, sebahagian besar siswazah bekerja di Malaysia berada dalam sektor Perkhidmatan dengan sumbangan 79.7 peratus (3.18 juta orang). Selain itu, sektor Pembuatan dan Pembinaan masing-masing menyumbang 12.5 peratus (497.7 ribu orang) dan 5.3 peratus (212.3 ribu orang). Siswazah bekerja dalam sektor Pertanian merangkumi 1.4 peratus (56.4 ribu orang) manakala sektor Perlombongan & Pengkuarian meliputi 1.1 peratus (41.9 ribu orang). [Paparan 5]

4. STATISTIK SISWAZAH MENGANGGUR

Paparan 6: Siswazah menganggur mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

56.4 1.4

46.3

Pertanian

1.3

41.9 1.1

40.0

Perlombongan& Pengkuarian

1.1

497.7 12.5

488.1

Pembuatan

13.2

212.3 5.3

220.4

Pembinaan

6.0

3,182.0 79.7

2,894.9

Perkhidmatan

78.4

2018

2017

21.9 4.8 2.0 -3.7 9.9

Agriculture Mining &Quarrying

Manufacturing Construction Services

2018

2017

Perubahan tahunan (%) Peratus sumbangan (%)

Annual change (%) Percentage share (%)

56.4 1.4

46.3 1.3

41.9 1.1

40.0 1.1

497.7 12.5

488.1 13.2

212.3 5.3

220.4 6.0

3,182.0 79.7

2,894.9 78.4

21.9 4.8 2.0 -3.7 9.9


Jumlah

≤ 24

25 - 34

35 - 44

≥ 45


Total

≤ 24

25 - 34

35 - 44

≥ 45

Siswazah Menganggur Lelaki Perempuan

Unemployed Graduates Male Female

154.9 162.0

74.2 80.3

66.9 67.4

8.5 10.5

5.2 3.8

154.9 162.0

74.2 80.3

66.9 67.4

8.5 10.5

5.2 3.8

72.6 69.9

33.1 31.9

30.5 29.6

4.8 5.3

4.1 3.2

72.6 69.9

33.1 31.9

30.5 29.6

4.8 5.3

4.1 3.2

82.3 92.1

41.1 48.4

36.4 37.8

3.7 5.2

1.1 0.6

82.3 92.1

41.1 48.4

36.4 37.8

3.7 5.2

1.1 0.6

4.6

-26.6

22.8

0.7

8.2

4.6

-26.6

22.8

0.7

8.2

43.1

83.4

50.2

43.9

39.7

56.9

16.6

49.8

56.1

60.3

43.1

83.4

50.2

43.9

39.7

56.9

16.6

49.8

56.1

60.3


Bilangan siswazah menganggur pada 2018 adalah seramai 162.0 ribu orang, meningkat 4.6 peratus daripada 2017 (154.9 ribu orang). Sebanyak 56.9 peratus siswazah menganggur adalah perempuan berbanding 43.1 peratus siswazah lelaki.

Bilangan siswazah lelaki menganggur adalah 69.9 ribu orang (2017: 72.6 ribu orang). Daripada jumlah ini, majoriti adalah berumur 24 tahun dan ke bawah (31.9 ribu orang) dan kumpulan umur 25 hingga 34 tahun (29.6 ribu orang). Kedua-dua kumpulan umur ini menyumbang 88.0 peratus kepada jumlah siswazah lelaki menganggur.

Pada masa yang sama, terdapat 92.1 ribu siswazah perempuan menganggur (2017: 82.3 ribu orang). Begitu juga, majoriti siswazah perempuan berumur 24 tahun dan ke bawah (48.4 ribu orang) dan kumpulan umur 25 hingga 34 tahun (37.8 ribu orang). Kedua-dua kumpulan umur ini menyumbang 93.6 peratus kepada jumlah siswazah perempuan menganggur. [Paparan 6]

Paparan 7: Siswazah menganggur mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

Pada 2018, terdapat 111.7 ribu siswazah Bumiputera bekerja dengan sumbangan 68.9 peratus (2017: 70.6%; 109.4 ribu orang) diikuti oleh Cina dengan 29.7 ribu orang (18.3%). Manakala, peratus sumbangan siswazah bekerja bagi India dan Lain-lain etnik masing-masing adalah 9.9 peratus (16.0 ribu orang) dan 2.9 peratus (4.7 ribu orang). [Paparan 7]

Paparan 8: Siswazah menganggur mengikut tempoh menganggur, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

2018 2017 Peratus sumbangan (%)

111.7 68.9

109.4 70.6

Bumiputera

29.7 18.3

27.8 18.0

Cina

16.0 9.9

14.4 9.3

India

4.7 2.9

3.3 2.1

Lain-lain



111.7 68.9

109.4 70.6

29.7 18.3

27.8 18.0

16.0 9.9

14.4 9.3

4.7 2.9

3.3 2.1


Total 154.9 100.0 162.0 100.0

Active unemployed 107.6 69.5 115.9 71.5

Less than 3 months 48.3 44.9 57.7 49.8

3 months - less than 6 months 34.1 31.6 34.7 29.9

6 months - less than 1 year 16.4 15.3 13.8 11.9

More than 1 year 8.9 8.2 9.7 8.4

Inactive unemployed 47.3 30.5 46.1 28.5


Jumlah 154.9 100.0 162.0

2017 2018

2017 2018

100.0

Penganggur Aktif 107.6 69.5 115.9 71.5

48.3 44.9 57.7 49.8

34.1 31.6 34.7 29.9

16.4 15.3 13.8 11.9

8.9 8.2 9.7 8.4

Penganggur Tidak Aktif 47.3 30.5 46.1 28.5

Kurang daripada 3 bulan

3 bulan - kurang daripada 6 bulan

6 bulan - kurang daripada 1 tahun

Lebih daripada 1 tahun


Siswazah menganggur aktif mewakili 71.5 peratus (115.9 ribu orang) daripada keseluruhan siswazah menganggur. Hampir separuh daripada siswazah menganggur aktif, iaitu 49.8 peratus (57.7 ribu orang) adalah menganggur kurang daripada tiga bulan, manakala 29.9 peratus (34.7 ribu orang) menganggur di antara tiga bulan dan kurang dari enam bulan. Siswazah yang menganggur lebih dari satu tahun mewakili 8.4 peratus (9.7 ribu orang).

Sementara itu, siswazah menganggur tidak aktif meliputi 28.5 peratus (46.1 ribu orang) daripada keseluruhan siswazah menganggur. [Paparan 8]

5. STATISTIK SISWAZAH LUAR TENAGA BURUH

Paparan 9: Siswazah luar tenaga buruh mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

Bilangan siswazah luar tenaga buruh pada 2018 ialah 811.8 ribu orang, meningkat 5.5 peratus daripada 2017 (769.1 ribu orang). Sumbangan siswazah perempuan luar tenaga buruh adalah 62.8 peratus manakala siswazah lelaki menyumbang 37.2 peratus seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Paparan 9.

Bilangan siswazah lelaki adalah 302.2 ribu orang (2017: 292.9 ribu orang). Daripada keseluruhan siswazah lelaki, majoriti berumur 45 tahun dan lebih (160.0 ribu orang) dan kumpulan umur 24 tahun dan ke bawah (93.1 ribu orang). Kumpulan umur ini menyumbang 83.8 peratus kepada jumlah siswazah lelaki luar tenaga buruh.

Sementara itu, bilangan siswazah perempuan luar tenaga buruh adalah 509.6 ribu orang (2017: 476.2 ribu orang). Sebaliknya, majoriti siswazah perempuan luar tenaga buruh adalah berumur 25 hingga 34 tahun (161.4 ribu orang) dan kumpulan umur 24 tahun dan ke bawah (133.2 ribu orang). Kedua-dua kumpulan umur ini menyumbang 57.8 peratus kepada jumlah siswazah lelaki luar tenaga buruh. [Paparan 9]


Jumlah

≤ 24

25 - 34

35 - 44

≥ 45


Total

≤ 24

25 - 34

35 - 44

≥ 45

Siswazah Luar Tenaga Buruh Lelaki Perempuan

Graduates Outside Labour Force

Male Female

769.1 811.8

241.4 226.3

195.0 205.2

78.6 90.8

254.0 289.5

769.1 811.8

241.4 226.3

195.0 205.2

78.6 90.8

254.0 289.5

5.5

14.0

15.5

5.2

-6.3

5.5

14.0

15.5

5.2

-6.3

292.9 302.2

101.9 93.1

48.3 43.8

5.5 5.2

137.3 160.0

292.9 302.2

101.9 93.1

48.3 43.8

5.5 5.2

137.3 160.0

476.2 509.6

139.6 133.2

146.8 161.4

73.1 85.6

116.7 129.5

476.2 509.6

139.6 133.2

146.8 161.4

73.1 85.6

116.7 129.5

37.2

55.3

5.7

21.4

41.2

62.8

44.7

94.3

78.6

58.8

37.2

55.3

5.7

21.4

41.2

62.8

44.7

94.3

78.6

58.8


Paparan 10: Siswazah di luar tenaga buruh mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

Pada 2018, terdapat 511.8 ribu siswazah luar tenaga buruh Bumiputera dengan sumbangan 63.0 peratus (2017: 62.2%; 478.3 ribu orang) diikuti oleh Cina dengan 167.3 ribu orang (20.6%). Sementara itu, peratus sumbangan siswazah luar tenaga buruh bagi India dan Lain-lain etnik masing-masing adalah 7.3 peratus (59.3 ribu orang) dan 9.1 peratus (73.5 ribu orang). [Paparan 10]

Paparan 11: Siswazah di luar tenaga buruh mengikut sebab tidak mencari pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

Sebab paling signifikan bagi siswazah luar tenaga buruh adalah kerja rumah/ tanggungjawab keluarga yang menyumbang 34.5 peratus (280.1 ribu orang) pada 2018. Ini diikuti oleh masih belajar/ program latihan pada 30.5 peratus (247.5 ribu orang) dan siswazah yang tidak minat/ baru tamat belajar dengan 3.5 peratus (28.8 ribu orang).

Sementara itu, peratus sumbangan siswazah yang akan melanjutkan pelajaran ialah 2.1 peratus (17.1 ribu orang) dan hilang upaya sebanyak 1.6 peratus (12.7 ribu orang). [Paparan 11]


511.8 63.0

478.3 62.2

Bumiputera

167.3 20.6

163.9 21.3

Cina

59.3 7.3

50.8 6.6

India

73.5 9.1

76.1 9.9

Lain-lain



511.8 63.0

478.3 62.2

167.3 20.6

163.9 21.3

59.3 7.3

50.8 6.6

73.5 9.1

76.1 9.9

Schooling/training programme

Housework/ familyresponsibilities

Going for furtherstudies Disabled

Not interested/ just completed study Retired/ old age


247.5 30.5

274.6 35.7

Masih belajar/ program latihan

247.5 30.5

274.6 35.7

280.1 34.5

246.6 32.0

17.1 2.1

12.3 1.6

12.7 1.6

12.0 1.6

28.8 3.5

23.0 3.0

225.5 27.8

200.8 26.1

280.1 34.5

246.6 32.0

Kerja rumah/tanggungjawab keluarga

17.1 2.1

12.3 1.6

Akan melanjutkanpelajaran

12.7 1.6

12.0 1.6

Hilang upaya

28.8 3.5

23.0 3.0


225.5 27.8

200.8 26.1




6. STATISTIK SISWAZAH MENGIKUT NEGERI

Paparan 12: Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh siswazah dan kadar pengangguran siswazah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2018

Negeri yang mencatatkan KPTBS tertinggi pada 2018 adalah W.P. Putrajaya (89.1%) dan diikuti oleh Selangor (88.4%). Sabah berada di kedudukan ketiga dengan 85.7 peratus diikuti oleh Johor dengan kadar 83.7 peratus dan Pahang serta W.P. Labuan yang masing-masing merekodkan KPTBS pada 83.3 peratus. Perlis merekodkan KPTBS paling rendah iaitu 75.8 peratus.

Dari segi kadar pengangguran mengikut negeri, Sabah merekodkan kadar tertinggi iaitu 8.6 peratus pada 2018, diikuti Terengganu (7.3%) dan Perlis (6.8%). Sementara itu, terdapat sembilan negeri merekodkan kadar pengangguran di bawah kadar 4.0 peratus. Kadar pengangguran terendah direkodkan oleh W.P. Putrajaya pada 0.9 peratus. [Paparan 12]

Perlis

Selangor

Terengganu

W.P. KualaLumpur

W.P. Labuan

W.P. Putrajaya

Sabah

Sarawak

Perak

Pahang

Negeri Sembilan

Johor

Kedah

Melaka

PulauPinang

Kelantan

Kadar PenyertaanTenaga Buruh Siswazah

Kadar Pengangguran Siswazah

2017

84.0%

79.1%

81.9%

83.6%

81.5%

79.8%

77.3%

80.8%

2017



4.4%

6.4%

2.6%

5.0%

3.6%

1.4%

7.3%

4.2%

2018

3.3%

5.4%

2.6%

3.7%

3.9%

1.5%

6.0%

3.4%

2018

83.7%

79.3%

82.2%

83.3%

82.0%

80.3%

78.2%

80.9%

2017

72.0%

89.2%

83.1%

81.3%

85.8%

84.6%

79.5%

86.3%

2017

6.1%

1.4%

6.9%

2.8%

5.1%

8.3%

5.8%

2.7%

2018

6.8%

0.9%

5.3%

2.1%

4.8%

8.6%

7.3%

3.3%

2018

75.8%

89.1%

83.3%

79.5%

84.6%

85.7%

77.0%

88.4%

Perlis

Selangor

Terengganu

W.P. KualaLumpur

W.P. Labuan

W.P. Putrajaya

Sabah

Sarawak

Perak

Pahang

Negeri Sembilan

Johor

Kedah

Melaka

PulauPinang

Kelantan

Graduates Labour Force Participation Rate

Graduates Unemployment Rate



2017

84.0%

79.1%

81.9%

83.6%

81.5%

79.8%

77.3%

80.8%

2017

4.4%

6.4%

2.6%

5.0%

3.6%

1.4%

7.3%

4.2%

2018

3.3%

5.4%

2.6%

3.7%

3.9%

1.5%

6.0%

3.4%

2018

83.7%

79.3%

82.2%

83.3%

82.0%

80.3%

78.2%

80.9%

2017

72.0%

89.2%

83.1%

81.3%

85.8%

84.6%

79.5%

86.3%

2017

6.1%

1.4%

6.9%

2.8%

5.1%

8.3%

5.8%

2.7%

2018

6.8%

0.9%

5.3%

2.1%

4.8%

8.6%

7.3%

3.3%

2018

75.8%

89.1%

83.3%

79.5%

84.6%

85.7%

77.0%

88.4%


7. STATISTIK GAJI & UPAH SISWAZAH

Paparan 13: Statistik gaji & upah siswazah mengikut kumpulan umur, Malaysia, 2018

Secara keseluruhannya, penengah gaji & upah bulanan siswazah pada 2018 adalah RM3,936 manakala purata adalah RM4,897. Gaji & upah yang diterima oleh graduan meningkat seiring dengan umur siswazah. Siswazah berumur 45 tahun dan lebih menerima penengah dan purata gaji & upah tertinggi masing-masing sebanyak RM6,859 dan RM8,199. Sebaliknya, siswazah berumur 24 tahun dan ke bawah menerima penengah dan purata gaji & upah paling rendah masing-masing RM2,112 dan RM2,320. [Paparan 13]

Paparan 14: Statistik gaji & upah siswazah mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2018

Siswazah lelaki menerima penengah dan purata gaji & upah bulanan lebih tinggi berbanding siswazah perempuan. Penengah gaji & upah bulanan lelaki adalah RM4,335 manakala perempuan menerima RM3,727. Bagi purata pula, gaji & upah bulanan bagi siswazah lelaki adalah RM5,475 berbanding siswazah perempuan RM4,369. [Paparan 14]

2017 2018 Annual change (%)

2017 2018 Perubahan tahunan (%)

Total

≤ 24

25 - 34

35 - 44

≥ 45

Median (RM) Mean (RM)

10.9

14.3

6.2

6.0

17.3

3,550 3,936

1,800 2,112

3,000 3,181

4,890 5,195

6,000 6,859

4.7

2.8

2.0

6.5

8.1

4,676 4,897

2,146 2,320

3,479 3,707

5,705 5,822

7,978 8,199

Jumlah

≤ 24

25 - 34

35 - 44

≥ 45

10.9

14.3

6.2

6.0

17.3

3,550 3,936

1,800 2,112

3,000 3,181

4,890 5,195

6,000 6,859

4.7

2.8

2.0

6.5

8.1

4,676 4,897

2,146 2,320

3,479 3,707

5,705 5,822

7,978 8,199

Penengah (RM) Purata (RM)

10.9

14.3

6.2

6.0

17.3

3,550 3,936

1,800 2,112

3,000 3,181

4,890 5,195

6,000 6,859

4.7

2.8

2.0

6.5

8.1

4,676 4,897

2,146 2,320

3,479 3,707

5,705 5,822

7,978 8,199



Total

Male

Female

10.9

9.0

11.2

3,550 3,936

3,900 4,335

3,418 3,727

4.7

7.2

2.6

4,676 4,897

5,335 5,475

4,077 4,369


Jumlah

Lelaki

Perempuan

10.9

9.0

11.2

3,550 3,936

3,900 4,335

3,418 3,727

4.7

7.2

2.6

4,676 4,897

5,335 5,475

4,077 4,369



Paparan 15: Statistik gaji & upah siswazah mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2018 (RM)

Penengah gaji & upah bulanan siswazah Bumiputera adalah RM3,822 manakala siswazah Cina dan India masing-masing menerima RM4,380 dan RM3,859. Sementara itu, dari segi purata gaji & upah bulanan, siswazah Bumiputera adalah RM4,633, Cina RM5,621 dan India RM4,830. [Paparan 15]

Paparan 16: Statistik gaji & upah siswazah mengikut tahap kemahiran, Malaysia, 2018 (RM)

Siswazah bagi kategori mahir memperoleh penengah gaji & upah bulanan sebanyak RM4,684 pada 2018, manakala kategori separa mahir memperoleh RM2,139. Sebaliknya, purata gaji & upah bulanan bagi siswazah kategori mahir ialah RM5,591, diikuti oleh kategori separuh mahir sebanyak RM2,418. [Paparan 16]

Bumiputera Cina India Lain-lain

Median Mean Annual change (%)


3,822 4,633

3,538 4,426

4,380 5,621

4,000 5,204

3,859 4,830

3,550 4,686

3,601 5,278

3,400 5,751

8.0 4.7 9.5 8.0 8.7 3.1 5.9 -8.2

Penengah Purata Perubahan tahunan (%)

3,822 4,633

3,538 4,426

4,380 5,621

4,000 5,204

3,859 4,830

3,550 4,686

3,601 5,278

3,400 5,751

8.0 4.7 9.5 8.0 8.7 3.1 5.9 -8.2

2018

2017

2018

2017


Skilled

4,200 5,305

11.5 5.4

4,684

2017

2018 5,591

Semi-skilled

2,000 2,267

6.9 6.6

2,139 2,418

Low-skilled

1,600 1,966

12.6 -3.3

1,802 1,902


Mahir

4,200 5,305

11.5 5.4

4,684

2017

2018 5,591

Separuh Mahir

2,000 2,267

6.9 6.6

2,139 2,418

BerkemahiranRendah

1,600 1,966

12.6 -3.3

1,802 1,902


Paparan 17: Statistik gaji & upah siswazah mengikut aktiviti ekonomi, Malaysia, 2018 (RM)

Siswazah bekerja dalam sektor Perlombongan & Pengkuarian memperoleh penengah gaji & upah tertinggi sebanyak RM6,535, diikuti oleh sektor Perkhidmatan (RM4,133) dan sektor Pembinaan (RM3,782).

Purata gaji & upah tertinggi diterima oleh siswazah yang bekerja di sektor Perlombongan & Pengkuarian sebanyak RM9,137. Sektor Pembinaan berada pada kedudukan kedua dengan siswazah yang bekerja dalam sektor tersebut menerima RM4,976 diikuti oleh sektor Perkhidmatan dengan RM4,965. [Paparan 17]



2018

2017

Annual change (%)MeanMedian

3,052 4,135

2,700 3,770

9,137

9,757

4,115

4,019

4,976

4,268

4,965

4,751

13.0 9.7 8.9 -6.4 3.5 2.4 22.0 16.6 9.9 4.5

6,535

6,000

3,106

3,000

3,782

3,100

4,133

3,760

2018

2017

Perubahan tahunan (%)PurataPenengah

3,052 4,135

2,700 3,770

9,137

9,757

4,115

4,019

4,976

4,268

4,965

4,751

13.0 9.7 8.9 -6.4 3.5 2.4 22.0 16.6 9.9 4.5

6,535

6,000

3,106

3,000

3,782

3,100

4,133

3,760

Pertanian Perlombongan& Pengkuarian

Pembuatan Pembinaan Perkhidmatan


1. INTRODUCTIONThis publication presents annual graduates statistics for the period of 2016 to 2018. The statistics are compiled from various data sources mainly, Labour Force Survey, Higher Education Statistics and information of Graduate Tracers Study. Graduates are defined as individuals aged 15 years and over with the highest certificate obtained from universities, colleges, polytechnics, recognised bodies or equivalent, where duration of study is at least two years. Graduates are classified into two categories namely diploma graduates and degree graduates.

Statistics on graduates’ salaries & wages are also presented in this publication to provide information on their earnings in Malaysia. The statistics are produced based on Salaries & Wages Survey which collect information of monthly salaries & wages from full-time equivalent principal occupation of paid employees.

Realising the importance of a comprehensive graduates statistics, this report provide disaggregation by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of age group, sex, ethnic group, highest certificate obtained, strata, state, occupation, status in employment, skill level and economic activity.

2. PRINCIPAL STATISTICS OF GRADUATES

Chart 1: Principal statistics of graduates, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

In 2018, number of graduates in Malaysia was 4.96 million persons, increased 7.6 per cent from 4.61 million in 2017 as illustrated in Chart 1. During the same period, graduates labour force increased 8.0 per cent to 4.15 million persons (2017: 3.84 million persons). Graduates labour force participation rate (GLFPR) was 83.6 per cent, went up 0.3 percentage points as against 83.3 per cent in 2017.

Out of the total graduates labour force, 96.1 per cent (3.99 million persons) were employed, increased 8.2 per cent from 3.69 million persons in previous year. On the contrary, graduates unemployment rate decreased 0.1 percentage point to 3.9 per cent (162.0 thousand persons). Meanwhile, graduates outside labour force was 0.81 million persons in 2018, increased 5.5 per cent from 0.77 million persons (2017).

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

2017 20184,964.2

Menganggur

Bekerja

Luar tenaga buruh

Perubahan tahunan (%)

3,689.63,990.4

154.9


Tenaga buruh siswazah

162.0769.1 811.8

4,152.33,844.5

83.3 83.6

3.94.0

8.2

4.6

7.68.0

7.68.0

5.5

2017 20184,964.2

Unemployed

Employed

Outside labour force

Annual change (%)

3,689.63,990.4

154.9


Graduates labour force

162.0769.1 811.8

4,152.33,844.5

83.3 83.6

3.94.0

8.2

4.6

5.5Graduates labour force participation rate (%)

Graduates unemployment rate (%)

Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh siswazah (%)

Kadar pengangguran siswazah (%)


Chart 2: Principal statistics of graduates by certificate, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

In terms of graduates by certificate, degree graduates accounted for 2.58 million persons with a share of 51.9 per cent (2017: 51.8%; 2.39 million persons) as shown in Chart 2. Degree graduates in labour force rose 7.3 per cent to 2.25 million persons (2017: 2.10 million persons). LFPR for degree graduates dropped 0.4 percentage points to 87.3 per cent in 2018 (2017: 87.7%).

Degree graduates who were employed was 2.16 million persons (96.1%), increased 6.8 per cent from 2017 (2.02 million persons). In the meantime, unemployment rate for degree graduates rose 0.5 percentage points to 3.9 per cent (88.0 thousand persons) in 2018.

Of the total degree graduates, outside labour force encompassed of 327.7 thousand persons (2017: 294.3 thousand persons).

As for diploma graduates, there were 2.39 million persons in 2018, accounted for 48.1 per cent from the overall graduates. Diploma graduates in the labour force increased 8.8 per cent to 1.9 million persons in 2018 (2017: 1.75 million persons). On the other hand, LFPR for diploma graduates decreased 0.4 percentage points to 79.7 per cent (2017: 78.6%).

Diploma graduates who were employed was 1.83 million persons (96.1%), rose 9.8 per cent from 2017 (1.66 million persons). Unemployment rate for diploma graduates decreased by 0.9 percentage points from 4.8 per cent (83.2 thousand persons) in 2017 to 3.9 per cent (74.0 thousand persons) in 2018.

Of the total diploma graduates, outside labour force comprised of 484.1 thousand persons (2017: 474.8 thousand persons).

2017Ijazah

2018 2017Diploma

2018

2,024.7

1,664.9


Tenaga buruh siswazah 2,096.42,578.12,250.4

2,222.91,748.1

2,386.11,902.0

3.4

7.87.3

7.38.8

Menganggur Bekerja Luar tenaga buruh Perubahan tahunan (%)

Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh siswazah (%) Kadar pengangguran siswazah (%)

294.3 327.7 474.8 484.171.7 83.2

3.9 4.8

2,162.3

88.0 22.8

11.3 2.0

6.8

-11.1

9.81,828.0

74.0

3.9

87.7 87.3

78.6 79.7

2017Degree

2018 2017Diploma

2018

2,024.7

1,664.9


Graduates labour force 2,096.42,578.12,250.4

2,222.91,748.1

2,386.11,902.0

3.4

7.87.3

7.38.8

Unemployed Employed Outside labour force Annual change (%)

Graduates labour force participation rate (%) Graduates unemployment rate (%)

294.3 327.7 474.8 484.171.7 83.2

3.9 4.8

2,162.3

88.0 22.8

11.3 2.0

6.8

-11.1

9.81,828.0

74.0

3.9

87.7 87.3

78.6 79.7


3. EMPLOYED GRADUATES STATISTICS

Exhibit 1: Employed graduates by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

In 2018, number of employed graduates was 3.99 million persons, increased 8.2 per cent from 2017 (3.69 million persons). Comparison of employed graduates by sex showed that female dominated with a share of 50.4 per cent while male graduates contributed 49.6 per cent. [Exhibit 1]

Number of employed male graduates increased 7.6 per cent to 1.98 million persons (2017: 1.84 million persons). Majority of male graduates were between the age group of 25 to 34 years (824.9 thousand persons) and age group of 35 to 44 years (577.3 thousand persons). These age groups accounted for 70.4 per cent to the total of employed male graduates.

In the meantime, number of employed female graduates rose 8.7 per cent to 2.01 million persons (2017: 1.85 million persons). Similarly, majority of female graduates were in the age group of 25 to 34 years (984.1 thousand persons) and age group of 35 to 44 years (537.2 thousand persons). These age groups accounted for 75.6 per cent to the total of employed female graduates.

Exhibit 2: Employed graduates by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

More than 90.0 per cent of employed graduates in Malaysia comprised of Bumiputera and Chinese. In 2018, there were 2.6 million Bumiputera employed graduates with a share of 65.4 per cent (2017: 64.7%; 2.39 million persons) followed by Chinese with 983.9 thousand persons (24.7%). Meanwhile, percentage share of employed graduates for Indians and Others were 6.6 per cent (263.6 thousand persons) and 3.4 per cent (133.9 thousand persons) respectively. [Exhibit 2]


Jumlah

≤ 24

25 - 34

35 - 44

≥ 45

8.2

5.5

13.7

5.7

9.5


Total

≤ 24

25 - 34

35 - 44

≥ 45

8.2

5.5

13.7

5.7

9.5

1,838.2 1,977.8

153.4 170.7

781.1 824.9

507.3 577.3

396.4 405.0

1,838.2 1,977.8

153.4 170.7

781.1 824.9

507.3 577.3

396.4 405.0

3,689.6 3,990.4

346.0 378.9

1,711.4 1,809.0

980.1 1,114.5

652.1 688.0

3,689.6 3,990.4

346.0 378.9

1,711.4 1,809.0

980.1 1,114.5

652.1 688.0

1,851.4 2,012.5

192.6 208.1

930.3 984.1

472.8 537.2

255.7 283.0

1,851.4 2,012.5

192.6 208.1

930.3 984.1

472.8 537.2

255.7 283.0

Siswazah Bekerja Lelaki Perempuan

Employed Graduates Male Female

49.6

58.9

51.8

45.6

45.1

50.4

41.1

48.2

54.4

54.9

49.6

58.9

51.8

45.6

45.1

50.4

41.1

48.2

54.4

54.9

2018 2017 Peratus Sumbangan (%)

2,608.9 65.3

2,386.7 64.7

Bumiputera

983.9 24.7

935.2 25.3

Cina

263.6 6.6

243.2 6.6

India

133.9 3.4

124.6 3.4

Lain-lain



2,608.9 65.3

2,386.7 64.7

983.9 24.7

935.2 25.3

263.6 6.6

243.2 6.6

133.9 3.4

124.6 3.4


Exhibit 3: Employed graduates by status in employment, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

Employed graduates by status in employment shows that 84.2 per cent (3.36 million persons) were in employees category followed by own account worker which contributed 9.3 per cent (371.6 thousand persons) and employer category with a share of 5.0 per cent (198.8 thousand persons). In the meantime, 1.5 per cent of employed graduates comprised of unpaid family workers (58.7 thousand persons). [Exhibit 3]

Exhibit 4: Employed graduates by skill level and occupation, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

Employed graduates in skilled category accounted for 73.8 per cent (2,945.7 thousand persons) in 2018 where the highest share was in the Professionals occupation category with 45.3 per cent (1,809.4 thousand persons), followed by Technicians and associate professionals at 19.0 per cent (759.3 thousand persons).


2018

2017


2018

2017

Employer EmployeesOwn

AccountWorker

UnpaidFamilyWorker

Majikan Pekerja BekerjaSendiri

PekerjaKeluarga

Tanpa Gaji

198.8 5.0

202.7 5.5

3,361.2 84.2

3,129.4 84.8

371.6 9.3

308.6 8.4

58.7 1.5

48.8 1.3

198.8 5.0

202.7 5.5

3,361.2 84.2

3,129.4 84.8

371.6 9.3

308.6 8.4

58.7 1.5

48.8 1.3

Total

Skilled

ManagersProfessionalsTechnicians and associate professionals

Semi-skilled

Clerical support workersService and sales workersSkilled agricultural, forestry, livestock and fishery workersCraft and related trades workersPlant and machine operators, and assemblers

392.8 9.8

391.9 9.8

0.6 29.8 0.7

110.4 2.8

73.3 1.9

998.2 25.0

Low-skilled 46.4 1.2

Elementary occupations 46.4 1.2

3,990.4 100.0

Jumlah

Mahir

377.0 9.5

1,809.4 45.3

759.3 19.0

2,945.7 73.8

Separuh Mahir 998.2 25.0

Berkemahiran Rendah 46.4 1.2

46.4 1.2

3,990.4

2018

2018

100.0

388.4 10.6

1,687.8 45.7

708.6 19.2

2,784.9 75.5

867.7 23.5

37.0 1.0

37.0 1.0

3,689.6 100.0

2017

Pengurus

Profesional

Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu

392.8 9.8365.2 9.9Pekerja sokongan perkeranian

391.9 9.8323.0 8.8Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan

29.8 0.723.7 0.6Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan, penternakan dan perikanan

110.4 2.899.6 2.7Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan

73.3 1.956.2 1.5Operator mesin dan loji, dan pemasang

Pekerja asas

377.0 9.5

1,809.4 45.3

759.3 19.0

365.2 9.9

323.0 8.8

23.7

99.6 2.7

56.2 1.5

867.7 23.5

37.0 1.0

37.0 1.0

3,689.6 100.0

2017

388.4 10.6

1,687.8 45.7

708.6 19.2

2,784.9 75.5 2,945.7 73.8




In addition, employed graduates in semi-skilled category comprised of 25.0 per cent (998.2 thousand persons). Out of the overall employed graduates in this category, Clerical support workers and Services and sales workers comprised of 9.8 per cent respectively followed by Craft and related trades workers at 2.8 per cent (110.4 thousand persons).

The remaining 1.2 per cent of graduates were employed in low-skilled category with 46.4 thousand persons. [Exhibit 4]

Exhibit 5: Employed graduates by economic activity, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

From the perspective of economic activity, employed graduates in Malaysia were largely concentrated in the Services sector with a share of 79.7 per cent (3.18 million persons). In addition, Manufacturing and Construction sectors accounted for 12.5 per cent (497.7 thousand persons) and 5.3 per cent (212.3 thousand persons) respectively. Employed graduates in Agriculture sector contributed 1.4 per cent (56.4 thousand persons) while Mining & Quarrying sector comprised of 1.1 per cent (41.9 thousand persons). [Exhibit 5]

4. UNEMPLOYED GRADUATES STATISTICS

Exhibit 6: Unemployed graduates by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

56.4 1.4

46.3

Pertanian

1.3

41.9 1.1

40.0

Perlombongan& Pengkuarian

1.1

497.7 12.5

488.1

Pembuatan

13.2

212.3 5.3

220.4

Pembinaan

6.0

3,182.0 79.7

2,894.9

Perkhidmatan

78.4

2018

2017

21.9 4.8 2.0 -3.7 9.9



2018

2017

Perubahan tahunan (%) Peratus sumbangan (%)

Annual change (%) Percentage share (%)

56.4 1.4

46.3 1.3

41.9 1.1

40.0 1.1

497.7 12.5

488.1 13.2

212.3 5.3

220.4 6.0

3,182.0 79.7

2,894.9 78.4

21.9 4.8 2.0 -3.7 9.9


Jumlah

≤ 24

25 - 34

35 - 44

≥ 45


Total

≤ 24

25 - 34

35 - 44

≥ 45

Siswazah Menganggur Lelaki Perempuan

Unemployed Graduates Male Female

154.9 162.0

74.2 80.3

66.9 67.4

8.5 10.5

5.2 3.8

154.9 162.0

74.2 80.3

66.9 67.4

8.5 10.5

5.2 3.8

72.6 69.9

33.1 31.9

30.5 29.6

4.8 5.3

4.1 3.2

72.6 69.9

33.1 31.9

30.5 29.6

4.8 5.3

4.1 3.2

82.3 92.1

41.1 48.4

36.4 37.8

3.7 5.2

1.1 0.6

82.3 92.1

41.1 48.4

36.4 37.8

3.7 5.2

1.1 0.6

4.6

-26.6

22.8

0.7

8.2

4.6

-26.6

22.8

0.7

8.2

43.1

83.4

50.2

43.9

39.7

56.9

16.6

49.8

56.1

60.3

43.1

83.4

50.2

43.9

39.7

56.9

16.6

49.8

56.1

60.3


Number of unemployed graduates in 2018 was 162.0 thousand persons, increased 4.6 per cent from 2017 (154.9 thousand persons). A total of 56.9 per cent of unemployed graduates were female as compared to 43.1 per cent male.

Number of male unemployed graduates was 69.9 thousand persons (2017: 72.6 thousand persons). Out of these, majority were aged 24 years and below (31.9 thousand persons) and age group of 25 to 34 years (29.6 thousand persons). These age groups accounted for 88.0 per cent to the total of unemployed male graduates.

In the meantime, there were 92.1 thousand female unemployed graduates (2017: 82.3 thousand persons). Likewise, majority of female graduates were aged 24 years and below (48.4 thousand persons) and age group of 25 to 34 years (37.8 thousand persons). These age groups accounted for 93.6 per cent to the total of unemployed female graduates. [Exhibit 6]

Exhibit 7: Unemployed graduates by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

In 2018, there were 111.7 thousand Bumiputera employed graduates with a share of 68.9 per cent (2017: 70.6%; 109.4 thousand persons) followed by Chinese with 29.7 thousand persons (18.3%). Meanwhile, percentage share of employed graduates for Indians and Others were 9.9 per cent (16.0 thousand persons) and 2.9 per cent (4.7 thousand persons) respectively. [Exhibit 7]

Exhibit 8: Unemployed graduates by duration of unemployment, Malaysia, 2018


111.7 68.9

109.4 70.6

Bumiputera

29.7 18.3

27.8 18.0

Cina

16.0 9.9

14.4 9.3

India

4.7 2.9

3.3 2.1

Lain-lain



111.7 68.9

109.4 70.6

29.7 18.3

27.8 18.0

16.0 9.9

14.4 9.3

4.7 2.9

3.3 2.1


Total 154.9 100.0 162.0 100.0

Active unemployed 107.6 69.5 115.9 71.5

Less than 3 months 48.3 44.9 57.7 49.8

3 months - less than 6 months 34.1 31.6 34.7 29.9

6 months - less than 1 year 16.4 15.3 13.8 11.9

More than 1 year 8.9 8.2 9.7 8.4

Inactive unemployed 47.3 30.5 46.1 28.5


Jumlah 154.9 100.0 162.0

2017 2018

2017 2018

100.0

Penganggur Aktif 107.6 69.5 115.9 71.5

48.3 44.9 57.7 49.8

34.1 31.6 34.7 29.9

16.4 15.3 13.8 11.9

8.9 8.2 9.7 8.4

Penganggur Tidak Aktif 47.3 30.5 46.1 28.5

Kurang daripada 3 bulan

3 bulan - kurang daripada 6 bulan

6 bulan - kurang daripada 1 tahun

Lebih daripada 1 tahun


Active unemployed graduates accounted for 71.5 per cent (115.9 thousand persons) to the total unemployed graduates. Almost half of active unemployed graduates, which was 49.8 per cent (57.7 thousand persons) were unemployed less than three months; while another 29.9 per cent (34.7 thousand persons) were unemployed within three months and less than six months. Graduates which were unemployed more than a year represented 8.4 per cent (9.7 thousand persons).

Meanwhile, inactive unemployed graduates comprised of 28.5 per cent (46.1 thousand persons) of the overall unemployed graduates. [Exhibit 8]

5. GRADUATES OUTSIDE LABOUR FORCE STATISTICS

Exhibit 9: Graduates outside labour force by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

Number of graduates outside labour force in 2018 was 811.8 thousand persons, increased 5.5 per cent from 2017 (769.1 thousand persons). The share of graduates outside labour force for female was 62.8 per cent while male graduates comprised of 37.2 per cent as shown in Exhibit 9.

Number of male graduates was 302.2 thousand persons (2017: 292.9 thousand persons). Out of these male graduates, majority were aged 45 years and over (160.0 thousand persons) and age group of 24 years and below (93.1 thousand persons). These age groups accounted for 83.8 per cent to the total male graduates outside labour force.

In the meantime, number of female graduates outside labour force was 509.6 thousand persons (2017: 476.2 thousand persons). In contrast, majority of female graduates outside labour force were aged 25 to 34 years (161.4 thousand persons) and age group of 24 years and below (133.2 thousand persons). These age groups accounted for 57.8 per cent to the total female graduates outside labour force.


Jumlah

≤ 24

25 - 34

35 - 44

≥ 45


Total

≤ 24

25 - 34

35 - 44

≥ 45

Siswazah Luar Tenaga Buruh Lelaki Perempuan

Graduates Outside Labour Force

Male Female

769.1 811.8

241.4 226.3

195.0 205.2

78.6 90.8

254.0 289.5

769.1 811.8

241.4 226.3

195.0 205.2

78.6 90.8

254.0 289.5

5.5

14.0

15.5

5.2

-6.3

5.5

14.0

15.5

5.2

-6.3

292.9 302.2

101.9 93.1

48.3 43.8

5.5 5.2

137.3 160.0

292.9 302.2

101.9 93.1

48.3 43.8

5.5 5.2

137.3 160.0

476.2 509.6

139.6 133.2

146.8 161.4

73.1 85.6

116.7 129.5

476.2 509.6

139.6 133.2

146.8 161.4

73.1 85.6

116.7 129.5

37.2

55.3

5.7

21.4

41.2

62.8

44.7

94.3

78.6

58.8

37.2

55.3

5.7

21.4

41.2

62.8

44.7

94.3

78.6

58.8


Exhibit 10: Graduates outside labour force by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

In 2018, there were 511.8 thousand Bumiputera graduates outside labour force with a share of 63.0 per cent (2017: 62.2%; 478.3 thousand persons) followed by Chinese with 167.3 thousand persons (20.6%). Meanwhile, percentage share of graduates outside labour force for Indians and Others were 7.3 per cent (59.3 thousand persons) and 9.1 per cent (73.5 thousand persons) respectively. [Exhibit 10]

Exhibit 11: Graduates outside labour force by the reasons for not seeking work, Malaysia, 2018 (‘000)

The most significant reason for graduates outside labour force was housework/ family responsibilities which accounted for 34.5 per cent (280.1 thousand persons) in 2018. This was followed by schooling/ training programme at 30.5 per cent (247.5 thousand persons) and graduates who were not interested/ just completed study at 3.5 per cent (28.8 thousand persons).

Meanwhile, the percentage share of going for further studies was 2.1 per cent (17.1 thousand persons) and disabled at 1.6 per cent (12.7 thousand persons). [Exhibit 11]


511.8 63.0

478.3 62.2

Bumiputera

167.3 20.6

163.9 21.3

Cina

59.3 7.3

50.8 6.6

India

73.5 9.1

76.1 9.9

Lain-lain



511.8 63.0

478.3 62.2

167.3 20.6

163.9 21.3

59.3 7.3

50.8 6.6

73.5 9.1

76.1 9.9

Schooling/training programme

Housework/ familyresponsibilities

Going for furtherstudies Disabled

Not interested/ just completed study Retired/ old age


247.5 30.5

274.6 35.7

Masih belajar/ program latihan

247.5 30.5

274.6 35.7

280.1 34.5

246.6 32.0

17.1 2.1

12.3 1.6

12.7 1.6

12.0 1.6

28.8 3.5

23.0 3.0

225.5 27.8

200.8 26.1

280.1 34.5

246.6 32.0

Kerja rumah/tanggungjawab keluarga

17.1 2.1

12.3 1.6

Akan melanjutkanpelajaran

12.7 1.6

12.0 1.6

Hilang upaya

28.8 3.5

23.0 3.0


225.5 27.8

200.8 26.1




6. GRADUATES STATISTICS BY STATES

Exhibit 12: Graduates labour force participation rate and unemployment rate by state, Malaysia, 2018

The state which registered the highest GLFPR in 2018 was W.P. Putrajaya (89.1%) and followed by Selangor (88.4%). Sabah ranked third with 85.7 per cent followed by Johor with a rate of 83.7 per cent and Pahang as well as W.P. Labuan which recorded GLFPR at 83.3 per cent. Perlis recorded the lowest GLFPR of 75.8 per cent.

In terms of unemployment rate by state, Sabah constituted the highest rate at 8.6 per cent in 2018, followed by Terengganu (7.3%) and Perlis (6.8%). Meanwhile, there were nine states which recorded unemployment rate below 4.0 per cent. The lowest unemployment rate was recorded by W.P. Putrajaya at 0.9 per cent. [Exhibit 12]

Perlis

Selangor

Terengganu

W.P. KualaLumpur

W.P. Labuan

W.P. Putrajaya

Sabah

Sarawak

Perak

Pahang

Negeri Sembilan

Johor

Kedah

Melaka

PulauPinang

Kelantan



2017

84.0%

79.1%

81.9%

83.6%

81.5%

79.8%

77.3%

80.8%

2017



4.4%

6.4%

2.6%

5.0%

3.6%

1.4%

7.3%

4.2%

2018

3.3%

5.4%

2.6%

3.7%

3.9%

1.5%

6.0%

3.4%

2018

83.7%

79.3%

82.2%

83.3%

82.0%

80.3%

78.2%

80.9%

2017

72.0%

89.2%

83.1%

81.3%

85.8%

84.6%

79.5%

86.3%

2017

6.1%

1.4%

6.9%

2.8%

5.1%

8.3%

5.8%

2.7%

2018

6.8%

0.9%

5.3%

2.1%

4.8%

8.6%

7.3%

3.3%

2018

75.8%

89.1%

83.3%

79.5%

84.6%

85.7%

77.0%

88.4%

Perlis

Selangor

Terengganu

W.P. KualaLumpur

W.P. Labuan

W.P. Putrajaya

Sabah

Sarawak

Perak

Pahang

Negeri Sembilan

Johor

Kedah

Melaka

PulauPinang

Kelantan





2017

84.0%

79.1%

81.9%

83.6%

81.5%

79.8%

77.3%

80.8%

2017

4.4%

6.4%

2.6%

5.0%

3.6%

1.4%

7.3%

4.2%

2018

3.3%

5.4%

2.6%

3.7%

3.9%

1.5%

6.0%

3.4%

2018

83.7%

79.3%

82.2%

83.3%

82.0%

80.3%

78.2%

80.9%

2017

72.0%

89.2%

83.1%

81.3%

85.8%

84.6%

79.5%

86.3%

2017

6.1%

1.4%

6.9%

2.8%

5.1%

8.3%

5.8%

2.7%

2018

6.8%

0.9%

5.3%

2.1%

4.8%

8.6%

7.3%

3.3%

2018

75.8%

89.1%

83.3%

79.5%

84.6%

85.7%

77.0%

88.4%


7. GRADUATES SALARIES & WAGES STATISTICS

Exhibit 13: Graduates salaries & wages statistics by age group, Malaysia, 2018

In overall, graduates’ median monthly salaries & wages in 2018 was RM3,936 while mean was RM4,897. Salaries & wages received by graduates increased with graduates age. Graduates aged 45 years and over received the highest median and mean monthly salaries & wages of RM6,859 and RM8,199 respectively. In contrast, graduates aged 24 years and below earned the lowest median and mean monthly salaries & wages of RM2,112 and RM2,320 respectively. [Exhibit 13]

Exhibit 14: Graduates salaries & wages statistics by sex, Malaysia, 2018

Male graduates received higher median and mean monthly salaries & wages as compared to female graduates. Median monthly salaries & wages for male was RM4,335 while female received RM3,727. As for mean monthly salaries & wages, male graduates earned RM5,475 as compared to female graduates with RM4,369. [Exhibit 14]



Total

≤ 24

25 - 34

35 - 44

≥ 45


10.9

14.3

6.2

6.0

17.3

3,550 3,936

1,800 2,112

3,000 3,181

4,890 5,195

6,000 6,859

4.7

2.8

2.0

6.5

8.1

4,676 4,897

2,146 2,320

3,479 3,707

5,705 5,822

7,978 8,199

Jumlah

≤ 24

25 - 34

35 - 44

≥ 45

10.9

14.3

6.2

6.0

17.3

3,550 3,936

1,800 2,112

3,000 3,181

4,890 5,195

6,000 6,859

4.7

2.8

2.0

6.5

8.1

4,676 4,897

2,146 2,320

3,479 3,707

5,705 5,822

7,978 8,199


10.9

14.3

6.2

6.0

17.3

3,550 3,936

1,800 2,112

3,000 3,181

4,890 5,195

6,000 6,859

4.7

2.8

2.0

6.5

8.1

4,676 4,897

2,146 2,320

3,479 3,707

5,705 5,822

7,978 8,199



Total

Male

Female

10.9

9.0

11.2

3,550 3,936

3,900 4,335

3,418 3,727

4.7

7.2

2.6

4,676 4,897

5,335 5,475

4,077 4,369


Jumlah

Lelaki

Perempuan

10.9

9.0

11.2

3,550 3,936

3,900 4,335

3,418 3,727

4.7

7.2

2.6

4,676 4,897

5,335 5,475

4,077 4,369



Exhibit 15: Graduates salaries & wages statistics by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2018 (RM)

The median monthly salaries & wages of Bumiputera graduates was RM3,822, while Chinese and Indians graduates received RM4,380 and RM3,859 respectively. Meanwhile, in terms of mean monthly salaries & wages for Bumiputera graduates was RM4,633, Chinese RM5,621 and Indians RM4,830. [Exhibit 15]

Exhibit 16: Graduates salaries & wages statistics by skill level, Malaysia, 2018 (RM)

Graduates in skilled category earned median monthly salaries & wages of RM4,684 in 2018, while semi-skilled category earned RM2,139. On the other hand, mean monthly salaries & wages for graduates in skilled category was RM5,591, followed by semi-skilled category with RM2,418. [Exhibit 16]

Bumiputera Cina India Lain-lain



3,822 4,633

3,538 4,426

4,380 5,621

4,000 5,204

3,859 4,830

3,550 4,686

3,601 5,278

3,400 5,751

8.0 4.7 9.5 8.0 8.7 3.1 5.9 -8.2


3,822 4,633

3,538 4,426

4,380 5,621

4,000 5,204

3,859 4,830

3,550 4,686

3,601 5,278

3,400 5,751

8.0 4.7 9.5 8.0 8.7 3.1 5.9 -8.2

2018

2017

2018

2017


Skilled

4,200 5,305

11.5 5.4

4,684

2017

2018 5,591

Semi-skilled

2,000 2,267

6.9 6.6

2,139 2,418

Low-skilled

1,600 1,966

12.6 -3.3

1,802 1,902


Mahir

4,200 5,305

11.5 5.4

4,684

2017

2018 5,591

Separuh Mahir

2,000 2,267

6.9 6.6

2,139 2,418

BerkemahiranRendah

1,600 1,966

12.6 -3.3

1,802 1,902


Exhibit 17: Graduates salaries & wages statistics by economic activity, Malaysia, 2018 (RM)

Graduates employed in Mining & Quarrying sector earned the highest median salaries & wages of RM6,535, followed by those in Services sector (RM4,133) and Construction sector (RM3,782).

The highest mean salaries & wages was received by graduates in Mining & Quarrying sector at RM9,137. Construction sector come second with employed graduates in this sector received RM4,976 followed by Services sector with RM4,965. [Exhibit 17]



2018

2017

Annual change (%)MeanMedian

3,052 4,135

2,700 3,770

9,137

9,757

4,115

4,019

4,976

4,268

4,965

4,751

13.0 9.7 8.9 -6.4 3.5 2.4 22.0 16.6 9.9 4.5

6,535

6,000

3,106

3,000

3,782

3,100

4,133

3,760

2018

2017

Perubahan tahunan (%)PurataPenengah

3,052 4,135

2,700 3,770

9,137

9,757

4,115

4,019

4,976

4,268

4,965

4,751

13.0 9.7 8.9 -6.4 3.5 2.4 22.0 16.6 9.9 4.5

6,535

6,000

3,106

3,000

3,782

3,100

4,133

3,760

Pertanian Perlombongan& Pengkuarian

Pembuatan Pembinaan Perkhidmatan

Muka surat ini sengaja dibiarkan kosongThis page is deliberately left blank

JADUALTABLES

Statistik Utama SiswazahPrincipal Statistics

of Graduates


1a Statistik Utama Penduduk Umur Bekerja, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Working Age Population, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)

Statistik UtamaPrincipal Statistics 2016 2017e 2018p

Penduduk Umur Bekerja 15 tahun dan lebihWorking Age Population 15 years and over 23,479.9 23,956.0 24,469.6

Tenaga BuruhLabour Force 14,973.0 15,281.2 15,611.4

BekerjaEmployed 14,468.6 14,777.6 15,106.3

PenganggurUnemployed 504.4 503.6 505.1

Luar Tenaga BuruhOutside Labour Force 8,506.9 8,674.8 8,858.3

Penduduk Umur Bekerja 15 - 64 tahunWorking Age Population 15 - 64 years 21,655.4 22,045.1 22,374.7




Luar Tenaga BuruhOutside Labour Force 6,987.6 7,065.0 7,094.4

1b Statistik Utama Siswazah mengikut Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates by Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)


JumlahTotal 4,282.3 4,613.6 4,964.2




Luar Tenaga BuruhOutside Labour Force 659.6 769.1 811.8

IjazahDegree 2,174.6 2,390.7 2,578.1





DiplomaDiploma 2,107.7 2,222.9 2,386.1






1b Statistik Utama Siswazah mengikut Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 (samb.)Principal Statistics of Graduates by Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 (cont’d)

(‘000)


LelakiMale 2,051.9 2,203.7 2,349.9





IjazahDegree 1,024.5 1,125.6 1,186.5

Tenaga BuruhLabour Force 929.4 1,007.1 1,055.3

BekerjaEmployed 897.6 979.7 1,022.1



DiplomaDiploma 1,027.5 1,078.1 1,163.4

Tenaga BuruhLabour Force 875.1 903.6 992.4

BekerjaEmployed 841.6 858.5 955.7



PerempuanFemale 2,230.3 2,409.9 2,614.3





IjazahDegree 1,150.1 1,265.1 1,391.6


BekerjaEmployed 958.6 1,045.0 1,140.2



DiplomaDiploma 1,080.2 1,144.8 1,222.7






2a Kadar Penyertaan Tenaga Buruh Siswazah mengikut Kumpulan Umur dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Graduates Labour Force Participation Rate by Age Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(%)

Kumpulan UmurAge Group 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 84.6 83.3 83.6

≤ 24 65.6 63.5 67.0

25 - 34 90.3 90.1 90.1

35 - 44 93.8 92.6 92.5

≥ 45 75.3 72.1 70.5

IjazahDegree 88.9 87.7 87.3

≤ 24 79.0 77.7 78.7

25 - 34 91.4 91.3 91.1

35 - 44 95.5 93.7 93.6

≥ 45 79.2 76.2 74.9

DiplomaDiploma 80.1 78.6 79.7

≤ 24 61.4 59.1 62.9

25 - 34 89.1 88.6 89.0

35 - 44 91.6 91.2 91.2

≥ 45 70.0 66.4 64.1


2a Kadar Penyertaan Tenaga Buruh Siswazah mengikut Kumpulan Umur dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 (samb.)Graduates Labour Force Participation Rate by Age Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 (cont’d)

(%)


LelakiMale 87.9 86.7 87.1

≤ 24 68.1 64.7 68.5

25 - 34 94.4 94.4 95.1

35 - 44 98.8 98.9 99.1

≥ 45 77.9 74.5 71.8


≤ 24 83.2 76.9 77.2

25 - 34 94.2 95.3 95.3

35 - 44 99.3 98.9 98.9

≥ 45 79.9 75.4 73.8


≤ 24 64.0 61.5 66.3

25 - 34 94.6 93.4 94.9

35 - 44 98.2 99.0 99.4

≥ 45 74.9 73.1 68.6

PerempuanFemale 81.5 80.2 80.5

≤ 24 63.6 62.6 65.8

25 - 34 87.2 86.8 86.4

35 - 44 89.0 86.7 86.4

≥ 45 71.6 68.7 68.7


≤ 24 76.2 78.1 79.4

25 - 34 89.5 88.6 88.4

35 - 44 92.0 89.0 88.9

≥ 45 78.1 77.6 76.7


≤ 24 59.2 57.0 60.0

25 - 34 84.3 84.4 83.6

35 - 44 84.4 83.5 82.9

≥ 45 64.1 58.0 59.1


2b Kadar Penyertaan Tenaga Buruh Siswazah mengikut Kumpulan Etnik dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Graduates Labour Force Participation Rate by Ethnic Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(%)

Kumpulan EtnikEthnic Group 2016 2017e 2018p


BumiputeraBumiputera 85.1 83.9 84.2

CinaChinese 86.7 85.5 85.8

IndiaIndians 84.3 83.5 82.5

Lain-lainOthers 64.1 62.7 65.3












2c Kadar Penyertaan Tenaga Buruh Siswazah mengikut Strata dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 Graduates Labour Force Participation Rate by Strata and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(%)

StrataStrata 2016 2017e 2018p


BandarUrban 84.5 83.5 83.7

Luar BandarRural 85.3 81.9 83.4

























Statistik Siswazah 2018Graduates Statistics 201844 * Penggunaan data secara berhati-hati kerana faktor ralat piawai relatif yang tinggi

Data to be used with caution due to high relative standard error

3a Kadar Pengangguran Siswazah mengikut Kumpulan Umur dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Graduates Unemployment Rate by Age Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(%)



≤ 24 16.8 17.7 17.5

25 - 34 3.7 3.8 3.6

35 - 44 1.3 0.9 0.9

≥ 45 0.6* 0.8 0.6


≤ 24 26.9 22.5 24.9

25 - 34 4.2 3.9 4.3

35 - 44 1.0 0.6* 1.0

≥ 45 0.7* 0.6* 0.5*


≤ 24 12.6 15.7 14.3

25 - 34 3.1 3.6 2.7

35 - 44 1.6 1.2 0.9

≥ 45 0.4* 1.1* 0.6*

Statistik Siswazah 2018Graduates Statistics 2018 45* Penggunaan data secara berhati-hati kerana faktor ralat piawai relatif yang tinggi


3a Kadar Pengangguran Siswazah mengikut Kumpulan Umur dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 (samb.)Graduates Unemployment Rate by Age Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 (cont’d)

(%)



≤ 24 16.1 17.7 15.7

25 - 34 3.4 3.8 3.5

35 - 44 1.3 0.9 0.9*

≥ 45 0.7* 1.0 0.8*


≤ 24 27.6 22.4 21.8

25 - 34 3.6 3.3 4.1

35 - 44 0.9* 0.5* 1.1*

≥ 45 0.8* 0.7* 0.8*


≤ 24 12.0 16.2 13.9

25 - 34 3.3 4.3 2.8

35 - 44 1.7* 1.5* 0.7*

≥ 45 0.4* 1.5* 0.7*


≤ 24 17.3 17.6 18.9

25 - 34 3.9 3.8 3.7

35 - 44 1.3 0.8* 1.0

≥ 45 0.4* 0.4* 0.2*


≤ 24 26.4 22.5 26.4

25 - 34 4.6 4.3 4.5

35 - 44 1.2* 0.7* 0.9*

≥ 45 0.3* 0.4* 0.1*


≤ 24 13.2 15.2 14.6

25 - 34 2.9 3.0 2.5

35 - 44 1.5* 0.9* 1.0*

≥ 45 0.4* 0.5* 0.5*


3b Kadar Pengangguran Siswazah mengikut Kumpulan Etnik dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Graduates Unemployment Rate by Ethnic Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(%)






Lain-lainOthers 6.7 2.6* 3.4





Lain-lainOthers 5.2* 2.4* 3.6*






* Penggunaan data secara berhati-hati kerana faktor ralat piawai relatif yang tinggi Data to be used with caution due to high relative standard error


3c Kadar Pengangguran Siswazah mengikut Strata dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Graduates Unemployment Rate by Strata and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(%)






























4a Bilangan Siswazah mengikut Kumpulan Umur dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 Number of Graduates by Age Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)


JumlahTotal 4,282.3 4,613.6 4,964.2

≤ 24 628.7 661.6 685.5

25 - 34 1,847.3 1,973.4 2,081.6

35 - 44 977.3 1,067.2 1,215.8

≥ 45 828.9 911.4 981.3

IjazahDegree 2,174.6 2,390.7 2,578.1

≤ 24 150.3 157.2 176.7

25 - 34 975.8 1,090.7 1,134.0

35 - 44 568.4 612.2 689.2

≥ 45 480.1 530.6 578.2

DiplomaDiploma 2,107.7 2,222.9 2,386.1

≤ 24 478.4 504.4 508.8

25 - 34 871.5 882.7 947.6

35 - 44 408.8 455.0 526.5

≥ 45 348.9 380.8 403.1


4a Bilangan Siswazah mengikut Kumpulan Umur dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 (samb.)Number of Graduates by Age Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 (cont’d)

(‘000)


LelakiMale 2,051.9 2,203.7 2,349.9

≤ 24 278.4 288.3 295.7

25 - 34 804.2 859.9 898.3

35 - 44 480.8 517.6 587.7

≥ 45 488.5 537.9 568.2

IjazahDegree 1,024.5 1,125.6 1,186.5

≤ 24 60.1 58.7 60.0

25 - 34 399.1 448.6 448.7

35 - 44 268.0 292.3 323.5

≥ 45 297.2 326.0 354.4

DiplomaDiploma 1,027.5 1,078.1 1,163.4

≤ 24 218.4 229.7 235.8

25 - 34 405.0 411.2 449.5

35 - 44 212.8 225.4 264.3

≥ 45 191.3 211.8 213.8


≤ 24 350.3 373.3 389.8

25 - 34 1,043.2 1,113.5 1,183.3

35 - 44 496.5 549.6 628.0

≥ 45 340.4 373.5 413.1

IjazahDegree 1,150.1 1,265.1 1,391.6

≤ 24 90.2 98.5 116.8

25 - 34 576.7 642.1 685.2

35 - 44 300.4 319.9 365.8

≥ 45 182.8 204.6 223.8

DiplomaDiploma 1,080.2 1,144.8 1,222.7

≤ 24 260.1 274.7 273.0

25 - 34 466.5 471.4 498.1

35 - 44 196.1 229.7 262.3

≥ 45 157.6 168.9 189.3


4b Bilangan Siswazah mengikut Kumpulan Etnik dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Number of Graduates by Ethnic Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)

Kumpulan Etnik Ethnic Group 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 4,282.3 4,613.6 4,964.2

BumiputeraBumiputera 2,736.7 2,974.4 3,232.4

CinaChinese 1,091.6 1,126.9 1,180.9



LelakiMale 2,051.9 2,203.7 2,349.9


CinaChinese 537.2 560.9 586.6





CinaChinese 554.4 566.0 594.3




4c Bilangan Siswazah mengikut Strata dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 Number of Graduates by Strata and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)


JumlahTotal 4,282.3 4,613.6 4,964.2

BandarUrban 3,804.4 4,140.5 4,399.8


IjazahDegree 2,174.6 2,390.7 2,578.1

BandarUrban 1,964.6 2,183.1 2,311.1


DiplomaDiploma 2,107.7 2,222.9 2,386.1

BandarUrban 1,839.9 1,957.4 2,088.8


LelakiMale 2,051.9 2,203.7 2,349.9

BandarUrban 1,838.5 1,999.1 2,094.1


IjazahDegree 1,024.5 1,125.6 1,186.5

BandarUrban 939.4 1,044.6 1,070.6


DiplomaDiploma 1,027.5 1,078.1 1,163.4

BandarUrban 899.1 954.6 1,023.6



BandarUrban 1,965.9 2,141.4 2,305.7


IjazahDegree 1,150.1 1,265.1 1,391.6

BandarUrban 1,025.1 1,138.6 1,240.5


DiplomaDiploma 1,080.2 1,144.8 1,222.7

BandarUrban 940.8 1,002.8 1,065.2



5a Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Kumpulan Umur dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 Employed Graduates by Age Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)


JumlahTotal 3,476.9 3,689.6 3,990.4

≤ 24 343.3 346.0 378.9

25 - 34 1,607.1 1,711.4 1,809.0

35 - 44 905.5 980.1 1,114.5

≥ 45 621.0 652.1 688.0

IjazahDegree 1,856.2 2,024.7 2,162.3

≤ 24 86.7 94.7 104.4

25 - 34 854.6 957.7 988.4

35 - 44 536.9 570.3 638.5

≥ 45 377.9 402.0 430.9

DiplomaDiploma 1,620.8 1,664.9 1,828.0

≤ 24 256.6 251.3 274.5

25 - 34 752.5 753.7 820.6

35 - 44 368.5 409.8 475.9

≥ 45 243.2 250.1 257.0


5a Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Kumpulan Umur dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 (samb.)Employed Graduates by Age Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 (cont’d)

(‘000)


LelakiMale 1,739.2 1,838.2 1,977.8

≤ 24 159.1 153.4 170.7

25 - 34 732.9 781.1 824.9

35 - 44 469.1 507.3 577.3

≥ 45 378.1 396.4 405.0

IjazahDegree 897.6 979.7 1,022.1

≤ 24 36.2 35.0 36.2

25 - 34 362.2 413.3 410.1

35 - 44 263.7 287.6 316.5

≥ 45 235.5 243.9 259.3


≤ 24 122.9 118.4 134.5

25 - 34 370.7 367.8 414.8

35 - 44 205.4 219.8 260.7

≥ 45 142.6 152.5 145.6


≤ 24 184.2 192.6 208.1

25 - 34 874.2 930.3 984.1

35 - 44 436.4 472.8 537.2

≥ 45 242.9 255.7 283.0

IjazahDegree 958.6 1,045.0 1,140.2

≤ 24 50.6 59.7 68.2

25 - 34 492.4 544.5 578.3

35 - 44 273.2 282.7 322.0

≥ 45 142.4 158.1 171.6


≤ 24 133.7 133.0 139.9

25 - 34 381.9 385.9 405.8

35 - 44 163.1 190.0 215.2

≥ 45 100.5 97.6 111.4


5b Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Kumpulan Etnik dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Employed Graduates by Ethnic Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)


JumlahTotal 3,476.9 3,689.6 3,990.4


CinaChinese 917.0 935.2 983.9



LelakiMale 1,739.2 1,838.2 1,977.8


CinaChinese 461.5 480.6 498.1





CinaChinese 455.5 454.6 485.8




5c Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Strata dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 Employed Graduates by Strata and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)


JumlahTotal 3,476.9 3,689.6 3,990.4

BandarUrban 3,093.9 3,327.2 3,546.3


IjazahDegree 1,856.2 2,024.7 2,162.3

BandarUrban 1,679.4 1,852.2 1,935.4


DiplomaDiploma 1,620.8 1,664.9 1,828.0

BandarUrban 1,414.5 1,475.0 1,610.9


LelakiMale 1,739.2 1,838.2 1,977.8

BandarUrban 1,555.8 1,669.8 1,761.0


IjazahDegree 897.6 979.7 1,022.1

BandarUrban 822.9 908.4 917.9



BandarUrban 732.9 761.4 843.1



BandarUrban 1,538.2 1,657.4 1,785.2


IjazahDegree 958.6 1,045.0 1,140.2

BandarUrban 856.6 943.8 1,017.5



BandarUrban 681.6 713.6 767.8



5d Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Pekerjaan, Tahap Kemahiran dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Employed Graduates by Occupation, Skill Level and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)

Pekerjaan/ Tahap KemahiranOccupation/ Skill Level 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 3,476.9 3,689.6 3,990.4

MahirSkilled 2,679.8 2,784.9 2,945.7

PengurusManagers 375.6 388.4 377.0

ProfesionalProfessionals 1,648.9 1,687.8 1,809.4

Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutuTechnicians and associate professionals 655.2 708.6 759.3

Separuh mahirSemi-skilled 768.6 867.7 998.2

Pekerja sokongan perkeranianClerical support workers 326.8 365.2 392.8

Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualanService and sales workers 291.8 323.0 391.9

Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan, penternakan dan perikananSkilled agricultural, forestry, livestock and fishery workers 21.8 23.7 29.8

Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitanCraft and related trades workers 84.0 99.6 110.4

Operator mesin dan loji, dan pemasangPlant and machine operators, and assemblers 44.2 56.2 73.3

Berkemahiran rendahLow-skilled 28.5 37.0 46.4

Pekerja asasElementary occupations 28.5 37.0 46.4


5d Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Pekerjaan, Tahap Kemahiran dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 (samb.)Employed Graduates by Occupation, Skill Level and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 (con’t)

(‘000)

Pekerjaan/ Tahap KemahiranOccupation/ Skill Level 2016 2017e 2018p

LelakiMale 1,739.2 1,838.2 1,977.8

MahirSkilled 1,396.4 1,444.8 1,520.4


ProfesionalProfessionals 743.0 763.9 819.9











MahirSkilled 1,283.4 1,340.0 1,425.3


ProfesionalProfessionals 905.9 923.8 989.5











5e Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Taraf Pekerjaan dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Employed Graduates by Status in Employment and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)

Taraf PekerjaanStatus in Employment 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 3,476.9 3,689.6 3,990.4

MajikanEmployer 160.0 202.7 198.8

PekerjaEmployee 3,003.7 3,129.4 3,361.2

Bekerja sendiriOwn account worker 266.9 308.6 371.6

Pekerja keluarga tanpa gajiUnpaid family worker 46.4 48.8 58.7

LelakiMale 1,739.2 1,838.2 1,977.8











5f Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Aktiviti Ekonomi, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 Employed Graduates by Economic Activity, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)

Aktiviti EkonomiEconomic Activity 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 3,476.9 3,689.6 3,990.4

PertanianAgriculture 42.5 46.3 56.4

Perlombongan dan pengkuarianMining and quarrying 48.6 40.0 41.9

PembuatanManufacturing 424.8 488.1 497.7

Minyak dan lemak daripada sayuran & haiwan dan prosesan makananVegetable and animal oils & fats and food processing 42.6 64.6 67.2

Minuman dan produk tembakauBeverages and tobacco products 5.8* 3.9 5.8

Produk tekstil, pakaian dan kulitTextiles, wearing apparel and leather products 21.1 17.3 21.4

Produk kayu, perabot, keluaran kertas dan percetakanWood products, furniture, paper products and printing 30.4 35.8 36.2

Produk petroleum, kimia, getah dan plastikPetroleum, chemical, rubber and plastic products 62.7 71.6 68.0

Produk mineral bukan logam, logam asas dan produk logam yang direkaNon-metallic mineral products, basic metal and fabricated metal products 37.9 51.5 44.5

Produk elektrik, elektronik dan optikalElectrical, electronic and optical products 164.3 183.8 202.1

Peralatan pengangkutan, pembuatan lain dan pembaikanTransport equipment, other manufacturing and repair 60.0 59.6 52.5

PembinaanConstruction 202.5 220.4 212.3

PerkhidmatanServices 2,758.5 2,894.9 3,182.0

UtilitiUtilities 44.2 43.7 42.5

Perdagangan borong dan runcitWholesale and retail trade 400.8 444.4 472.0

Makanan & minuman dan penginapanFood & beverages and accommodation 116.1 131.1 163.0

Pengangkutan dan penyimpananTransportation and storage 95.4 104.2 131.0

Maklumat dan komunikasiInformation and communication 161.4 175.5 174.7

Kewangan dan insuransFinance and insurance 205.4 236.7 237.7

Hartanah dan perkhidmatan perniagaanReal estate and business services 377.1 393.7 468.5

Perkhidmatan lainOther services 1,358.1 1,365.6 1,492.6



5g Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Aktiviti Ekonomi, Lelaki, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Employed Graduates by Economic Activity, Male, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 5h Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Aktiviti Ekonomi, Perempuan, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

Employed Graduates by Economic Activity, Female, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000) (‘000)

Aktiviti EkonomiEconomic Activity 2016 2017e 2018p Aktiviti Ekonomi

Economic Activity 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 1,739.2 1,838.2 1,977.8 Jumlah

Total 1,737.8 1,851.4 2,012.5

PertanianAgriculture 34.1 36.3 41.3 Pertanian

Agriculture 8.4 9.9 15.1

Perlombongan dan pengkuarianMining and quarrying 32.2 28.0 30.1 Perlombongan dan pengkuarian

Mining and quarrying 16.4 12.0 11.8

PembuatanManufacturing 264.8 290.6 292.4 Pembuatan

Manufacturing 160.0 197.5 205.3

Minyak dan lemak daripada sayuran & haiwan dan prosesan makananVegetable and animal oils & fats and food processing 16.2 25.2 29.0 Minyak dan lemak daripada sayuran & haiwan dan prosesan makanan

Vegetable and animal oils & fats and food processing 26.4 39.4 38.2

Minuman dan produk tembakauBeverages and tobacco products 4.0* 1.8* 3.3* Minuman dan produk tembakau

Beverages and tobacco products 1.9* 2.1* 2.5*

Produk tekstil, pakaian dan kulitTextiles, wearing apparel and leather products 6.6 4.0 5.8 Produk tekstil, pakaian dan kulit

Textiles, wearing apparel and leather products 14.4 13.4 15.6

Produk kayu, perabot, keluaran kertas dan percetakanWood products, furniture, paper products and printing 19.1 21.7 19.2 Produk kayu, perabot, keluaran kertas dan percetakan

Wood products, furniture, paper products and printing 11.3 14.1 17.0

Produk petroleum, kimia, getah dan plastikPetroleum, chemical, rubber and plastic products 39.7 39.3 36.4 Produk petroleum, kimia, getah dan plastik

Petroleum, chemical, rubber and plastic products 23.0 32.3 31.6

Produk mineral bukan logam, logam asas dan produk logam yang direkaNon-metallic mineral products, basic metal and fabricated metal products 26.1 31.8 28.6 Produk mineral bukan logam, logam asas dan produk logam yang direka

Non-metallic mineral products, basic metal and fabricated metal products 11.9 19.7 15.9

Produk elektrik, elektronik dan optikalElectrical, electronic and optical products 107.2 122.7 133.5 Produk elektrik, elektronik dan optikal

Electrical, electronic and optical products 57.1 61.1 68.7

Peralatan pengangkutan, pembuatan lain dan pembaikanTransport equipment, other manufacturing and repair 45.9 44.2 36.5 Peralatan pengangkutan, pembuatan lain dan pembaikan

Transport equipment, other manufacturing and repair 14.1 15.4 15.9

PembinaanConstruction 147.9 159.0 150.2 Pembinaan

Construction 54.5 61.4 62.0

PerkhidmatanServices 1,260.1 1,324.3 1,463.8 Perkhidmatan

Services 1,498.4 1,570.6 1,718.2

UtilitiUtilities 31.4 32.1 32.8 Utiliti

Utilities 12.7 11.6 9.8

Perdagangan borong dan runcitWholesale and retail trade 202.0 225.7 223.8 Perdagangan borong dan runcit

Wholesale and retail trade 198.8 218.6 248.2

Makanan & minuman dan penginapanFood & beverages and accommodation 65.7 73.8 88.0 Makanan & minuman dan penginapan

Food & beverages and accommodation 50.4 57.3 74.9

Pengangkutan dan penyimpananTransportation and storage 60.5 70.4 81.5 Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan

Transportation and storage 34.9 33.8 49.5

Maklumat dan komunikasiInformation and communication 107.7 118.2 112.0 Maklumat dan komunikasi

Information and communication 53.7 57.3 62.7

Kewangan dan insuransFinance and insurance 93.4 100.3 114.5 Kewangan dan insurans

Finance and insurance 112.0 136.4 123.3

Hartanah dan perkhidmatan perniagaanReal estate and business services 197.9 206.9 239.2 Hartanah dan perkhidmatan perniagaan

Real estate and business services 179.1 186.8 229.3

Perkhidmatan lainOther services 501.5 496.8 572.0 Perkhidmatan lain

Other services 856.6 868.8 920.6



6a Siswazah Menganggur mengikut Kumpulan Umur dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 Unemployed Graduates by Age Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)


JumlahTotal 145.8 154.9 162.0

≤ 24 69.1 74.2 80.3

25 - 34 61.5 66.9 67.4

35 - 44 11.6 8.5 10.5

≥ 45 3.5* 5.2 3.8


≤ 24 32.0 27.5 34.6

25 - 34 37.5 38.4 44.9

35 - 44 5.7 3.4* 6.3

≥ 45 2.5* 2.4* 2.3*


≤ 24 37.1 46.7 45.7

25 - 34 24.1 28.5 22.5

35 - 44 5.9 5.1 4.1

≥ 45 1.0* 2.8* 1.6*



6a Siswazah Menganggur mengikut Kumpulan Umur dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 (samb.)Unemployed Graduates by Age Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 (cont’d)

(‘000)



≤ 24 30.6 33.1 31.9

25 - 34 26.1 30.5 29.6

35 - 44 5.9 4.8 5.3*

≥ 45 2.6* 4.1 3.2*


≤ 24 13.8 10.1 10.1

25 - 34 13.6 14.1 17.6

35 - 44 2.4* 1.4* 3.4*

≥ 45 2.0* 1.8* 2.1*


≤ 24 16.8 23.0 21.8

25 - 34 12.6 16.4 12.0

35 - 44 3.5* 3.4* 1.9*

≥ 45 0.6* 2.4* 1.1*


≤ 24 38.4 41.1 48.4

25 - 34 35.4 36.4 37.8

35 - 44 5.7 3.7* 5.2

≥ 45 0.9* 1.1* 0.6*


≤ 24 18.1 17.3 24.5

25 - 34 23.9 24.3 27.3

35 - 44 3.3* 2.0* 3.0*

≥ 45 0.5* 0.6* 0.1*


≤ 24 20.3 23.8 23.9

25 - 34 11.5 12.1 10.5

35 - 44 2.4* 1.7* 2.3*

≥ 45 0.5* 0.5* 0.5*



6b Siswazah Menganggur mengikut Kumpulan Etnik dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Unemployed Graduates by Ethnic Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)


JumlahTotal 145.8 154.9 162.0




Lain-lainOthers 7.5* 3.3* 4.7













6c Siswazah Menganggur mengikut Strata dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 Unemployed Graduates by Strata and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)


JumlahTotal 145.8 154.9 162.0

BandarUrban 121.4 130.1 135.4



























6d Siswazah Menganggur mengikut Tempoh Menganggur, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Unemployed Graduates by Duration of Unemployment, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 6d Siswazah Menganggur mengikut Tempoh Menganggur, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

Unemployed Graduates by Duration of Unemployment, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)

Tempoh MenganggurDuration of Unemployment 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 145.8 154.9 162.0

Penganggur aktifActive unemployed 97.6 107.6 115.9

Kurang dari 3 bulanLess than 3 months 50.3 48.3 57.7

3 bulan - kurang dari 6 bulan3 months - less than 6 months 29.3 34.1 34.7

6 bulan - kurang dari 1 tahun6 months - less than 1 year 11.9 16.4 13.8

Lebih dari 1 tahunMore than 1 year 6.1 8.9 9.7

Penganggur tidak aktifInactive unemployed 48.1 47.3 46.1


6d Siswazah Menganggur mengikut Tempoh Menganggur, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Unemployed Graduates by Duration of Unemployment, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 6d Siswazah Menganggur mengikut Tempoh Menganggur, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

Unemployed Graduates by Duration of Unemployment, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)


JumlahTotal 145.8 154.9 162.0







6d Siswazah Menganggur mengikut Tempoh Menganggur, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 (samb.)Unemployed Graduates by Duration of Unemployment, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 (cont’d)

(‘000)

















7a Siswazah Luar Tenaga Buruh mengikut Kumpulan Umur dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 Graduates Outside Labour Force by Age Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)


JumlahTotal 659.6 769.1 811.8

≤ 24 216.3 241.4 226.3

25 - 34 178.7 195.0 205.2

35 - 44 60.2 78.6 90.8

≥ 45 204.4 254.0 289.5


≤ 24 31.6 35.1 37.7

25 - 34 83.7 94.6 100.7

35 - 44 25.8 38.5 44.3

≥ 45 99.7 126.2 145.0


≤ 24 184.7 206.4 188.6

25 - 34 95.0 100.5 104.5

35 - 44 34.4 40.1 46.5

≥ 45 104.7 127.8 144.5



7a Siswazah Luar Tenaga Buruh mengikut Kumpulan Umur dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 (samb.) Graduates Outside Labour Force by Age Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 (cont’d)

(‘000)


LelakiMale 247.4 292.9 302.2

≤ 24 88.7 101.9 93.1

25 - 34 45.2 48.3 43.8

35 - 44 5.8 5.5 5.2

≥ 45 107.8 137.3 160.0


≤ 24 10.1 13.5 13.7

25 - 34 23.3 21.3 21.1

35 - 44 1.9* 3.3* 3.5*

≥ 45 59.7 80.4 92.9


≤ 24 78.6 88.4 79.5

25 - 34 21.8 27.0 22.7

35 - 44 3.9* 2.2* 1.6*

≥ 45 48.1 56.9 67.1


≤ 24 127.6 139.5 133.2

25 - 34 133.5 146.8 161.4

35 - 44 54.4 73.1 85.6

≥ 45 96.6 116.7 129.5


≤ 24 21.5 21.5 24.1

25 - 34 60.4 73.3 79.6

35 - 44 23.9 35.2 40.8

≥ 45 40.0 45.9 52.1


≤ 24 106.1 118.0 109.1

25 - 34 73.2 73.5 81.8

35 - 44 30.5 37.9 44.8

≥ 45 56.6 70.9 77.4


7b Siswazah Luar Tenaga Buruh mengikut Kumpulan Etnik dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Graduates Outside Labour Force by Ethnic Group and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)


JumlahTotal 659.6 769.1 811.8


CinaChinese 144.7 163.9 167.3



LelakiMale 247.4 292.9 302.2











7c Siswazah Luar Tenaga Buruh mengikut Strata dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018 Graduates Outside Labour Force by Strata and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)


JumlahTotal 659.6 769.1 811.8

BandarUrban 589.1 683.3 718.2



BandarUrban 219.9 269.5 297.8



BandarUrban 369.2 413.8 420.4


LelakiMale 247.4 292.9 302.2

BandarUrban 226.1 266.4 273.8



BandarUrban 88.6 111.6 122.5



BandarUrban 137.5 154.8 151.3



BandarUrban 363.0 416.9 444.3



BandarUrban 131.3 157.8 175.3



BandarUrban 231.8 259.0 269.1



7d Siswazah Luar Tenaga Buruh mengikut Sebab Tidak Mencari Pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Graduates Outside Labour Force by the Reasons for Not Seeking Work, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(‘000)

Sebab Tidak Mencari PekerjaanReasons for Not Seeking Work 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 659.6 769.1 811.8

Masih belajar/ program latihanSchooling/ training programme 244.5 274.6 247.5

Kerja rumah/ tanggungjawab keluargaHousework/ family responsibilities 212.5 246.6 280.1

Akan melanjutkan pelajaranGoing for further studies 15.7 12.3 17.1

Hilang upayaDisabled 8.4 12.0 12.7

Tidak minat/ baru tamat belajarNot interested/ just completed study 22.5 23.0 28.8

Sudah bersara/ lanjut usiaRetired/ old age 156.0 200.8 225.5

LelakiMale 247.4 292.9 302.2



Akan melanjutkan pelajaranGoing for further studies 8.2 5.3* 7.1

Hilang upayaDisabled 5.8 8.6 9.5






Akan melanjutkan pelajaranGoing for further studies 7.5 7.0 10.0

Hilang upayaDisabled 2.6* 3.4 3.2




Statistik Siswazah mengikut Negeri

Graduates Statistics by State


8a Statistik Utama Siswazah, Johor, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Johor, 2016 - 2018


JumlahTotal (‘000) 368.0 418.9 489.1





Kadar Penyertaan Tenaga Buruh SiswazahGraduates Labour Force Participation Rate (%) 84.7 84.0 83.7

Kadar Pengangguran SiswazahGraduates Unemployment Rate (%) 5.0 4.4 3.3

LelakiMale (‘000) 177.2 201.7 237.6







PerempuanFemale (‘000) 190.8 217.2 251.5








8b Statistik Utama Siswazah, Kedah, 2016 - 2018 Principal Statistics of Graduates, Kedah, 2016 - 2018


JumlahTotal (‘000) 212.5 220.4 267.8







LelakiMale (‘000) 95.8 95.7 122.3



PenganggurUnemployed 2.1 3.3 2.2*



Kadar Pengangguran SiswazahGraduates Unemployment Rate (%) 2.6 4.2 2.2*










8c Statistik Utama Siswazah, Kelantan, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Kelantan, 2016 - 2018


JumlahTotal (‘000) 175.7 184.5 214.8







LelakiMale (‘000) 76.5 81.6 93.1















8d Statistik Utama Siswazah, Melaka, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Melaka, 2016 - 2018


JumlahTotal (‘000) 127.5 153.0 165.2







LelakiMale (‘000) 58.5 72.7 75.7



PenganggurUnemployed 0.4* 0.7* 0.3*



Kadar Pengangguran SiswazahGraduates Unemployment Rate (%) 0.8* 1.2* 0.5*










8e Statistik Utama Siswazah, Negeri Sembilan, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Negeri Sembilan, 2016 - 2018


JumlahTotal (‘000) 140.1 164.9 174.4







LelakiMale (‘000) 66.8 82.3 82.6















8f Statistik Utama Siswazah, Pahang, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Pahang, 2016 - 2018


JumlahTotal (‘000) 170.3 169.3 189.2







LelakiMale (‘000) 78.4 76.4 85.1















8g Statistik Utama Siswazah, Pulau Pinang, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Pulau Pinang, 2016 - 2018


JumlahTotal (‘000) 298.4 307.1 332.4







LelakiMale (‘000) 146.9 151.1 158.1



PenganggurUnemployed 3.7* 2.2 3.6



Kadar Pengangguran SiswazahGraduates Unemployment Rate (%) 2.8* 1.7 2.7










8h Statistik Utama Siswazah, Perak, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Perak, 2016 - 2018


JumlahTotal (‘000) 253.7 282.3 296.1







LelakiMale (‘000) 117.9 131.4 138.1
















8i Statistik Utama Siswazah, Perlis, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Perlis, 2016 - 2018


JumlahTotal (‘000) 30.8 36.1 34.4







LelakiMale (‘000) 14.1 17.3 14.6
















8j Statistik Utama Siswazah, Selangor, 2016 - 2018 Principal Statistics of Graduates, Selangor, 2016 - 2018


JumlahTotal (‘000) 1,362.3 1,512.6 1,483.2







LelakiMale (‘000) 672.0 735.3 719.2















8k Statistik Utama Siswazah, Terengganu, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Terengganu, 2016 - 2018


JumlahTotal (‘000) 137.3 149.3 173.5







LelakiMale (‘000) 60.7 64.8 75.4















8l Statistik Utama Siswazah, Sabah, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Sabah, 2016 - 2018


JumlahTotal (‘000) 269.3 306.2 309.0







LelakiMale (‘000) 125.2 142.2 143.9















8m Statistik Utama Siswazah, Sarawak, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, Sarawak, 2016 - 2018


JumlahTotal (‘000) 242.3 251.5 286.4







LelakiMale (‘000) 115.8 118.1 137.1















8n Statistik Utama Siswazah, W.P. Kuala Lumpur, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, W.P. Kuala Lumpur, 2016 - 2018


JumlahTotal (‘000) 452.6 418.3 506.5







LelakiMale (‘000) 228.1 216.7 249.8



PenganggurUnemployed 5.9 4.8 2.3*



Kadar Pengangguran SiswazahGraduates Unemployment Rate (%) 3.0 2.6 1.1*










8o Statistik Utama Siswazah, W.P. Labuan, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, W.P. Labuan, 2016 - 2018


JumlahTotal (‘000) 13.4 11.2 13.2







LelakiMale (‘000) 6.7 5.2 6.0




Luar Tenaga BuruhOutside Labour Force 0.4* 0.3* 0.4*












8p Statistik Utama Siswazah, W.P. Putrajaya, 2016 - 2018Principal Statistics of Graduates, W.P. Putrajaya, 2016 - 2018


JumlahTotal (‘000) 28.1 28.0 28.9







LelakiMale (‘000) 11.4 11.2 11.6





Kadar Penyertaan Tenaga Buruh Siswazah Graduates Labour Force Participation Rate (%) 93.6 90.4 87.1










Statistik Gaji & Upah Siswazah

Graduates Salaries & Wages Statistics


9a Purata Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Kumpulan Umur, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Mean Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by Age Group, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(RM)Kumpulan Umur

Age Group 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 4,331 4,676 4,897

≤ 24 1,978 2,146 2,320

25 - 34 3,386 3,479 3,707

35 - 44 5,329 5,705 5,822

≥ 45 6,992 7,978 8,199

9b Penengah Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Kumpulan Umur, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Median Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by Age Group, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(RM)Kumpulan Umur

Age Group 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 3,520 3,550 3,936

≤ 24 1,800 1,800 2,112

25 - 34 3,000 3,000 3,181

35 - 44 4,810 4,890 5,195

≥ 45 5,741 6,000 6,859

9c Purata Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Kumpulan Etnik, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Mean Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by Ethnic Group, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(RM)Kumpulan Etnik

Ethnic Group 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 4,331 4,676 4,897

BumiputeraBumiputera 4,067 4,426 4,633

CinaChinese 4,762 5,204 5,621

IndiaIndians 4,259 4,686 4,830

Lain-lainOthers 6,966 5,751 5,278

9d Penengah Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Kumpulan Etnik, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Median Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by Ethnic Group, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(RM)Kumpulan Etnik

Ethnic Group 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 3,520 3,550 3,936

BumiputeraBumiputera 3,483 3,538 3,822

CinaChinese 4,000 4,000 4,380

IndiaIndians 3,200 3,550 3,859

Lain-lainOthers 5,000 3,400 3,601


9ePurata Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Sijil Tertinggi Diperoleh dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Mean Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by the Highest Certificate Obtained and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(RM)

JantinaSex 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 4,331 4,676 4,897

LelakiMale 4,890 5,335 5,475

PerempuanFemale 3,819 4,077 4,369

IjazahDegree 5,307 5,696 5,940

LelakiMale 6,215 6,620 6,894


DiplomaDiploma 3,190 3,391 3,590

LelakiMale 3,502 3,814 3,897


9fPenengah Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Sijil Tertinggi Diperoleh dan Jantina, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Median Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by the Highest Certificate Obtained and Sex, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(RM)

JantinaSex 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 3,520 3,550 3,936

LelakiMale 3,950 3,900 4,335



LelakiMale 5,000 5,000 5,725



LelakiMale 3,000 3,000 3,112



9gPenengah Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Sijil Tertinggi Diperoleh dan Strata, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Median Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by the Highest Certificate Obtained and Strata, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(RM)


JumlahTotal 4,331 4,676 4,897

BandarUrban 4,427 4,773 5,031

Luar BandarRural 3,540 3,802 3,810


BandarUrban 5,392 5,788 6,092



BandarUrban 3,270 3,455 3,690


9hPenengah Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Sijil Tertinggi Diperoleh dan Strata, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Median Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by the Highest Certificate Obtained and Strata, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(RM)


JumlahTotal 3,520 3,550 3,936

BandarUrban 3,600 3,600 4,013



BandarUrban 4,810 4,890 5,146



BandarUrban 2,826 2,989 3,036



9i Purata Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Tahap Kemahiran, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Mean Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by Skill Level, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(RM)Tahap Kemahiran

Skill Level 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 4,331 4,676 4,897

MahirSkilled 4,858 5,305 5,591

Separuh MahirSemi-skilled 2,219 2,267 2,418

Berkemahiran rendahLow-skilled 1,347 1,966 1,902

9j Purata Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Tahap Kemahiran, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Mean Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by Skill Level, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(RM)Tahap Kemahiran

Skill Level 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 3,520 3,550 3,936

MahirSkilled 4,053 4,200 4,684

Separuh MahirSemi-skilled 1,975 2,000 2,139

Berkemahiran rendahLow-skilled 1,300 1,600 1,802

9k Purata Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Sektor, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Mean Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by Sector, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(RM)SektorSector 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 4,331 4,676 4,897

PertanianAgriculture 3,374 3,770 4,135

Perlombongan dan pengkuarianMining and quarrying 6,777 9,757 9,137

PembuatanManufacturing 3,935 4,019 4,115

PembinaanConstruction 4,162 4,268 4,976

PerkhidmatanServices 4,363 4,751 4,965

9l Penengah Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Sektor, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Median Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by Sector, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(RM)SektorSector 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 3,520 3,550 3,936

PertanianAgriculture 2,490 2,700 3,052

Perlombongan dan pengkuarianMining and quarrying 5,000 6,000 6,535

PembuatanManufacturing 3,000 3,000 3,106

PembinaanConstruction 3,000 3,100 3,782

PerkhidmatanServices 3,760 3,760 4,133


9m Purata Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Negeri, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Mean Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by State, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(RM)

NegeriState 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 4,331 4,676 4,897

Johor 4,297 4,635 4,842

Kedah 3,911 3,686 3,832

Kelantan 4,195 4,287 4,439

Melaka 3,486 3,681 4,086

Negeri Sembilan 3,998 4,559 4,641

Pahang 3,425 4,097 4,269

Pulau Pinang 3,903 3,955 4,270

Perak 3,643 3,948 4,005

Perlis 3,812 4,093 4,791

Selangor 4,576 4,918 5,216

Terengganu 4,071 4,194 4,460

Sabah 3,867 4,311 4,795

Sarawak 4,136 4,614 4,950

W.P. Kuala Lumpur 5,794 6,564 6,424

W.P. Labuan 4,194 4,465 4,859

W.P. Putrajaya 4,503 5,028 5,413

9n Penengah Gaji & Upah Bulanan Siswazah Bekerja mengikut Negeri, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018Median Monthly Salaries & Wages of Employed Graduates by State, Malaysia, 2016 - 2018

(RM)

NegeriState 2016 2017e 2018p

JumlahTotal 3,520 3,550 3,936

Johor 3,743 3,550 3,950

Kedah 3,500 3,100 3,164

Kelantan 4,110 3,617 3,911

Melaka 3,000 3,100 3,127

Negeri Sembilan 3,200 3,500 3,745

Pahang 3,145 3,600 3,733

Pulau Pinang 3,145 3,000 3,205

Perak 3,200 3,165 3,393

Perlis 3,760 3,780 4,491

Selangor 3,650 3,701 4,220

Terengganu 3,450 3,400 3,579

Sabah 3,500 3,700 4,517

Sarawak 3,800 4,200 4,328

W.P. Kuala Lumpur 4,000 4,000 4,654

W.P. Labuan 3,801 3,500 3,911

W.P. Putrajaya 4,000 4,000 4,287


1. PENGENALANPenerbitan ini membentangkan statistik siswazah tahunan bagi tempoh 2016 hingga 2018. Statistik yang diterbitkan meliputi bilangan siswazah, kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh siswazah, kadar pengangguran siswazah, siswazah bekerja, siswazah menganggur, siswazah luar tenaga buruh dan gaji & upah siswazah. Penyusunan dan penerbitan statistik ini adalah berdasarkan konsep dan garis panduan International Labour Organization dan International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED-11). Statistik ini dapat dijadikan input dalam perancangan dan penggubalan dasar pembangunan modal insan negara.

2. SKOP DAN LIPUTANPenerbitan ini membekalkan statistik berkaitan siswazah iaitu individu yang memiliki sijil tertinggi yang diperolehi dari institusi yang menawarkan pendidikan formal di peringkat pendidikan tertiari seperti yang ditakrifkan dalam ISCED-11.

3. SUMBER DATASumber data utama yang digunakan dalam penganggaran statistik siswazah dalam penerbitan ini adalah:• Survei Tenaga Buruh, Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia• Survei Gaji & Upah, Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia• Statistik Pendidikan Tinggi, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia• Kajian Pengesanan Graduan, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia

4. KONSEP DAN DEFINISI4.1 UMUR BEKERJA

Umur bekerja bagi sesebuah negara ditentukan berdasarkan struktur umur penduduk negara tersebut yang aktif dalam ekonomi. Umur bekerja bagi analisis statistik siswazah dalam penerbitan ini adalah 15 tahun dan lebih, sama ada yang berada di dalam tenaga buruh atau di luar tenaga buruh.

4.2 KUMPULAN ETNIKKumpulan etnik dikategorikan seperti berikut:

i. Bumiputera

ii. Cina

iii. India

iv. Lain-lain (termasuk etnik lain dan penduduk bukan warganegara Malaysia)

4.3 SISWAZAHMerujuk kepada individu berumur 15 tahun dan lebih yang memiliki sijil tertinggi yang diperoleh daripada universiti, kolej, politeknik, badan yang diiktiraf atau setaraf, dengan tempoh pengajian sekurang-kurangnya dua tahun. Siswazah dikelaskan kepada dua kategori iaitu siswazah yang memiliki diploma dan ijazah.


i. DiplomaMerujuk kepada sijil dan diploma atau setaraf yang diterima daripada universiti, kolej, politeknik, badan yang diiktiraf atau setaraf. Tempoh pengajian adalah sekurang-kurangnya dua tahun.

ii. IjazahIjazah merujuk kepada semua ijazah universiti (Sarjana Muda, Sarjana atau Doktor Falsafah) yang diperoleh daripada institusi pengajian tinggi awam dan swasta yang diiktiraf di Malaysia dan di luar negara.

4.4 KADAR PENYERTAAN TENAGA BURUH SISWAZAH (KPTBS)Aktiviti ekonomi penduduk pada keseluruhannya bergantung kepada ciri-ciri demografi sesuatu populasi. Dengan itu, pecahan mereka yang aktif secara ekonomi berbeza di antara kumpulan-kumpulan kecil penduduk tersebut. Perbezaan ini diukur dengan kadar aktiviti tertentu yang dikenali sebagai kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh.

Bagi siswazah, KPTBS ditakrifkan sebagai perkadaran siswazah dalam tenaga buruh kepada jumlah siswazah umur bekerja (15 tahun dan lebih) yang dilaporkan dalam peratusan seperti berikut:

KPTBS =Bilangan siswazah dalam tenaga buruh

x 100Bilangan siswazah dalam umur bekerja

(15 tahun dan lebih)

4.5 KADAR PENGANGGURAN SISWAZAHKadar pengangguran siswazah ialah perkadaran siswazah menganggur kepada bilangan siswazah dalam tenaga buruh. Kadar pengangguran siswazah adalah dikira menggunakan formula berikut:


=Bilangan siswazah menganggur

x 100Bilangan siswazah dalam tenaga buruh

4.6 STATUS AKTIVITI SISWAZAHStatus aktiviti seseorang siswazah adalah berdasarkan kepada kegiatannya dalam pasaran buruh. Status siswazah dikategorikan seperti berikut:

i. Tenaga Buruh SiswazahMerujuk kepada siswazah berumur 15 tahun dan lebih sama ada bekerja atau menganggur.

ii. Siswazah BekerjaSiswazah yang bekerja sekurang-kurangnya sejam semasa minggu rujukan untuk mendapatkan upah, keuntungan atau keuntungan keluarga sama ada sebagai majikan, pekerja, bekerja sendiri atau pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji. Mereka juga dianggap bekerja jika:• tidak bekerja semasa minggu rujukan disebabkan sakit, kecederaan, tiada

upaya, cuaca buruk, bercuti, pertelingkahan buruh dan sebab-sebab sosial atau


keagamaan tetapi mempunyai pekerjaan, ladang, perusahaan atau perusahaan keluarga lain untuk kembali bekerja;

• tidak bekerja buat sementara waktu tetapi bergaji dan pasti akan dipanggil bekerja semula;

• bekerja kurang daripada 30 jam semasa minggu rujukan disebabkan bentuk kerja atau disebabkan kurang kerja serta sanggup menerima tambahan bilangan jam bekerja. Kumpulan ini merupakan guna tenaga tidak penuh.

iii. Siswazah MenganggurSiswazah menganggur dapat dikelaskan kepada dua kumpulan iaitu:

Penganggur Aktif Penganggur Tidak Aktif

Bersedia untuk bekerja dan aktif mencari pekerjaan dalam minggu rujukan.

• Tidak mencari pekerjaan dalam minggu rujukan kerana percaya tidak terdapat pekerjaan atau pun tidak berkelayakan.

• Mungkin mencari pekerjaan jika tidak kerana sakit atau keadaaan cuaca.

• Telah mencari pekerjaan sebelum minggu rujukan dan sedang menunggu jawapan permohonan pekerjaan.

iv. Siswazah Luar Tenaga Buruh Siswazah yang tidak dikelaskan sebagai bekerja atau menganggur dikategorikan sebagai luar tenaga buruh. Kategori ini terdiri daripada suri rumah, pelajar (termasuk mereka yang akan melanjutkan pelajaran), mereka yang telah bersara, tidak berkeupayaan dan mereka yang tidak berminat untuk mencari pekerjaan.

4.7 STRATAStrata terdiri daripada kawasan bandar dan luar bandar:

i. BandarKawasan yang diwartakan serta kawasan tepu bina yang bersempadan dengannya dan gabungan kedua-dua kawasan ini mempunyai penduduk seramai 10,000 orang atau lebih semasa Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan 2010. Kawasan tepu bina adalah kawasan yang terletak bersebelahan kawasan yang diwartakan dan mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya 60 peratus penduduk berumur 15 tahun dan lebih yang terlibat dalam aktiviti bukan pertanian.

Definisi kawasan bandar juga mengambil kira kawasan pembangunan khusus iaitu kawasan pembangunan yang tidak diwartakan dan boleh dikenal pasti serta terpisah dari kawasan yang diwartakan atau kawasan tepu bina melebihi 5 kilometer dan mempunyai penduduk sekurang-kurangnya 10,000 orang dengan 60 peratus penduduk berumur 15 tahun dan lebih yang terlibat dalam aktiviti bukan pertanian.

ii. Luar BandarKawasan selain yang diwartakan dan mempunyai jumlah penduduk kurang daripada 10,000 orang serta kawasan yang tidak diwartakan.


4.8 TARAF PEKERJAANTaraf pekerjaan merujuk kepada kedudukan atau taraf seseorang yang bekerja di dalam pertubuhan atau organisasi di mana beliau bekerja dan disesuaikan berdasarkan International Classsification of Status in Employment (ICSE-93). Siswazah bekerja dikelaskan mengikut taraf pekerjaan seperti berikut:

i. MajikanSeorang yang menjalankan sesuatu perniagaan, perusahaan ladang atau perniagaan lain dan menggaji seorang pekerja atau lebih untuk menolongnya.

ii. PekerjaSeorang yang bekerja untuk majikan sektor awam atau swasta dan menerima ganjaran tetap seperti upah, gaji, komisen, tip atau ganjaran yang berbentuk mata benda.

iii. Bekerja SendiriSeorang yang mengusahakan ladang, perniagaan atau perusahaan sendiri tanpa menggaji pekerja di ladang, perniagaan atau perusahaannya.

iv. Pekerja Keluarga Tanpa GajiSeorang yang bekerja tanpa menerima sebarang bayaran atau upah di ladang, perniagaan atau perusahaan yang dijalankan oleh ahli keluarganya yang lain.

4.9 PEKERJAANPekerjaan dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian Pengelasan Pekerjaan Malaysia (MASCO 2013) berasaskan International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO-08). Klasifikasi ini ditambahbaik selaras dengan transformasi proses kerja, bidang pengkhususan suatu tugasan dan kemahiran yang lebih kompleks dan dinamik. Pengelasan pekerjaan berasaskan MASCO 2013 adalah seperti berikut:

i. PengurusPengurus adalah mereka yang membuat keputusan dan mengambil bahagian dalam penentuan dasar organisasi, merancang, menyusun dan mengarah dalam pentafsiran dan pelaksanaan dasar. Tugas mereka melibatkan tanggungjawab penyusunan keseluruhan organisasi atau untuk satu atau lebih jabatan di dalam sesebuah organisasi.

ii. ProfesionalProfesional ialah mereka yang menjalankan penyelidikan dan menggunakan secara profesional pengetahuan dan kaedah saintifik terhadap penyelesaian pelbagai masalah teknologi, ekonomi, sosial, perindustrian dan kerajaan. Istilah ini pada umumnya digunakan kepada mereka yang mempunyai kelayakan profesional untuk menjalankan tugas-tugas mereka. Contoh pekerjaan dalam kategori ini ialah peguam, akauntan dan jurutera.

iii. Juruteknik dan Profesional BersekutuPekerja dalam kumpulan Juruteknik dan Profesional Bersekutu melakukan tugas teknikal dan tugas yang berkaitan dengan penyelidikan dan aplikasi konsep sains


atau seni dan kaedah operasi dan peraturan perniagaan. Termasuk dalam kategori ini ialah mereka yang biasanya bekerja di bawah arahan dan penyeliaan profesional seperti juruteknik makmal, juruteknik kawalan kualiti dan ketua fomen. Mereka mengawal, menyelia dan menyelaras kegiatan pekerja di bawah seliaan mereka.

iv. Pekerja Sokongan PerkeranianPekerja Sokongan Perkeranian menjalankan kerja-kerja merekod, mengurus, menyimpan dan mendapatkan maklumat yang berkaitan dan menjalankan tugas-tugas perkeranian berhubung dengan operasi pentadbiran, pengendalian wang, urusan perjalanan, permintaan maklumat dan janji temu. Termasuk dalam kategori ini ialah kerani, kerani akaun, jurutaip, jurutrengkas, pegawai khidmat pelanggan, setiausaha, kerani stor dan jurujual.

v. Pekerja Perkhidmatan dan JualanPekerja Perkhidmatan dan Jualan adalah mereka yang menyediakan perkhidmatan peribadi berkaitan dengan perjalanan, pengemasan, katering, penjagaan diri atau perlindungan dari kebakaran dan undang-undang yang berkaitan atau menunjuk cara dan menjual barangan di kedai borong atau runcit dan pertubuhan seumpamanya termasuk di gerai dan pasar. Contoh pekerjaan dalam kategori ini adalah jurujual di kedai dan pasar dan pembantu jualan di kedai.

vi. Pekerja Mahir Pertanian, Perhutanan, Penternakan dan PerikananPekerja Mahir Pertanian, Perhutanan, Penternakan dan Perikanan adalah mereka yang menanam dan menuai tanaman ladang atau pokok-pokok renek dan mengumpul buah-buahan, herba dan tanaman liar; menternak, menjaga atau memburu haiwan dan mengeluarkan pelbagai produk ternakan; menanam, memulihara dan mendapatkan hasil hutan; membiak baka atau menangkap ikan; dan memelihara atau mengumpul pelbagai hidupan akuatik lain. Contoh pekerja kategori ini ialah penanam tanaman ladang, pembalak, penanam sayur-sayuran dan pembiak baka haiwan ternakan.

vii. Pekerja Kemahiran dan Pekerja Pertukangan yang berkaitanPekerja Kemahiran dan Pekerja Pertukangan yang berkaitan adalah mereka yang mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran khusus dalam bidang perlombongan dan pembinaan, penempaan logam dan mendirikan struktur logam; membuat, melaras, menyelenggara dan membaik pulih jentera, kelengkapan atau peralatan; menjalankan kerja percetakan; dan mengeluarkan atau memproses barang makanan, tekstil atau kayu, logam dan barangan lain termasuk barang kraftangan. Contoh pekerja kategori ini ialah pembina rumah, tukang kayu dan mekanik.

viii. Operator Mesin dan Loji, dan PemasangOperator Mesin dan Loji, dan Pemasang adalah mereka yang mengendalikan dan mengawasi jentera dan kelengkapan perindustrian dan pertanian; memandu dan mengendali kereta api, kenderaan bermotor, jentera dan kelengkapan bergerak; atau memasang bahagian komponen produk mengikut spesifikasi dan prosedur yang ketat. Contoh pekerja kategori ini ialah pelombong dan pekerja kuari, pemasang jentera mekanikal, pemandu dan kelasi kapal.


ix. Pekerja AsasPekerja asas adalah mereka yang menjalankan tugas yang mudah, rutin dan tidak sistematik yang biasanya memerlukan penggunaan perkakas tangan atau dengan sokongan mesin yang mudah dan memerlukan tenaga fizikal yang banyak. Contoh pekerja kategori ini ialah pekerja pembersihan, penghantar surat dan buruh pertanian, perhutanan, penternakan dan perikanan.

Bagi tujuan pelaporan, kategori pekerjaan telah dikelaskan semula kepada tiga tahap kemahiran seperti berikut:

Tahap Kemahiran Pekerjaan

Mahir 1. Pengurus2. Profesional3. Juruteknik dan Profesional Bersekutu

Separuh Mahir 4. Pekerja Sokongan Perkeranian5. Pekerja Perkhidmatan dan Jualan6. Pekerja Mahir Pertanian, Perhutanan, Penternakan dan

Perikanan7. Pekerja Kemahiran dan Pekerja Pertukangan yang

Berkaitan8. Operator Mesin dan Loji, dan Pemasang

Berkemahiran Rendah 9. Pekerja Asas

4.10 AKTIVITI EKONOMIAktiviti ekonomi dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia (MSIC) 2008 versi 1.0 berasaskan International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic (ISIC) Revision 4. Pengelasan aktiviti ekonomi seseorang dirujuk kepada yang berkaitan dengan pekerjaan utamanya. Industri dibahagi kepada lima sektor iaitu Pertanian, Perlombongan & Pengkuarian, Pembuatan, Pembinaan dan Perkhidmatan yang diperinci seperti berikut:

i. PertanianPertanian merangkumi aktiviti penanaman, pemeliharaan dan penternakan haiwan dan pengeluaran produk haiwan, penebangan kayu balak dan tanaman lain, serta perikanan tangkapan dan akuakultur termasuk penggunaan sumber semulajadi tumbuh-tumbuhan dan haiwan.

ii. Perlombongan & Pengkuarian

Perlombongan & pengkuarian termasuk pengekstrakan mineral yang terjadi secara semulajadi seperti pepejal (batu arang dan bijih), cecair (petroleum) dan gas (gas asli) serta perlombongan mineral dan aktiviti pengkuarian.

iii. Pembuatan

Pembuatan melibatkan perubahan fizikal atau kimia ke atas bahan atau komponen menjadi produk baru sama ada kerja itu dilakukan oleh jentera yang dijalankan oleh


kuasa atau yang dijalankan dengan tangan, sama ada dijalankan dalam kilang atau di rumah pekerja, dan sama ada barang keluaran dijual secara borong atau runcit.

Subsektor Pembuatan terdiri daripada lapan (8) aktiviti iaitu:• Minyak dan lemak daripada sayuran & haiwan dan prosesan makanan;• Minuman dan produk tembakau;• Produk tekstil, pakaian dan kulit;• Produk kayu, perabot, keluaran kertas dan percetakan;• Produk petroleum, kimia, getah dan plastik;• Produk mineral bukan logam, logam asas dan produk logam yang direka;• Produk elektrik, elektronik dan optikal; dan

• Peralatan pengangkutan, pembuatan lain dan pembaikan.

iv. Pembinaan

Pembinaan termasuk pembinaan baru, pengubahsuaian, pembaikan dan perobohan. Pemasangan sebarang jenis jentera atau peralatan yang dipasang ketika pembinaan asal adalah diambil kira, demikian juga bagi pemasangan jentera atau peralatan selepas pembinaan asal tetapi memerlukan perubahan struktur bagi pemasangannya.

v. PerkhidmatanPerkhidmatan terdiri daripada 8 bahagian iaitu:

• Utiliti;• Perdagangan borong dan runcit;• Makanan & minuman dan penginapan;• Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan;• Maklumat dan komunikasi;• Kewangan dan insurans;• Hartanah dan perkhidmatan perniagaan; dan

• Perkhidmatan lain.

4.11 GAJI & UPAHStatistik gaji & upah yang dipaparkan dalam penerbitan ini merujuk kepada kadar upah merangkumi gaji pokok, elaun sara hidup dan lain-lain elaun dalam bentuk tunai atau mata benda yang dibayar secara tetap dan berkala serta bayaran kerja lebih masa. Bonus, gratuiti, elaun keluarga dan lain-lain bayaran keselamatan sosial oleh majikan tidak diambil kira.


5. KAEDAH PENGANGGARANBilangan siswazah yang dilaporkan dalam penerbitan ini dianggarkan menggunakan maklumat daripada Survei Tenaga Buruh dan bilangan keluaran pelajar yang dilaporkan dalam Statistik Pendidikan Tinggi. Semua pemboleh ubah yang dilaporkan adalah berdasarkan daripada profil Survei Tenaga Buruh.

Statistik gaji & upah siswazah diperoleh daripada Survei Gaji & Upah yang diterbitkan oleh Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia.

6. KEBOLEHPERCAYAAN STATISTIKOleh kerana statistik yang dilaporkan dalam penerbitan ini meliputi sumber data survei iaitu Survei Tenaga Buruh dan Survei Gaji & Upah, statistik berkaitan tertakluk kepada ralat pensampelan dan ralat bukan pensampelan.

i. Ralat pensampelan

Ralat pensampelan berpunca daripada anggaran data berasaskan survei sampel berkebarangkalian berbanding populasi. Ralat ini boleh diukur dengan menggunakan Ralat Piawai Relatif (RSE) dan dinyatakan dalam bentuk peratusan. Ia digunakan sebagai penunjuk kepada kepersisan anggaran parameter yang dikaji. Ini memberi gambaran tahap variasi pembolehubah yang dianggarkan melalui survei berbanding dengan parameter populasi.

ii. Ralat bukan pensampelan

Ralat ini boleh berpunca daripada liputan survei yang tidak lengkap, kelemahan rangka, ralat maklum balas, tiada respons dan kesilapan semasa prosesan sama ada di peringkat penyuntingan, pengekodan atau tangkapan data. Bagi memastikan kualiti data berada pada tahap yang tinggi, beberapa langkah pentadbiran telah diambil supaya ralat bukan pensampelan adalah di tahap minimum. Antaranya adalah melalui latihan intensif kepada penyelia dan penemuramah. Selain itu, penyeliaan yang rapi dan semakan kualiti secara rawak dijalankan ke atas isi rumah yang diliputi untuk memastikan kesahihan maklum balas yang dicatatkan.

Bagi mengatasi kes tiada respons yang berpunca daripada beberapa sebab seperti tempat kediaman kosong, tiada penghuni di rumah atau enggan bekerjasama dalam survei, maka penganggaran saiz sampel survei ini telah mengambil kira kemungkinan tersebut.

Pengemaskinian rangka pensampelan yang dilaksanakan dari semasa ke semasa telah dapat mengurangkan kadar tiada respons yang berpunca daripada tempat kediaman kosong.

Di peringkat prosesan data, semakan konsistensi bagi setiap pembolehubah dan proses validasi telah dilaksanakan secara sistematik bagi meminimumkan kesemua jenis ralat bukan pensampelan.


7. PEMBUNDARANHasil tambah bagi sesuatu kategori mungkin berbeza dengan jumlah besar di dalam jadual tertera kerana pembundaran.

8. SIMBOL DAN SINGKATAN- tiada& dan% peratus

RM Ringgit Malaysiae anggaranp permulaan

W.P. Wilayah PersekutuanMASCO Malaysia Standard Classification of Occupations

MSIC Malaysia Standard Industrial ClassificationRSE Relative Standard Error


1. INTRODUCTIONThis publication presents annual graduates statistics basis for the period of 2016 to 2018. The statistics published comprises of number of graduates, graduates labour force participation rate, graduates unemployment rate, employed graduates, unemployed graduates, graduates outside labour force and salaries & wages of graduates. The compilations and publications of these statistics are guided by the concepts and definitions from the International Labour Organization (ILO) and International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED-11). These statistics can be used as one of the inputs in the planning and formulation of national human capital development policy.

2. SCOPE AND COVERAGEThe publication provides statistics on graduates, namely individuals with highest certificate obtained from the institutions that offer formal education at the level of tertiary education as defined by ISCED-11.

3. DATA SOURCES The main data sources used to estimate graduates statistics in this publication are from:• Labour Force Survey, Department of Statistics Malaysia• Salaries & Wages Survey, Department of Statistics Malaysia• Higher Education Statistics, Ministry of Education• Graduate Tracers Study, Ministry of Education

4. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS4.1 WORKING AGE

Working age for a country is determined based on the age structure of the economically active population of the country. Working age for the analysis of graduate statistics in this publication is 15 years and over, who are either in the labour force or outside labour force.

4.2 ETHNIC GROUPEthnic group is categorised as follows:

i. Bumiputera

ii. Chinese

iii. Indians

iv. Others (include other ethnic and non-Malaysian citizens)

4.3 GRADUATESRefers to individual aged 15 years and over with the highest certificate obtained from universities, colleges, polytechnics, recognised bodies or equivalent, where duration of study is at least two years. Graduates are classified into two categories namely diploma graduates and degree graduates.


i. DiplomaRefers to certificate and diploma or equivalent certificate obtained from universities, colleges, polytechnics, recognised bodies or equivalent. The duration of study to obtain a diploma is at least two years.

ii. DegreeDegree refers to all university degrees (Bachelor, Masters or PhD) obtained from recognised public and private institutions of higher learning in Malaysia and abroad.

4.4 GRADUATES LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE (GLFPR)The economic activity of a population depends on the demographic characteristics of that population. Therefore, the proportion of economically active persons differs between sub-groups of that population. These variations are measured by specific activity rates termed as labour force participation rate.

As for graduates, GLFPR is defined as the ratio of the graduates in the labour force to the graduates in the working age (15 years and over), expressed as percentage. The formula is as follows:

GLFPR =Number of graduates in the labour force

x 100Number of graduates in the working age

(15 years and over)

4.5 GRADUATES UNEMPLOYMENT RATEGraduates unemployment rate is the proportion of unemployed graduates to the total graduates in the labour force. Graduates unemployment rate is computed by using the formula below:


=Number of unemployed graduates

x 100Number of graduates in the labour force

4.6 GRADUATES ACTIVITY STATUSThe status of graduates are based on his or her activities within the labour market. The status of graduates are categorised as follows:

i. Graduates in the Labour ForceRefers to graduates aged 15 years and over who are either employed or unemployed.

ii. Employed GraduatesEmployed graduates who, at any time during the reference week worked at least one hour for pay, profit or family gain either as an employer, employee, own account worker or unpaid family worker. They are also considered as employed graduates if they:

• did not work during the reference week because of illness, injury, disability, bad weather, leave, labour dispute and social or religious reasons but had a job, farm, enterprise or other family enterprise to return to;


• were temporarily laid-off with pay and would definitely be called back to work;

• were employed less than 30 hours during the reference week because of the nature of their work or due to insufficient work and are able and willing to accept additional hours of work. This group is underemployed.

iii. Unemployed GraduatesThe unemployed graduates are classified into two groups:

Active Unemployed Inactive Unemployed

Available for work and were actively looking for work during the reference week.

• Did not look for work because they believed no work was available or that they were not qualified.

• Would have looked for work if they had not been temporarily ill or had it not been for weather condition.

• Had looked for work prior to the reference week and were waiting for result of job applications.

iv. Graduates Outside Labour ForceGraduates which is not classified as employed or unemployed are categorised as outside labour force. This category consists of housewives, students (including those going for further studies), retired, disabled persons and those who are not interested in looking for a job.

4.7 STRATAi. Urban

Gazetted areas with their adjoining built-up areas which have a combined population of 10,000 or more at the time of the 2010 Population and Housing Census. Built-up area is the area contiguous to a gazetted area with at least 60 per cent of the population (aged 15 years and over) engaged in non-agricultural activities.

The definition of urban areas also takes into account the special development area namely the development area which is not gazetted and can be identified and separated from the gazetted area or built-up area of more than 5km with population of at least 10,000 persons where 60 per cent of the population (aged 15 years and over) were involved in non-agricultural activities.

ii. RuralAll other gazetted areas with population of less than 10,000 persons and non-gazetted areas.

4.8 STATUS IN EMPLOYMENTStatus in employment refers to the position or status of a person who is employed within the establishment or organisation for which he/ she worked and is adapted based on the International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-93). Graduates employed persons are classified according to the following status in employment:


i. EmployerA person who operates a business, a plantation or other trade and employs one or more workers to help him.

ii. EmployeeA person who works for a public or private employer and receives regular remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips or payment in kind.

iii. Own account worker A person who operates his own farm, business or trade without employing any paid workers in the conduct of his farm, trade or business.

iv. Unpaid family workerA person who works without pay or wages on a farm, business or trade operated by another member of the family.

4.9 OCCUPATIONOccupation is classified according to Malaysia Standard Classification of Occupations (MASCO) 2013 which is based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08). This classification was improved in line with the transformation of work process, areas of specialization as well as the complexity and dynamics in skills and tasks. The classification of occupation based on MASCO 2013 as follows:

i. ManagersManagers are those who decide or participate in formulating the policy of the organization, plan, organize and direct the interpretation and execution of policies. Their work involves the responsibility for their organisation as a whole or for one or more departments of an organisation.

ii. ProfessionalsProfessionals are those who conduct research and apply in a professional capacity scientific knowledge and methods to a variety of technological, economic, social, and industrial problems. The term applies generally to a person who is required to hold a professional qualification to practice. Example of occupations in the category are lawyers, accountants and engineers.

iii. Technicians and Associate Professionals

Employees in the Technician and Associate Professionals group perform technical and related tasks connected with research and the application of scientific or artistic concepts and operational methods and business regulations. Included under this category are those usually worked under the direction and supervision of professionals such as laboratory technicians, quality control technicians and chief foremen. They control and coordinate the activities of the workers under their supervision.


iv. Clerical Support WorkersThe Clerical Support Workers perform tasks record, organize, store and retrieve related information and perform clerical duties especially in connection with administrative operations, handling money, travel arrangements and requests for information and appointments. Included in this category are clerks, accounting clerks, typists, stenographers, customer service officers, secretaries, storekeepers and sales personnel.

v. Service and Sales WorkersService and Sales Workers are those who provide personal services related to travel, housekeeping, catering, personal care or protection against fire and unlawful acts or demonstrate and sell goods in wholesale or retail shops and similar establishments as well as at stalls and markets. Examples of employees in this category are stall and market sales person and shop sales assistant.

vi. Skilled Agricultural, Forestry, Livestock and Fishery WorkersSkilled Agricultural, Forestry, Livestock and Fishery Workers are those who grow and harvest field or tree and shrub crops, gather wild fruit, herbs and vegetables, breed, tend or hunt animals, produce a variety of animal husbandry products, cultivate, conserve and gather other forms of aquatic life. Examples of employees in this category are field crop growers, logger, vegetable growers and breeder of livestock.

vii. Craft and Related Trades WorkersCraft and Related Trades Workers are those who apply their specific knowledge and skills in the fields of mining and construction, metal forming and erect metal structures, make, fit, maintain and repair machinery, equipment or tools, carry out printing work as well as produce or process foodstuffs, textiles or wooden, metal and other articles including handicraft goods. Examples of employees in this category are house builder, carpenter and mechanics.

viii. Plant and Machine Operators, and AssemblersPlant and Machine Operators, and Assemblers are those who operate and monitor industrial and agricultural machinery and equipment, drive and operate trains, motor vehicles and mobile machinery and equipment or assemble product component parts according to strict specifications and procedures. Examples for this category are miners and quarry workers, mechanical machinery assemblers, drivers and ships’ deck crews.

ix. Elementary WorkersElementary Workers are those who perform simple, routine and non-systematic tasks which mainly require the use of handhold tools or with the assistance of simple machines and in some cases considerable physical effort. Examples for this category are cleaners, dispatch rider and agricultural, forestry, livestock and fishery labourer.


For reporting purpose, the category of occupation is regrouped into three levels of skill as follows:

Skill Occupation

Skilled 1. Managers2. Professionals3. Technicians and Associate Professionals

Semi-skilled 4. Clerical Support Workers5. Service and Sales Workers6. Skilled Agricultural, Forestry, Livestock and Fishery

Workers7. Craft and Related Trades Workers8. Plant and Machine Operators, and Assemblers

Low-skilled 9. Elementary Occupations

4.10 ECONOMIC ACTIVITYEconomic activity is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Industrial Classification (MSIC) 2008 version 1.0 based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. A person’s economic activity classification refers to his or her principal occupation. Economic activity is divided into five sectors namely Agriculture, Mining & Quarrying, Manufacturing, Construction and Services which are detailed out as follows:

i. AgricultureAgriculture comprises the activities of growing, breeding and rearing of animals and production of animal products, felling of trees and other plants, as well as capture fishery and aquaculture which includes the use/ utilisation of plants/ vegetables and animals natural resources.

ii. Mining & quarryingMining & quarrying includes the extraction of minerals occurring naturally as solids (coal and ores), liquids (petroleum) and gases (natural gas) as well as mineral mining and quarrying activity.

iii. ManufacturingManufacturing involves the physical or chemical transformation of materials or components into new products, whether the work is performed by power-driven machines or by hand, whether it is done in a factory or in the worker’s home, and whether the products are sold at wholesale or retail.

The Manufacturing sub-sector consists of eight (8) activities namely:

• Vegetable and animal oils & fats and food processing;• Beverages and tobacco products;• Textiles, wearing apparel and leather products;• Wood products, furniture, paper products and printing;


• Petroleum, chemical, rubber and plastic products;• Non-metallic mineral products, basic metal and fabricated metal products;• Electrical, electronic and optical products; and

• Transport equipment, other manufacturing and repair.

iv. ConstructionConstruction includes new construction, alteration, repair and demolition. Installation of any machinery or equipment which is built-in at the time of the original construction is included, as well as installation of machinery or equipment after the original construction but which requires structural alteration in order to install.

v. ServicesServices consist of eight (8) activities namely:

• Utilities;• Wholesale and retail trade;• Food & beverages and accommodation;• Transportation and storage;• Information and communication;• Finance and insurance;• Real estate and business services; and

• Other services.

4.11 SALARIES & WAGESStatistics on salaries & wages presented in this report refer to wage rate consisting of basic wages, cost-of-living allowances and other guaranteed and regularly paid allowances in cash or in kind and overtime payment. However, it excludes bonuses and gratuities, family allowances and social security payments made by employers.

5. ESTIMATION PROCEDUREThe number of graduates is estimated based on data of graduates from Labour Force Survey and number of student output which was reported in the Higher Education Statistics. Detail variables reported in this report are estimates based on the profiling from Labour Force Survey.

Statistics on salaries & wages of graduates are derived from Salaries & Wages Survey, published by the Department of Statistics Malaysia.

6. RELIABILITY OF STATISTICS Since the statistics in this publication encompassed survey data sources namely Labour Force Survey and Salaries & Wages Survey, the statistics are subjected to two types of errors that is sampling error and non-sampling error.


i. Sampling error

Sampling error is a result of estimating data based on probability sampling survey compared to the population. Such error in statistics is termed as Relative Standard Error (RSE) and is expressed in percentage. This error is an indication to the precision of the parameter under study. In other words, it reflects the extent of variation of sample-based estimates compared to the parameter of population.

ii. Non-sampling error

The error may rise through incomplete survey coverage, weaknesses in the frame, response errors, non-response errors and also errors during processing either through editing, coding or data capture. To ensure that data is of high quality, several administrative procedures were taken to minimise non-sampling errors. Intensive training was conducted for the supervisors and enumerators. In addition, close supervision and random checks were carried out on households covered by the enumerators to ensure the validity of the recorded information.

In order to resolve the case of non-response error due to several reasons such as vacant house, 'no one at home' or refusal to cooperate, the sample size estimation for this survey has taken into account all those possibilities.

The survey frame is updated regularly to overcome the problem of non-response due to vacant home. Publicity was carried out widely through electronic and printed media to minimise the case of ‘no one at home’ and refusal to cooperate.

In addition, at the data processing stage, consistency checking and validation process has been systematically implemented for each variable in order to minimise the non-sampling error.

7. ROUNDING The sum of the component figures may not tally with the sub-total or total figures due to rounding.

8. SYMBOL AND ABBREVIATIONS- nil& and% percentage

RM Ringgit Malaysiae estimationp preliminary

W.P. Wilayah PersekutuanMASCO Malaysia Standard Classification of Occupations

MSIC Malaysia Standard Industrial ClassificationRSE Relative Standard Error

PERTANYAAN BERHUBUNG DENGAN PENERBITAN INI BOLEH DIBUAT DI PEJABAT PERANGKAAN NEGERI SEPERTI BERIKUT:

Pengarah,Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia Negeri Johor,Tingkat 14, Menara Tabung Haji,Jalan Air Molek,80000 Johor Bahru, Johor.Tel. : 07-225 3700Faks : 07-224 9972E-mel : [email protected]

Pengarah,Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia Negeri Kedah,Aras 1, Zon C, Wisma Persekutuan,Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan,Bandar Muadzam Shah,06550 Anak Bukit, Alor Setar, Kedah.Tel. : 04-700 1240Faks : 04-733 8412E-mel : [email protected]

Pengarah,Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia Negeri Kelantan,Tingkat 8, Bangunan Persekutuan,Jalan Bayam,15514 Kota Bharu, Kelantan.Tel. : 09-741 9449Faks : 09-748 2142E-mel : [email protected]

Pengarah,Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia Negeri Melaka,Aras 7 & 8, Wisma Persekutuan,Jalan MITC, Hang Tuah Jaya,75450, Ayer Keroh, Melaka.Tel. : 06-252 2725Faks : 06-252 2711E-mel : [email protected]

Pengarah,Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia Negeri Sembilan,Tingkat 12, Wisma Persekutuan,Jalan Dato’ Abdul Kadir,70000 Seremban, Negeri Sembilan.Tel. : 06-765 5000Faks : 06-765 5002E-mel : [email protected]

Pengarah,Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia Negeri Pahang,Tingkat 7, Bangunan Persekutuan,Jalan Gambut,25000 Kuantan, Pahang.Tel. : 09-516 3931/7Faks : 09-514 4636E-mel : [email protected]

Pengarah,Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia Negeri Pulau Pinang,Tingkat 6, Bangunan Persekutuan,10400 Jalan Anson, Pulau Pinang.Tel. : 04-226 6244Faks : 04-229 9499E-mel : [email protected]

Pengarah,Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia Negeri Perak,Tingkat 3, Blok A, Bangunan Persekutuan Ipoh,Jalan Dato’ Seri Ahmad Said (Greentown),30450 Ipoh, Perak.Tel. : 05-255 4963Faks : 05-255 1073E-mel : [email protected]

Pengarah,Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia Negeri Perlis,Tingkat 1, Bangunan Perodua Kangar,No. 2C, Persiaran Jubli Perak01000 Kangar, Perlis.Tel. : 04-977 1221Faks : 04-977 1223/04-976 8950E-mel : [email protected]

Pengarah,Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia Negeri Selangor, Tingkat 9, Bangunan Darul Ehsan,Jalan Indah, Seksyen 14,40000 Shah Alam, Selangor. Tel. : 03-5515 0200Faks : 03-5518 0408E-mel : [email protected]

Pengarah,Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia Negeri Terengganu,Tingkat 9, Wisma Persekutuan,Jalan Sultan Ismail,20200 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu.Tel. : 09-622 3062Faks : 09-622 9659E-mel : [email protected]

Pengarah,Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia Negeri Sabah,Tingkat 1-3, Blok C,Kompleks Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan Sabah,Jalan UMS, Beg Berkunci No. 2046,88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.Tel. : 088-484 602Faks : 088-484 659E-mel : [email protected]

Pengarah,Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia Negeri Sarawak,Tingkat 7 & 8, Bangunan Tun Datuk Patinggi Tuanku Haji Bujang, Jalan Simpang Tiga,93514 Kuching, Sarawak.Tel. : 082-240 287Faks : 082-242 609E-mel : [email protected]

Pengarah,Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia Wilayah Persekutuan,Tingkat 14 & 15, Wisma FGV,Jalan Raja Laut,50350 Kuala Lumpur.Tel. : 03-2267 2400Faks : 03-2274 5075E-mel : [email protected]

THIS PUBLICATION IS ALSO AVAILABLE AT THE FOLLOWING STATS DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS:PENERBITAN INI BOLEH JUGA DIPEROLEH DI JABATAN PERANGKAAN NEGERI SEPERTI BERIKUT:

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