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SAFETYANDHEALTHACT(OSHA)PURPOSE:

This informationsheetwillprovide informationpertaining toPolicies,Regulations,OccupationalSafetyand Health Act (OSHA). It will help the student understand the purpose of Policies, Regulations,OccupationalSafetyandHealthAct (OSHA)andmethodof implicationofSafetyandHealthActandRegulationrequirement.

INFORMATION

OCCUPATIONALSAFETYANDHEALTHACT(OSHA)

1.SectionRelatedInOSHAWhichCoverInTheInformationSheetAreAsFollow:

Section15.

GeneralDutiesofEmployersandSelfemployedPersonstoTheirEmployees.

(1)Itshallbethedutyofeveryemployerandeveryselfemployedpersontoensure,sofarasispracticable,thesafety,healthandwelfareatworkofallhisemployees

(2)Withoutprejudicetothegeneralityofsubsection(1),thematterstowhichthedutyextendsincludeinparticular

(a)theprovisionandmaintenanceofplantandsystemsofworkthatare,sofarasispracticable,safeandwithoutriskstohealth

(b)themakingofarrangementsforensuring,sofarasispracticable,safetyandabsenceofriskstohealthinconnectionwiththeuseoroperation,handling,storageandtransportofplantandsubstances

(c) theprovisionofsuchinformation,instruction,trainingandsupervisionasisnecessarytoensure,sofarasispracticable,thesafetyandhealthatworkofhisemployees

(d)sofarasispracticable,asregardsanyplaceofworkunderthecontroloftheemployerorselfemployedperson,themaintenanceofitinaconditionthatissafeandwithoutriskstohealthandtheprovisionandmaintenanceofthemeansofaccesstoandegressfromitthataresafeandwithoutsuchrisks

(e)theprovisionandmaintenanceofaworkingenvironmentforhisemployeesthatis,sofarasispracticable,safe,withoutriskstohealth,andadequateasregardsfacilitiesfortheirwelfareatwork.

(3)Forthepurposesofsubsections(1)and(2)(a)employeeincludesanindependentcontractorengagedbyanemployerora

selfemployedpersonandanyemployeeoftheindependentcontractorand

(b)thedutiesofanemployeroraselfemployedpersonundersubsections(1)and ( 2 ) extend to such an independent contractor and the independentcontractors employees in relation tomatters over which the employer or

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selfemployedperson(i)hascontrolor( ii ) wouldhavehadcontrolbut foranyagreementbetweentheemployeror

selfemployedpersonandtheindependentcontractortothecontrary.

Section16.

DutytoFormulateSafetyAndHealthpolicyExcept in such cases asmaybe prescribed, it shell be the duty of every employer andeveryselfemployedpersontoprepareandasoftenasmaybeappropriatereviseawrittenstatement of his general policy with respect to the safety and health at work of hisemployeesandorganisationandarrangement for the timebeing in force forcarryingoutthat policy, and to bring the statement and any revision of it to the notice of all hisemployees.

Section17.

General Duties of Employers and Selfemployed Persons to PersonsOther Than TheirEmployees.

(1)Itshallbethedutyofeveryemployerandeveryselfemployedpersontoconducthisundertakinginsuchamannerastoensure,sofarasispracticable,thatheandother persons not being his employees, who may be affected thereby are notherebyexposedtoriskstotheirsafetyorhealth.

( 2 ) It shall be the duty of every employer and every selfemployed person, in theprescribed circumstances and in the prescribedmanner, to give to persons, notbeinghisemployees,whomaybeaffectedbythemannerinwhichheconductshisundertaking,theprescribedinformationonsuchaspectsofthemannerinwhichheconductshisundertakingasmightaffecttheirsafetyorhealth.

Section18.

DutiesofAnOccupierofAPlaceofWorktoPersonsOtherThanHisEmployees.

(1)Anoccupierofnondomesticpremiseswhichhasbeenmadeavailabletopersons,notbeinghisemployees,asaplaceofwork,orasaplacewheretheymayuseaplantor substanceprovided for their use there, shall takesuchmeasuresasarepracticable to ensure that the premises, allmeans of access thereto and egressthere from available for use by persons using the premises, and any plant orsubstanceinthepremisesorprovidedforusethere,isoraresafeandwithoutriskstohealth.

(2)Apersonwhohas,byvirtueofacontractor leaseorotherwise,anobligationofanyextentinrelationto

(a)themaintenanceorrepairofaplaceofworkoranymeansofaccesstheretooregresstherefromor

(b)thepreventionofriskstosafetyandhealththatmayarisefromtheuseofanyplantorsubstanceintheplaceofwork,

shall for the purpose of subsection ( 1 ) be deemed to have control of thematters towhichhisobligationextends.

Section19.

Penaltyforonoffenceundersection15,16,17,or18.

Apersonwhocontravenestheprovisionsofsection15,16,17,or18shallbeguiltyofanoffenceandshell,onconviction,beliabletoafinenotexceedingfiftythousandringgitortoimprisonmentforatermnotexceedingtwoyearortoboth.

Section24.

GeneralDutiesofEmployeesatWork

(1)Itshallbethedutyofeveryemployeewhileatwork

(a)totakereasonablecareforthesafetyandhealthofhimselfandofotherpersonswhomaybeaffectedbyhisactsofomissionsatwork

(b)tocooperatewithhisemployeroranyotherpersoninthedischargeofanydutyor requirement imposedon theemployeror thatotherpersonby thisActoranyregulationmadethereunder

(c)towearoruseatalltimesanyprotectiveequipmentorclothingprovidedbytheemployer for thepurposeof preventing risks tohis safety andhealthand

(d)tocomplywithanyinstructionormeasureonoccupationalsafetyandhealthinstitutedbyhisemployeroranyotherpersonbyorunder thisActoranyregulationmadethereunder.

(2)Apersonwhocontravenestheprovisionsofthissectionshallbeguiltyofanoffenceandshall,onconviction,be liable toa finenotexceedingone thousand ringgitor toimprisonmentforatermnotexceedingthreemonthsortoboth.

Regulation

OccupationalSafetyAndHealth(EmployersSafetyAndHealthGeneralPolicyStatements)(Exception)Regulations1995

Inexerciseofthepowersconferredbysections16and66oftheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAct1994,theMinistermakesthefollowingregulations:

1.Citationandcommencement

TheseregulationsmaybecitedastheOccupationalsafetyandhealth(EmployersSafetyandHealthGeneralPolicyStatements)(Exception)Regulations1995andshallbedeemedtohave

comeintoforceonthe25thFebruary1994.

2.Exception.

Section16oftheActshallapplytoeveryemployerandeveryselfemployedpersonexceptthosewhocarryonanundertakingwithnotmorethanfiveemployees.

Madethe22ndFebruary1995DatoLimAhLekMinisterofhumanResources

SAMPLEOFSAFETY&HEALTHPOLICY

Section30

EstablishmentOfSafetyAndHealthCommitteeAtPlaceOfWork

(1)Everyemployershallestablishasafetyandhealthcommitteeattheplaceofworkinaccordancewiththissectionif:(a)therearefortyormorepersonsemployedattheplaceofworkor(b)theDirectorGeneraldirectstheestablishmentofsuchacommitteeatthe

placeofwork.(2)Thecompositionofsafetyandhealthcommitteeestablishedundersubsection(1),

theelectionorappointmentofpersonstothecommittee,thepowerofthemembersofthecommitteeandanyothermatterrelatingtotheestablishmentorprocedureofthecommitteeshallbeasprescribed.

(3 ) Everyemployershallconsult thesafetyandhealthcommitteewithaview to themakingandmaintenanceofarrangementwhichwillenablehimandhisemployeesto cooperate effectively in promoting and developing measures to ensure thesafety and health at the place of work of the employees, and in checking theeffectivenessofsuchmeasures.

( 4 ) A person who contravenes the provisions of this section shall be guilty of anoffence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding five thousandringgitortoimprisonmentforatermnotexceedingsixmonthsortoboth.

Section31

FunctionOfSafetyAndHealthCommittee

Thesafetyandhealthcommitteeestablishataplaceofworkpursuanttosection30:

(a ) shallkeepunder review themeasures taken toensure thesafetyandhealthofpersonsattheplaceofwork

(b)shallinvestigateanymatterattheplaceofwork:

(i)whichamemberofthecommitteeorapersonemployedthereatisnotsafeorisarisktohealthand

(ii)whichhasbeenbroughttobetheattentionoftheemployer

(c)shallattempttoresolveanymatterreferredtoinparagraph(b)and,ifitisunabletodoso,shallrequesttheDirectorGeneraltoundertakeaninspectionoftheplaceofworkforthatpurposeand

(d)shallhavesuchotherfunctionsasmaybeprescribed.

2. EstablishmentOfSafetyAndHealthCommittees

2.1TheLawrequireseveryemployertoestablishaSafetyandHealthCommitteeattheplaceofworkwhereforty(40)ormorepersonsareemployed.a.FormationoftheSafetyandHealthCommitteewithManagement/Employees

/Unionrepresentatives.b.Electedappointmentsofpersonstothecommittee.

MaincommitteeSubCommittee,i.e.plantandnonplant.

c.Powersofthemembersofthecommittee.d.Proceduresforthecommittee.e.Termsofreferenceforthecommittee.f. Employers focal point onall safety andhealthmatters in promotingand

developingmeasurestoensurethesafetyandhealthattheplaceofwork.

2.2Functiona. Thecommitteeshallkeepunder reviewthemeasures taken toensure the

safetyandhealthofpersonsattheplaceofwork.b.Toinvestigateanymatterattheplaceofwork:

i) Whenamemberof theCommitteeorapersonemployed thereatconsidersisnotsafeorisarisktohealth.

ii)Whichhasbeenbroughttotheattentionoftheemployer.iii)Shallattempttoresolveanymatterreferredtotheemployer.iv) Torequest theDirectorGeneralofOccupationalSafetyandHealth

Departmenttoundertakeaninspectionoftheplaceofwork.v)Shallhavesuchotherfunctionsasmaybeprescribed.

2.3SafetyCommittee

TheSafetyCommitteecomprisingthefollowingorderwouldbemosteffectualandidealsituationChairmanTheManagerDirectorDeputyChairmanADeputyChairmanshouldbeappointedtotakeoverwhentheChairmanfindsitimpossibleto

attendameeting.SecretarySafetyAdviser/SafetyOfficerThepersonwho

exercisestheSafetyfunctionsintheorgansiation.

MembersPlantManager

(Supervisor)MaintenanceManager/WorkManagerHRManagerTrainingManagerMaterialsManagerQualityControllerSecurityManager

SafetyRepresentativesLineFunctionsUnionRepresentatives,etc.

Committee should not be too large about fifteenmembers is a desirablemaximum.Thelarger the committee the more difficult it is to get full attendance. The participation ofSupervisors isvery important.Theyarethekeypersonnelasregardstosafetyaswellasproduction and their active cooperation is therefore essential. It is a must that theSupervisoriskeptcontinuouslyintouchwiththeCommitteework.

2.4SafetyCommitteesFunctions,AuthorityAndDuties

Takingthelongviewoftheirbroadobjectivesthecommitteeshouldlaydownasetoftaskswhich will lead to their achievement. The list must be realistic, bearing in maid thatcommitteememberhavefulltime jobstodo. Itmustbe longterm, taking intoaccount thefactthatdaytodaysafetymattersaredealtwithbymanagement,thesafetyadviserandthesafety representatives. And it must be within the resources of the committee and thecapabilitiesofitsindividualmembers.2.5SpecificFunctions

ThesafetycommitteeshouldbeinvolvedineverypossiblewayindevelopingthemeansofbringingemployeesmoreintoOccupationalSafetyandHealthissues.Itshouldbeinvolvedin,forinstance:

1. Makingthecontentsofthesafetypolicyandtheextenttowhichthepolicyisbeingappliedknowntoalltheemployees

2.Thedevelopmentofworksafetyrulesandsafetysystemsofwork.3. Publishingagreementand rules for theprovisionandwearingofprotective

clothingandequipment.4.Studyingreportsandconsideringpublishingtheircontents.5.ReviewofalllosttimeaccidentandappraiseSafetyandHealthaspectsofplant

operationsbasedonaccidentreportsandstatistics.6. Toprovidedirections insafetyaspectswith respect toplantsoperatione.g.

broadguidelinesonsafetypolicies.7.Tocreate,andmaintainsafetyconsciousnessamongemployees.8. Tosupervise the functioningof safetyOperationsCommitteeby reviewing

minutesandprovideguidance.

a. FrequencyOfMeeting

Thefrequencyofmeetingswilldependontheworkwhichthecommitteehastodoandthisinturndependsonthecircumstancesoftheindividualestablishment,thesizeofthesizeoftheworkforce,thekindofworkandthedegreeofinherentrisk.

Toofrequentmeetingwillwastetimeonmattersalreadydiscussedbecausetherehasbeeninsufficienttimebetweenmeetingstotakethenecessaryaction.Moreover,busypeoplefinditdifficulttoattendmeetingtoooften,problemwhichcanresultindisruptionoftheirworkorinsufficientnumbertoformaquorum,sothatdecisionshavetobepostponed.

Ontheotherhand,ifmeetingarespacedtoofarapartthepeoplewhohavebeendeputedto takeactionwill find themselvesworking in isolationwithoutsufficientguidancefromthecommittee,whiletheothercommitteememberswillfeelremotefromtheactionandtendtolosetouch.

RecommendedtimingtoconveneSafetyCommitteeMeetingsatlistonceinthree(3)months.

TheSafetyCommitteeprogrammeshouldbearrangedwell inadvanceandnoticeof thedatesofmeetingpublishedwhereallemployeescanseethem.

NotlessthenaweekbeforethemeetingoftheSafetyCommittee,eachmembershouldbesentacopyoftheagenda,drawnupbytheCommitteeSecretary.

3.0SafeSystemofWork

Asafesystemofworkisaformalprocedurewhichresultsfromsystematicexaminationofataskinordertoidentifyallthehazards.Itdefinessafemethodstoensurethathazardsareeliminatedorrisksminimised.

3.1WhenIsASafeSystemNeeded?

Manyhazardsareclearlyrecognisableandcanbeovercomebyphysicallyseparatingpeoplefromthem,e.g.byusingguardingonmachinery.

Asafesystemofwork isneededwhenhazardscannotbephysicallyeliminatedandsomeelementof risk remains.Youshouldapply theseprinciples to routineworkaswellastomorespecialcasessuchas:

CleaningandmaintainingoperationsMakingchangestoworklayouts,materialsusedorworkingmethodsEmployeesworkingawayfrombaseorworkingaloneBreakdownsoremergenciesControllingactivitiesofcontractorsonyourpremisesLoading,unloadingandmovementsorvehicles

3.2AssessingTheTask

Assessallaspectsof the taskand the riskswhich itpresents.Hazards tohealthaswellastosafetyshouldbeconsidered.

Takeaccountof:

what isused,e.g. theplant, thesubstances,potential failuresofmachinery, toxic hazards, electrical hazards, design limits, risk ofinadvertentlyoperatingautomaticcontrols.

Whodoeswhat,e.g.delegation,training,foreseeablehumanerrors,shortcuts,abilitytocopeinanemergency.

Wherethetaskiscarriedout,e.g.hazardsintheworkplace,problemscaused by weather conditions or lighting, hazards from adjacentprocessesorcontractors,etc.

Howthetaskisdone,e.g.theprocedures,potentialfailuresinworkmethods,lackofforesightofinfrequentevents.

3.3IdentifyingTheHazards

Whenyouhaveassessedatask,youshouldsportitshazardsandweighuptherisks.Wherepossibleyoushouldeliminatethehazardsandreducetherisksbeforeyourelyuponasafesystemofwork.

3.4DefiningSafeMethods

Yoursafesystemofworkmaybedefinedorally,bysimplewrittenprocedureorinexceptionalcasesbyaformalpermittoworkscheme.

Considerthepreparationandauthorisationneededatthestartofthejob.

Ensureclearplanningofjobsequences.Specifysafeworkmethods.Includemeansofaccessandescapeifrelevant.Considerthetasksofdismantling,disposaletcattheendofajob.

Involvethepeoplewhowillbedoingthework.Theirpracticalknowledgeofproblemscanhelpavoidunusualrisksandpreventfalseassumptionsbeingmadeatthisstage.

In thosespecialcaseswhereapermit toworksystem isneeded, thereshouldbeaproperlydocumentedprocedure.Itisimportantthateveryoneunderstandswhichjobsneedaformalpermittowork.Permitstoworkshould:

1.definetheworktobedone2.sayhowtomaketheworkareasafe3.identifyanyremaininghazardsandtheprecautionstobetaken4.describecheckstobecarriedoutbeforenormalworkcanberesumed

and5.Namethepersonresponsibleforcontrollingthejob.

Jobslikelytoneedapermittoworksysteminclude:workinginconfinedspaceshotworkonplantcontainingflammabledusts,gasesorresiduesof

thesecuttingintopipeworkcontaininghazardoussubstancesworkonelectricalequipment

3.5ImplementingTheSystem

Yoursafesystemofworkmustbecommunicatedproperly,understoodbyemployeesandappliedcorrectly.Theyshouldbeawareofyourcommitmenttoreduceaccidentsbyusingsafetysystemsofwork.

Ensure that supervisors know that they should implement andmaintain those systemsofworkandthatemployees,supervisorsandmanagersarealltrainedinthenecessaryskillsarefullyawareofpotentialrisksandtheprecautionstheyneedtoadopt.

Stresstheneedtoavoidshortcuts.Itshouldbepartofasystemofworktostopworkwhenfacedwithanunexpectedproblemuntilasafesolutioncanbefound.

3.6MonitoringTheSystem

Monitoringmeansperiodicallychecking:thatemployeescontinuetofindthesystemworkablethattheprocedureslaiddowninyoursystemofworkarebeingcarried

outandareeffectiveand thatanychangesincircumstanceswhichrequirealterationstothe

systemofworkaretakenintoaccount.

FIVESTEPSTOASAFESYSTEMOFWORK

ASSESSTHETASK

IDENTIFYTHEHAZARDS

DEFINESAFEMETHODS

IMPLEMENTTHESYSTEM

MONITORTHESYSTEM

4.GoodHousekeeping

Goodhousekeeping isabasic requirementofsafeworking.Keeping theworkplacecleanandtidydependsuponeveryoneplayingapart.

4.1ActionPoints

4.1.1Access

a. Passageway,workareas,stairwaysmustbekeptclearof litterandobstructions.

b.Safetysignsmustbeclearandundamaged.

c. Any damaged or dangerous floors, passageways, shelves or stepsthroughuncleanspillagesshouldbereportedatonce.Theycouldbeahealth,firetrippingorslippinghazard.

d.Duringfloorcleaningwarningnoticesmustbekeptprominentlyinviewnotrailingorunmarkedelectricleadsorcablesacrossaccessways.

4.1.2ClearingUp

a.Aworkbenchisaplacetoworkat,notastoragebinorpersonalclockroom.Anyequipmentormaterialswhennotinuseshouldbeputaway.

b.Allscrapandwastemustbeputintotheappropriatebinsorsacksandremoveddaily.

c.Thejobisnotfinisheduntilyouhaveputthetoolsalwaysandtidedup.

4.1.3Fire

a.Fireappliancesandescaperoutesunobstructed,andfiredoorsmustbekeptshut.

b. Combustiblesmust beproperly stored, not put onopen shelvesorbenches.

c.Rubbishmustnotbeleftlyingabout.

4.1.4Monitoring

Report to your supervisor any hazard you observe but cannot deal withyourself,orwhichmayrecur.

4.1.5ConclusionEliminate50%ofrisksatworkbymakingtidinessahabit.

5.UnderstandingOfSafetySigns

6.ToolsAndEquipment

6.1DifferenttypeoftoolsEveryyear therearemany industrialaccidents resulting from theuseof toolsandequipment.Theseincludemanualandpowerdriventools.Manyindustrial injuriesresultfromtheuseofequipmentnotsuitedtotheparticularpurpose.Someexamples:adjustablespannersbeingusedinsteadofringoropenendedspannerstotightennutstinsnipsofplierswiththehandlesbenttowardeachother at the ends pipe wrenches with worn jaws hammers with cracks in thehandles,etc.

POINTTOREMEMBERYoucanpreventaccidentsbyusingtherighttoolsforthejob.Theyshouldbe

ofgoodqualityandwellmaintained.Replacetoolsbeforetheywearout.

Impacttools(hammers,chisels,sledgehammers.etc.)shouldbemadeofironofthecorrecthardness.Burrs,whichcanflyoffandcauseinjury,shouldberemoved.Sharpedgedtools(knives,axes,saws,etc.)shouldbekeptsharp.Theriskofinjuryisgreaterfromblunttoolsthanfromsharpones.Toolswhicharecarriedaroundmustbecarriedinsuchawaythattheycannotcauseinjury.Powerdriven hand tools involve greater risks than handoperated or stationarytools. Guards protecting saw blades and grinders must never be removed or

swivelledoutoftheway.

6.2RegularinspectionAlltoolsandworkequipmentmustbeinspectedregularly.Thesupervisorshouldberesponsible for this continuous inspection. Inspections should be carried outaccordingtotheinstructionsfromthesupplieroftheequipment.Thesecantaketheformofachecklist.

7.ElectricityAndItsRisks7.1Accidentsinvolvingelectricity

Electricitycancauseaccidentandfires.Accidents can occur when people touch part of a unit carrying live current. Evencontact with part of a unit which does not normally carry live current can lead toseriousaccidents if the insulationbecomes faulty.Whereelectricarcsare formed,there is a high risk of burning and damage to eyesight. We usually distinguishbetween:

oAccidentsduetodirectcontactwithelectricityoAccidentscausedbytheformationofanelectricarc

Electriccurrentcanalsocauseburns.Iftheinsulationisfaultyandthereisashortcircuit,intenseheatcandevelop,leadingtothepossibilityofaseriousfire.Accident involving electricity are often caused by failing to ensure that the safetysystemisworkingorbyfailingtofollowtheestablishedsafetyrules.Allelectricinstallationsshouldbeservicedonlybyqualifiedelectricians.

POINTTOREMEMBER If anaccident is causedbycontactwithelectricity, switchoff thecurrent

immediately!Failuretodosocanresultindeath!Electricitycankillandshouldbedealtwithbyelectriciansdonotattempttodealwithpowercableproblems!

Theriskofaccidentsismuchgreaterwhenusingportablemotorsorinstruments.The insulatingmaterialusedonsuchappliances isoftensubjected toheavywear.Wiresandcablesareeasilydamaged,whichcanleadtoshortcircuiting.Shouldshortcircuitingoccurinornearacontainerwithahighlyexplosivemixtureofgasandair,theresultscouldbeverydangerous.Using spirits to clean an electric motor, and then starting it up immediately aftercleaningcanalsocauseanexplosionorfire.Acommoncauseoffatalaccidentsistheattachmentofelectriccabletogastubes.Wiresandcablesshouldnotbehungoverstructuralelementssuchasnailsorothermetalhooks,as thesecanwear through the insulatingcoveraround thewireandcables.Draggingandcoilingcableandwirescanalsodamagetheinsulatingcovering.

7.2HandlampsHand lamps are among themost dangerous portable appliances in anyworkplace.Wherever possible, their use should be limited and they should be replaced bypermanentlamps.Where theymust be used, it is important that the lamps used are of an approveddesign and that they are of the best quality. An electric hand lamp should have aframeworkandahandgripmadeofinsulatingmaterial,andhaveaprotectivebasketaroundthebulb.

Handlampseasilybecomewornandshouldbecheckedregularlytoensurethattheyaresafe.

8.ChemicalRisksToHealth8.1Inspectionandcontrolofchemicals

The inspection, control and handling of chemicals must be ongoing in order toprotectworkersfrominjury.Wemustincreaseourknowledgeofthechemicalrisksintheworkplace,inparticularwith regard to the possible longterm effects of chemicals.Many current cases of

occupationalcancerhavetheiroriginsinworkingenvironmentstwoormoredecadesago.Thissectionwill lookathowdifferent chemicalsanddifferentmethodsofhandlingthemcanaffectus,andexaminewhatmeasuresshouldbetakentoensureeffectiveprotection.

8.2ChemicalsandtheirrisksWeareexposedtochemicalsindifferentways,forexample:Ourbodyhasaconsiderablecapacitytopurifydangeroussubstances.Itisprimarilythe liverandkidneyswhichdo thiswork,but if thebody isexposed toachemicalover a long period of time our defences can no longer render it harmless. Thesubstanceisthenstoredinthebodyandcancausevariousmedicalproblems.Leadandcadmiumareexamples. It takesa long time for thebody tobrakedown leadand,inthecaseofcadmium,thereisnobreakdownatall.

8.3Liquidsandvapours8.3.1SolventsOneof themost common risks to health inworking life is caused by vapours andsplashes from solvents. Solvents have the ability to dissolve other substances,particularlygreasesandfats.Furthermore,theyevaporaterapidly.Whenasolventevaporates,thevapourbecomespartoftheairthatweinhale.Itthentravels through the blood to the internal organs, e.g. the brain and liver. Becausesolventscandissolvesubstances theycanalsoaffectmucousmembranesand theskin.Somesolventscanevenbeabsorbedthroughtheskin,thoughthemajorityareinhaled.Thegreaterasolventsabilitytodissolvegreasesorfats,thegreatertheeffectitwillhaveonthecentralnervoussystem.Dizziness, headaches, tiredness, reduced comprehension and prolonged reactiontimesaresomeofthesymptomsofshortexposuretosolvents.Althoughtheseeffectsmaydisappearquicklytheyincreasetheriskofaccidents.Foralongtimeithasbeenknownthatsolventswhichareabsorbedandstoredinthebodyhavethesameeffectsasananaesthetic.Infactmanysolventswerepreviouslyusedasanaesthetics,intoxicatingpeopleandputtingthemtosleep.Inextremecasestheeffectoftheanaestheticislossofconsciousnessanddeath.Someofthemhavea very low viscosity, and the concentration in thework premises caneasily rise toveryhighlevelifthesolventisnothandleproperly.Vapours from solvents containing chlorine can produce phosgene and hydrogenchloridewhentheycomeintocontactwithhotobjects.

PointToRemember!Theabilityofasolventtocauseinjuryincludesthefollowingfactors:theviscosityofthesolvent:

lowviscositysolventsspreadmorerapidlyinenclosedareastheconcentrationintheair:

theamountofsolventintheatmospherecanbecheckedbyusingmeasuringdevices

exposuretime:thelongertheexposuretime,thegreatertherisksofinjuriouseffects

8.3.2Acidsandalkalis

Acidsandalkalisarecorrosivesubstanceswhichcandamagetheskinandeyesoncontact.Acorrosivemistcanfromaboveacidsanddamagetherespiratorytractandlungs.Especiallydangerousacidsincludehydrochloric,sulphuric,chromicandnitricacids.Contactwiththeskincancauseseriousburnsunlesslargeamountsofwaterareusedtorinsethesubstanceoff.

QUESTIONS

1.Section16.dutytoformulateSafetyandHealthPolicyshallapplytoeveryemployerandselfemployedpersonexceptthosewhocarryonanundertakingwith

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PostedbyhishamhashimatMonday,June03,2013

2.Everyemployershallestablishasafetyandhealthcommitteeattheplaceofworkinaccordancewithsection30if:

3.WhatistheFunctionofsafetyandhealthcommittee?

4.WhereareProperplacetoexhibitSafetySignage?

5.Whenacidsorotherstrongliquidsareusedinanymanufacturingprocessorcleaningwhatinstructionsaregiventotheworkers?

REFERENCES:

1.FactoryandMachineryAct1967(Act139)

2.OccupationalSafetyandHealthAct1994(Act514)

3.SafetyatWork,CompiledandEditedbyBadrieAbdullah,PublishedbyAliranPusakSdnBhd

4.SafetyHealthandWorkingConditionsTrainingManualISBN9175221152

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