research article suitability of aquatic plant fibers for...

Research ArticleSuitability of Aquatic Plant Fibers for Handmade Papermaking

Nordiah Bidin1 Muta Harah Zakaria12 Japar Sidik Bujang3 and Nur Aznadia Abdul Aziz1

1Department of Aquaculture Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) 43400 SerdangSelangor (Darul Ehsan) Malaysia2Institute of Bioscience Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) 43400 Serdang Selangor (Darul Ehsan) Malaysia3Department of Biology Faculty of Science Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) 43400 Serdang Selangor (Darul Ehsan) Malaysia

Correspondence should be addressed to Muta Harah Zakaria mutaupmedumy

Received 17 January 2015 Accepted 25 April 2015

Academic Editor Mahbub Hasan

Copyright copy 2015 Nordiah Bidin et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Increasing concerns for future fiber supplies in pulp and paper industries has shifted interest in nonwood sources from agricultureresidues and aquatic plants Aquatic plants with short growth cycles in abundance and with low lignin are a potential fibersource Five aquatic plant species Cyperus digitatus Cyperus halpan Cyperus rotundus Scirpus grossus and Typha angustifoliawere examined for fiber dimensions and chemical composition (cellulose lignin) and compared with other nonwood plants Allaquatic plants possessed short (length 071ndash083mm) and thin (diameter 913ndash1211120583m) fibers narrow lumen (diameter 432ndash730 120583m) and thin cell wall (thickness 225ndash283120583m) compared with most other nonwood plants Slenderness ratio ranged from7377 to 8934 with Typha angustifolia having the highest ratio Except for Scirpus grossus the flexibility coefficient ranged from5291 to 5808 Scirpus grossus has low Runkel ratio 084 plusmn 017 Fiber characteristics short and thin fibers Slenderness ratio gt60flexibility coefficient within 50ndash75 and Runkel ratio lt1 are suitable for papermaking Cellulose content of Cyperus rotundus (4258plusmn 132) Scirpus grossus (3621 plusmn 281) and Typha angustifolia (4405 plusmn 049) gt34 is suitable for pulp and papermaking Lignincontent in aquatic plants in the present study ranged 954ndash2004 and below the wood lignin content of lt23ndash30 encountered inpulp and papermaking Handmade paper sheets produced for paperboard craft and decorative purposes are with permissibletensile strength breaking length and low moisture content

1 Introduction

Population growth better literacy and development of com-munication and industrialization in developing countriesincrease worldwide paper products demand continuously [1]In 2005 174 million metric tons (927) of nonwood fibersfrom 1876 million metric tons global production of virginpulp for paper and paperboard are produced [2] In manycountries quantities of availablewood are insufficient tomeetthe requirements and demands of pulp and paper especiallyin Mediterranean countries like Spain Italy and Greece[3ndash5] In Malaysia over one million tons of papers wereproduced in 2005 [6] This would mean that more tropicaltrees need to be felled to sustain papermaking industry tomeet the paper requirement and demand To reduce the lossof rainforests an attempt was made to find the alternativesource of fiber for paper Some alternatives have been used to

replace the wood fiber with nonwood derived fibers [1] fromagriculture residues such as wheat and rice straw sorghumstalks jute and hemp for paper production [7 8]

Another alternative source of fibers for paper productionis from aquatic plants found in lakes ditches rivers pondsand estuaries They have short life cycle grow massivelyand due to their abundance can cause problems in irrigationchannels water bodies [9 10] Besides excessive growth ofthese aquatic plants can influence water management andecosystem in ways such as affecting drainage aestheticsfishing activities flood control irrigation and recreationaland land values [11] One way to control these plants is touse them as an alternative source for papermaking Aquaticplants are nonfood plants and they have large differences intheir physical and chemical characteristics [12 13] Accordingto Ververis et al [5] fiber dimension lignin and cellulosecontent of nonwood plants determine their suitability for

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of Polymer ScienceVolume 2015 Article ID 165868 9 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015165868

2 International Journal of Polymer Science

paper production Under certain conditions tearing resis-tance of the paper is highly dependent on fiber dimensionthat is fiber length [14] Although the major source of fiberfor paper production is from wood plant nonwood aquaticplants with less lignin content have potentials to be used asan alternative fiber source [13]

Handmade paper industry is an environmental friendlyand very promising industry for local entrepreneurshipPapersmade from aquatic plants havemultiple usesThey canbe used for writing food wrapping tissue paper and bookmark and can be commercialized as value addedmaterials forhandmade crafts Hence the objectives of this study was toexamine the fiber characteristics derived values and chem-ical composition of five aquatic plant species and comparethem with other nonwood plant species that have been usedto produce pulp and paper to determine their suitabilityfor handmade papermaking Additionally handmade papersheets produced of selected aquatic plants were tested fortheir quality with respect to tensile strength breaking lengthand moisture content

2 Materials and Methods

21 Sample Collection Aquatic plants Cyperus digitatusCyperus halpan Cyperus rotundus Scirpus grossus and Typhaangustifolia found in abundance in ponds (N 02∘ 591091015840 E101∘ 414321015840) at Universiti Putra Malaysia and wetland areas(N 02∘ 591631015840 E 101∘ 390001015840) around Selangor Malaysiawere chosen and collected for this study Plants were cleanedleaves were removed and stems were kept for determinationof fiber dimension and derived values Fresh stemswere driedfor determination of chemical composition and papermakingas described in detail below

22 Fiber Dimension Stems of aquatic plant were choppedinto small pieces of 1 to 3 cm in length using a knife Onegram (1 g) of stems was placed in a test tube and maceratedwith 10mL 335nitric acid (HNO

3) and boiled inwater bath

at 80∘C for 2 hours Macerated stems containing fibers wererinsed with distilled water to remove yellow stains of HNO

3

and placed in a small flask containing 50mL distilled water Adrop ofmacerated fiber suspensionwas placed onmicroscopeslide and a drop of Safranin was used to enhance the cell wallvisibility Fiber diameter fiber length cell wall thickness andlumen diameter were viewed and measured and image wascaptured and recorded under calibrated Axioskop NIKONcompound microscope The fiber dimensions determinationwas following the method of Ververis et al [5] All fiberdimensions were used to determine the derived valuesslenderness ratio flexibility coefficient and Runkel ratiofollowing Tamolang [15] and calculated as shown below

Slenderness ratio = fiber length (120583m)fiber diameter(120583m)

Flexibility coefficient = fiber lumen diameter(120583m)fiber diameter (120583m) times 100

Runkel ratio = cell wall thickness (120583m)fiber lumendiameter (120583m) times 2

23 Chemical Composition Of the five aquatic plant speciesCyperus rotundus Scirpus grossus and Typha angustifoliawere chosen based on their fiber dimensions and derivedvalues (lower and higher values as determined from Section22 above) for evaluation of their chemical compositionThe stems were ground and sieved with 250 120583m sieve Twograms (2 g) of sample was weighted and placed in cellulosethimble and the cellulose was extracted by using Soxhletapparatus with 2 1 alcohol acetone solution After 4 hours ofextraction sample was placed in desiccators until obtainingthe constant weight The cellulose content determinationwas performed in triplicates The cellulose hemicellulosesand lignin contents were calculated based on the formuladescribed by Moubasher et al [16] as follows

Cellulose content = (119884 minus 119885)119882 times 100Hemicelluloses content = (119883 minus 119884)119882 times 100Lignin content = (119885 minus 119881)119882 times 100

119881 = weight of glass thimble (g) 119882 = weight of extractive-free sample (g) 119884 = weight of glass thimble with sample afterbeing treated with KOH (g) and 119885 = weight of the glassthimble with sample after being hydrolyzed with H

2SO4(g)

24 Pulping and Papermaking Hundred gram (100 g) ofdried stems of Cyperus rotundus Scirpus grossus andTypha angustifolia was cooked with 20 g sodium carbonate(Na2CO3) and 2 L of water at 140∘C for 2 hours by using

induction cooker After 2 hours the cooked samples werecleaned underwater flow to remove the chemical and blendedby using electronic blender 50mL of starch solution (1 gof starch diluted in 1000mL of distilled water) was thenadded to the pulp in an electronic mixture Mould and decklepouring method and couching technique was used in thepapermaking process according to Hiebert [17]

25 Paper Quality Moisture content of the produced papersheet was determined by placing one gram (1 g) of paper sheeton AD-4715 Infrared Moisture Determination Balance Thetensile strength and breaking length were tested for the papersheet strips by using modified TAPPI (Technical Associationof the Pulp and Paper Industry) 494 om-06 [18] standardmethod of tensile properties for paper and paperboardTensile strength and breaking length were calculated asshown below

Tensile strength (kNm) = Maximum breaking force(kN)width of paper strip (m)Breaking length (km) = 102 000 times (Tensile strength(kNm)grammage (gm2)

26 Statistical Analysis One way analysis of variance(ANOVA) followed by post hoc Duncanrsquos multiple range test(119901 lt 005) were conducted using SPSS program to com-pare aquatic plants species fiber dimensions derived valueschemical composition tensile strength and breaking lengthPrinciple Component Analysis (PCA) based on Bray Curtissimilarity index was carried out using XLSTAT software

International Journal of Polymer Science 3

(Windows version 2013) to obtain the relationship betweenfiber dimensions derived values and chemical compositionof aquatic plant species in this study with other nonwoodplant species that have been used to produce different typeof papers

3 Results and Discussion

31 Fiber Dimensions and Derived Values The fiber lengthsof the aquatic plants ranged from 071 to 083mm andare relatively shorter than those of other nonwood plants(Table 1) Of the five species Scirpus grossus possessed longerfiber length (083 plusmn 002mm) wide fiber diameter (1211 plusmn098 120583m) lumen diameter (730 plusmn 089 120583m) higher flexibilitycoefficient (5808 plusmn 407) and low Runkel ratio (084 plusmn 017)Fiber length of Scirpus grossus is comparable with crop plantsZea mays (088mm) Besides fiber length fiber diameterlumen diameter and cell wall thickness of nonwood plantsalso varied depending on the plant species and the parts(leaves stems) from which the fibers are derived (Table 1)and this supported the observation made by Ilvessalo-Pfaffli[19] As a comparison with hard-wood plant such as Populoustremuloides for kraft pulp the fiber lengths are longer 10ndash13mm and are reported to be suitable for coated paperproduction [20] However longer fiber length tends to giveless fine of sheet structure [21 22]

Derived values (slenderness ratio flexibility coefficientand Runkel ratio) measure the ability of fibers to bind eachother in the paper sheet Slenderness ratio for aquatic plantspecies studied ranged from 77 to 8934 a ratio gt60 whichis attributed to the thin fibers (cf with other nonwoodplants Table 1) suitable for producing high quality paper[5] A combination of short and thin fibers usually willproduce a good slenderness ratio which is related to tearingresistance paper sheet density and pulp digestibility [28]Comparatively these values are close to slenderness ratio of6917ndash8107 of Hibiscus cannabinus used to produce qualitypaper [29] The trend of flexibility coefficient categoricallyplaced Scirpus grossus (5808) as the highest followed byCyperus halpan (5354) and Cyperus digitatus (5291) andthese values are relatively high compared with other aquaticplant Arundo donax internode (4920) commercial plantBambusa tulda stalk (2029) and crops plant of Saccharumsp baggase (2929) and are comparable withZeamays residue(5427) [5 25ndash27] Except for Scirpus grossusCyperus halpanand Cyperus digitatus the flexibility coefficient (5291ndash5808)of aquatic plant species is within the preferable flexibilitycoefficient range of 50ndash75 [30] Runkel ratio is good inScirpus grossus (084 plusmn 017) and Cyperus digitatus (106 plusmn014) compared with crop plants Saccharum sp (246) andcommercial plant Bambusa tulda (393) [25 27] The Runkelratio gt1 (eg 152 plusmn 018 as in Typha angustifolia) indicatedthat it is less flexible and stiffer and that it forms bulkier paper[5] Low Runkel ratio and high fiber length resulted in goodpulp strength properties [31] Runkel ratiolt1 is related to highflexibility coefficient [32] and gives goodmechanical strengthproperties to the paper produced [28]

The principal component analysis (PCA) was performedto assess similarity in the fiber characteristics and derived

Cyperus digitatusCyperus rotundus

Cyperus halpanScirpus grossus

Typha angustifolia

Eichhornia crassipes

Arundo donax

Musa paradisiaca

Saccharum sp

Zea mays

Bambusa tulda

Brassica napus0

1

2

3

4

minus5 minus4 minus3minus3

minus2

minus2

minus1

minus1

0 1 2 3 4 5

PC2

(29

34

)

PC1 (4516 )

Observations (axes PC1 and PC2 7450 )

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Figure 1 Principal component analysis (PC1 and PC2) of fiveaquatic plant species compared with other nonwood plant speciesbased on their fiber dimensions and derived values

values (slenderness ratio flexibility coefficient and Runkelratio) of the aquatic plant species with other nonwood plants(Table 1) that have been tested for paper production (Table 2)The obtained results based on Bray-Curtis similarity indexat 50 similarity showed the total variance of the first twocomponents is 7450 (PC1 has a total variance of 4516 andPC2 2934) and the species were clustered into five distinctgroups (A B C D and E Figure 1) Aquatic plant speciesCyperus digitatus Cyperus halpan Cyperus rotundus Scirpusgrossus and Typha angustifolia are clustered in only onegroup C independent of four other nonwood plant speciesgroup A (Musa paradisiaca Bambusa tulda Saccharum spand Arundo donax) group B (Zea mays) group D (Brassicanapus) and group E (Eichhornia crassipes) Species in groupB D and E are suitable for production of writing or printingpaper [5] composites and paperboard [22] and fiber platerigid cardboard and cardboard paper [26] (Table 2) Accord-ing to Enayati et al [1] and Kasmani et al [33] a combinationof nonwoodsoftwood and hardwood fibers can be promisingand can have potential in papermaking

32 Chemical Composition Among the species studiedTypha angustifolia possessed comparatively higher percent-ages of cellulose and hemicelluloses content 4405 plusmn 049and 5484 plusmn 427 respectively The cellulose content of allaquatic plant species was high and comparable with vegetableplants Brassica napus (3450) and other aquatic plantsArundo donax (3670) and Typha (pati) (3680) (Table3) In addition the percentage of cellulose content gt40 wascomparable with Hibiscus cannabinus [5] used to producequality paper [29] The holocellulose a combination ofcellulose and hemicellulose amounts to gt65ndash70 of reportedplant dry weight [34] The cellulose content gt34 indicatesthe plants are suitable for pulp and paper manufacturingCellulose content affects the strength and makes the fiberstrand liable to natural and synthetic dye binding while


Table1Com

paris

onof

fiber

dimensio

nandderiv

edvalues

ofaquatic

andothern

onwoo

dplantspecies

Species

Part

Fiberd

imensio

nDerived

value

Reference(s)

Fiberlength

(mm)

Fiberd

iameter

(120583m)

Lumen

diam

eter

(120583m)

Cellw

all

thickn

ess(120583m)

Slenderness

ratio

Flexibility

coeffi

cient

Runk

elratio

(1)C

yperus

digitatus

S072plusmn003

b96

4plusmn039

bc515plusmn040

bc225plusmn014

b7685plusmn431

ab5291plusmn

285

ab10

6plusmn014

abPresentstudy

(2)C

yperus

rotund

usS

071plusmn002

b91

3plusmn047

c432plusmn037

c241plusmn016a

b8157plusmn495

ab46

63plusmn256

bc12

8plusmn013

abPresentstudy

(3)C

yperus

halpan

S073plusmn004

b1108plusmn055

ab602plusmn053

ab253plusmn018

ab6901plusmn

452

b5354plusmn311

ab10

2plusmn015

aPresentstudy

(4)S

cirpu

sgrossu

sS

083plusmn002

a1211plusmn098

a73

0plusmn089

a241plusmn016

ab7377plusmn732a

b5808plusmn407

a084plusmn017

aPresentstudy

(5)T

ypha

angustifolia

S083plusmn002

a1001plusmn

066

bc435plusmn042

c283plusmn018

a8934plusmn562

a4252plusmn219

c15

2plusmn018

bPresentstudy

(6)E

ichhorniacrassip

esLf

160

550

900

250

29090

16364

056

Goswam

iand

Saikia[23]

(7)A

rund

odona

xIn

122

1730

850

440

7050

4920

100

Ververisetal[5]

(8)M

usaparadisia

caS

155

2200

1420

550

7050

6455

077

Goswam

ietal[24]

(9)S

accharum

sp

Bg15

12140

627

774

7056

2929

246

Agn

ihotrietal[25]

(10)

Zeamays

Rs088

2012

1092

459

4408

5427

084

Kiaeietal[26]

(11)Ba

mbu

satulda

St18

91700

345

678

1112

02029

393

Sharmae

tal[27]

(12)

Brassicana

pus

St12

01310

860

225

9100

6400

058

Tofanica

etal[22]

Allvalues

areg

iven

asmeanplusmnSE

Alphabetsin

thes

amec

olum

nindicatesig

nificantd

ifference

at119901lt005

(DMRT

)agt

bgtcAq

uatic

plants(no1ndash7)cropplants(no8ndash10)commercialplants(no11)vegetable

plants(no12)Sste

mLfleafIn

internod

eBg

bagasseR

sresid

ueStsta

lk


Table2Ty

peso

fpaper

prod

uced

from

aquatic

andothern

onwoo

dplantspecies

Species

Part

Parameter

teste

dPaperp

ropertiestested

Papertypes

Reference(s)

(1)E

ichhorniacrassip

es

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Greaseproof

paper

Goswam

iand

Saikia[23]

LfCh

emical

prop

ertie

sCellulosehem

icellulosespentosan

Paperp

roperties

Degreeo

ffreenessbu

rstind

extearind

ex

tensile

index

(2)A

rund

odona

x

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Printin

gandwriting

paper

InCh

emical

prop

ertie

sCelluloselignin

ash

Ververisetal[5]

Paperp

roperties

Slendernessratiotearin

gresistance

(3)M

usaparadisia

caS

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Greaseproof

paper

Goswam

ietal[24]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie

sCellulosehemicelluloseslignin

ashsilica

Paperp

roperties

Burstind

extearind

extensileind

exblister

doub

le-fo

ldnu

mberdegree

offre

eness

(4)S

accharum

sp

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Writingandprintin

gpaper

Agn

ihotrietal[25]

BgCh

emical

prop

ertie

sHolocellulosecellulosehem

icellulosesash

silica

Paperp

roperties

Tensile

indextear

indexbu

rstind

ex

doub

le-fo

ldnu

mber

(5)Z

eamays

RsPh

ysicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Fiberp

laterigid

cardbo

ardand

cardbo

ardpaper

Kiaeietal[26]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie

sCelluloselignin

ash

(6)B

ambu

satulda

StPh

ysicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Writingandprintin

gpaper

Sharmae

tal[27]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie

sCelluloseho

locellu

loselignin

ash

(7)B

rassica

napu

sSt

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Com

positespaper

and

paperboard

Tofanica

etal[22]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie

sCelluloseho

locellu

losepentosan

lignin

ash

silica

Aquatic

plants(no1-2

)crop

plants(no3ndash5)com

mercialplants(no6)vegetableplants(no7)LfleafIn

internod

eSste

mB

gbagasseRsresidueStstalk


Table3Ch

emicalcompo

sitionof

aquatic

andothern

onwoo

dplantspecies

Species

Part

Chem

icalcompo

sition(

)Ty

peso

fpaper

prod

uced

References

Cellulose

Hem

icellulose

Lign

in(1)C

yperus

rotund

usS

4258plusmn13

2a4564plusmn112a

954plusmn10

8bCa

rdbo

ardpapera

ndpaperboard

Presentstudy

(2)S

cirpu

sgrossu

sS

3621plusmn

281

b4988plusmn071

a1344plusmn390

aCa

rdbo

ardpapera

ndpaperboard

Presentstudy

(3)T

ypha

angustifolia

S44

05plusmn049

a5484plusmn427

a2004plusmn337

aCa

rdbo

ardpapera

ndpaperboard

Presentstudy

(4)T

ypha

(pati)

Wh

3680

na

1620

Cottage

indu

stry

Jahanetal[35]

(5)A

rund

odona

xIn

3670

na

1850

Printin

gandwritingpaper

Ververisetal[5]

(6)M

usaparadisia

caS

5918

na

1821

Greaseproof

paper

Goswam

ietal[24]

(7)Z

eamays

Rs4733

na

2133

Fiberp

laterig

idcardbo

ardandcardbo

ard

paper

Kiaeietal[26]

(8)B

ambu

satulda

St4700

na

2570

Printin

gandwritingpaper

Sharmae

tal[27]

(9)B

rassica

napu

sSt

3450

na

2060

Com

positespaper

andpaperboard

Tofanica

etal[22]

Meanin

columnwith

thed

ifferentsup

erscrip

t(agt

bgtc)issig

nificantly

different

(DMRT

119901lt005)for

presentstudyA

quaticplants(no1ndash5)cropplants(no6-7)com

mercialplants(no8)vegetableplants(no

9)n

anot

availableSste

mW

hwho

leIn

internod

eRsresidueStsta

lk


Table 4 Measurement for determination of paper quality of selected aquatic plant species

Species Tensile strength (kNm) Breaking length (m) Moisture content ()Cyperus rotundus 169 plusmn 018a 73168 plusmn 7275a 1011 plusmn 004b

Scirpus grossus 152 plusmn 021a 61239 plusmn 3405a 1308 plusmn 041a

Typha angustifolia 094 plusmn 020b 41011 plusmn 8285b 1313 plusmn 011a

All values are given as mean plusmn SE Different alphabets in the same column of parameter indicate significant difference at 119901 lt 005 that is a gt b

Cyperus rotundus

Scirpus grossus

Typha angustifoliaTypha (pati) Arundo donax

Musa paradisiaca

Zea mays

Bambusa tuldaBrassica napus

005

115

225

3

minus3minus3

minus25

minus25

minus2

minus2

minus15

minus15

minus1

minus1

minus05

minus05

0 05 1 15 2 25 3

PC2

(37

88

)

PC1 (6212 )


Group A

Group B

Group D

Group C

Figure 2 Principal component analysis (PC1 and PC2) of threeaquatic plant species compared with other nonwood plant speciesbased on their cellulose and lignin composition

hemicelluloses is responsible for the water absorption byplant fibers and reduces internal fiber stress

Lignin content was higher in Typha angustifolia (2004 plusmn337) followed by Scirpus grossus (1344plusmn 390) and it waslowest in Cyperus rotundus (954 plusmn 108) Cyperus rotundushas the lower lignin content compared with Typha (pati)(1620) [35] Arundo donax (1850) [5] Musa paradisiaca(1821) [24] and Zea mays (2133) [26] Moreover lignincontent in Typha angustifolia was similar with Brassica napus(1921ndash20) [22 36] The lignin content for these studiedspecies was lower than wood fiber lignin content of 23ndash30for pulp and papermaking [13] Dutt and Tyagi [28] reportedthat lignin content in Eucalyptus sp was gt25 Howeverall three species can be pulped in one-third of the timeneeded for hardwoods and softwood due to the lower lignincontent [5] Lignin was considered undesirable componentduring pulping andpapermaking due to its unstable color andfor being relatively dark and its hydrophobic surface causedunfavorable interfiber bond formation of hemicelluloses andcellulose [37]

Comparison of chemical composition of aquatic plantsand other nonwood plants (vegetables crops and com-mercial plants) with their type of paper is shown in Table3 The present study data and available data on nonwoodplants were ordinated with PCA using lignin and cellulosecompositionThe biplot generated four main clusters (Figure2) Aquatic plants are in two clusters Typha angustifoliais in group B with Zea mays and Bambusa tulda whileCyperus rotundus and Scirpus grossus are in group D Based

on fiber characteristics cellulose and lignin content plantsin group B can be utilized for production of fiber platerigid cardboard cardboard paper writing and content ofprinting paper (Table 3 [25 27]) In group C paper sheetsderived from fibers and cellulose from these plants had beentested and were suitable for handmade paper in the cottageindustry composites paperboard and writing and printingpaper (Table 3 [5 22 35]) for decorative purposes

33 Paper Quality Cyperus rotundus has the highest tensilestrength (169 plusmn 018 kNm) and breaking length (73168 plusmn7275m) (Table 4) The tensile strength of paper sheets pro-duced from aquatic plants Cyperus rotundus Scirpus grossusand Typha angustifolia in this present study is in the rangeof 094ndash169 kNm and this reflected the intimate structure ofpaper [38] Its individual fibers their arrangement and theextent to which they are bonded to each other are key factorswhich contribute to tensile strength Long fibers generallyproduced paper with higher tensile strength properties thanpaper from short fiberHowever interfiber bonding is consid-ered as the most important factor contributing to the papertensile strength Jeyasingam [39] mentioned that breakinglength for Hibiscus cannabinus was 4000m ten times higherthan the present study range of 41011ndash73168m Jahan et al[40] also found that the breaking length of nonwood rawmaterials such as jute cotton stalks corn stalks bagassesaccharum rice straw and wheat straw varies in the range of5511ndash7550m In addition the breaking length values are inthe range of 3650ndash5300m for different types of paper that isoffset rag bond and news print papers [38] Hierarchicallypaper moisture content was Typha angustifolia (1313 plusmn011) gt Scirpus grossus (1308 plusmn 041) gt Cyperus rotundus(1011 plusmn 0042) Moisture in paper varies from 2 to 12depending on relative humidity type of pulp used degreeof refining and chemical used Ideally a good quality paperpossessed properties of comparatively high tensile strengthand breaking length and lower moisture content Other thanbeing used for craft wrapping or decorative purposes fibersderived from aquatic plant species as in this study may besuitable for newsprint production as their tensile strength isin the range of newsprint paper (090ndash179 kNm) as reportedby Caulfield and Gunderson [38]

4 Conclusion

Scirpus grossus Cyperus rotundus and Typha angustifolia aresuitable aquatic plants species for papermaking based on theirfiber characteristics chemical composition and physicalproperties An abundance and availability of these plantscan provide sustainable large biomass as raw fibers for pulp


and paper production Handmade paper sheets producedfor paperboard writing and printing paper used for craftwrapping and decorative purposes are with permissibletensile strength breaking length and low moisture content

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This study was funded under ScienceFund grant by Min-istry of Science and Technology and Innovation Malaysia(MOSTI) under Science Fund Project (04-01-04-SF1184)entitledUtilization of AquaticMacrophytes for PapermakingLogistics and facilities were provided by the Faculty ofAgriculture Faculty of Environmental Studies and Facultyof Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia

References

[1] A A Enayati Y Hamzeh S A Mirshokraie and M MolaiildquoPapermaking potential of canola stalksrdquo BioResources vol 4no 1 pp 245ndash256 2009

[2] B J Bowyer R Shmulsky and J G Haygreen ldquoForest productsand wood sciencerdquo in An Introduction Blackwell PublishingNew York NY USA 5th edition 2007

[3] M Judt ldquoNon-wood plant fibres will there be a come-back inpaper-makingrdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol 2 no 1 pp51ndash57 1993

[4] L Paavilainen and R Torgilson ldquoReed canary grass A newnordic papermaking fiberrdquo in Proceedings of the TAPPI PulpingConference pp 611ndash618 San Diego Calif USA 1994

[5] C Ververis K Georghiou N Christodoulakis P Santas and RSantas ldquoFiber dimensions lignin and cellulose content of vari-ous plant materials and their suitability for paper productionrdquoIndustrial Crops and Products vol 19 no 3 pp 245ndash254 2004

[6] J M Roda and S S Rathi Feeding Chinarsquos Expanding Demandfor Wood Pulp A Diagnostic Assessment of Plantation Develop-ment Fiber Supply and Impacts on Natural Forests in China andin the South East Asia Region Center for International ForestryResearch (CIFOR) Bogor Indonesia 2006

[7] P Rousu P Rousu and J Anttila ldquoSustainable pulp productionfrom agricultural wasterdquo Resources Conservation and Recyclingvol 35 no 1-2 pp 85ndash103 2002

[8] A Ashori ldquoNonwood fibersmdasha potential source of rawmaterialin papermakingrdquo PolymermdashPlastics Technology and Engineer-ing vol 45 pp 131ndash134 2006

[9] A Banerjee and SMatai ldquoComposition of Indian aquatic plantsin relation to utilization as animal foragerdquo Journal AquaticPlants Management vol 28 pp 69ndash73 1990

[10] L Lancar andK Krake ldquoAquatic weeds and theirmanagementrdquoin Proceedings of the Workshop on Management of AquaticWeeds International Commission on Irrigation and DrainagePunjab India 2002

[11] D Pimentel L Lach R Zuniga and D Morrison ldquoEnviron-mental and economic costs of non-indigenous species in theUnited Statesrdquo BioScience vol 50 no 1 pp 53ndash65 2000

[12] R W Hurter ldquoNonwood plant fiber characteristicsrdquo Agricul-tural Residues pp 1ndash4 1997

[13] R W Hurter and F A Riccio ldquoWhy CEOS donrsquot want to hearabout nonwoods-or should theyrdquo in Proceedings of the TAPPIProceedings NA Non-Wood Fiber Symposium pp 1ndash11 AtlantaGa USA 1998

[14] R S Seth and D H Page ldquoFiber properties and tearing resist-ancerdquo Tappi Journal vol 71 no 2 pp 103ndash107 1988

[15] F N Tamolang ldquoProperties and utilization of Philippine erectbamboosrdquo Forpridge Digest vol 9 pp 14ndash27 1980

[16] M H Moubasher S H Abdel-Hafez and A M MohanramldquoDirect estimation of cellulose hemicellulose ligninrdquo Journalof Agricultural Research vol 46 pp 1467ndash1476 1982

[17] H Hiebert Papermaking with Garden Plants and CommonWeeds Storey Publishing 2006

[18] Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI)Tensile Properties of Paper and Paperboard (Using Constant Rateof Elongation Apparatus) (T 494 0m-06) USA TAPPI Press2006

[19] M-S Ilvessalo-Pfaffli ldquoIdentification of papermaking fibersrdquo inFiber Atlas T E Timell Ed Springer Series in Wood Sciencepp 165ndash263 The Finnish Pulp and Paper Research InstituteEspoo Finland 1995

[20] R A Horn ldquoMorphology of pulp fiber from hardwoods andinfluence on paper strengthrdquo in Research Paper Forestry ProductLaboratory-312 pp 1ndash8 US Department of Agriculture ForestService Forest Products Laboratory Madison Wis USA 1978

[21] J Shakhes F Zeinaly M A B Marandi and T Saghafi ldquoTheeffects of processing variables on the soda and soda-AQ pulpingof Kenaf bast fiberrdquo BioResources vol 6 no 4 pp 4626ndash46392011

[22] B M Tofanica E Cappelletto D Gavrilescu and K MuellerldquoProperties of rapeseed (Brassica napus) stalks fibersrdquo Journalof Natural Fibers vol 8 no 4 pp 241ndash262 2011

[23] T Goswami and C N Saikia ldquoWater hyacinthmdasha potentialsource of raw material for greaseproof paperrdquo BioResourceTechnology vol 50 no 3 pp 235ndash238 1994

[24] T Goswami D Kalita and P G Rao ldquoGreaseproof paperfrom banana (Musa paradisica L) pulp fibrerdquo Indian Journal ofChemical Technology vol 15 no 5 pp 457ndash461 2008

[25] S Agnihotri D Dutt and C H Tyagi ldquoComplete characteri-zation of bagasse of early species of Saccharum officinerum-Co89003 for pulp and paper makingrdquo BioResources vol 5 no 2pp 1197ndash1214 2010

[26] M Kiaei A Samariha and J E Kasmani ldquoCharacterizationof biometry and the chemical and morphological properties offibers from bagasse corn sunflower rice and rapeseed residuesin iranrdquo African Journal of Agricultural Research vol 6 no 16pp 3762ndash3767 2011

[27] M Sharma C I Sharma and Y B Kumar ldquoEvaluation of fibercharacteristics in some weeds of Arunachal Pradesh India forpulp and papermakingrdquo Research Journal of Agricultural andForestry Sciences vol 1 no 3 pp 15ndash21 2013

[28] D Dutt and C H Tyagi ldquoComparison of various Eucalyptusspecies for their morphological chemical pulp and papermaking characteristicsrdquo Indian Journal of Chemical Technologyvol 18 no 2 pp 145ndash151 2011

[29] A AMossello J Harun H Resalati R Ibrahim S R F Shmasand P M Tahir ldquoNew approach to use of kenaf for paper andpaperboard productionrdquo BioResources vol 5 no 4 pp 2112ndash2122 2010

[30] I Bektas A Tutus and H Eroglu ldquoA study of the suitabilityof calabrian pine (Pinus brutia ten) for pulp and paper


manufacturerdquo Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry vol23 no 7 pp 589ndash597 1999

[31] J Shakhes M A B Marandi F Zeinaly A Saraian and TSaghafi ldquoTobacco residuals as promising lignocellulosic mat-erials for pulp and paper industryrdquo BioResources vol 6 no 4pp 4481ndash4493 2011

[32] O F Olotuah ldquoSuitability of some local bast fibre plants in pulpand paper makingrdquo Journal of Biological Sciences vol 6 no 3pp 635ndash637 2006

[33] J E Kasmani A Samariha and M Kiaei ldquoInvestigation onpulping potential of iranian rapeseed residue in the paperindustrialrdquo World Applied Sciences Journal vol 12 no 11 pp1996ndash2001 2011

[34] J A F Benazir V Manimekalai P Ravichandran R Suganthiand D C Dinesh ldquoProperties of fibresculm strands from matsedgemdashCyperus pangorei Rottbrdquo BioResources vol 5 no 2 pp951ndash967 2010

[35] M S Jahan M K Islam D A N Chowdhury S M I Moeizand U Arman ldquoPulping and papermaking properties of pati(Typha)rdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol 26 no 3 pp 259ndash264 2007

[36] R Housseinpour A Jahan Latibari R Farnood P Fatehiand S Javad Sepiddehdam ldquoFiber morphology and chemicalcomposition of rapeseed (Brassica napus) stemsrdquo InternationalAssociation of Wood Anatomists Journal vol 31 no 4 pp 457ndash464 2010

[37] M A Hubbe and C Bowden ldquoHandmade paper a review of itshistory craft and sciencerdquo BioResources vol 4 no 4 pp 1736ndash1792 2009

[38] D F Caulfield andD E Gunderson ldquoPaper testing and strengthcharacteristicsrdquo in Proceedings of the TAPPI Proceedings of thePaper Preservation Symposium pp 31ndash40 TAPPI Press AtlantaGa USA 1988

[39] J T Jeyasingam ldquoA summary of special problems and consider-ations related to non-wood pulping worldwiderdquo in Proceedingsof the Pulping Conference pp 571ndash579 TAPPI Press Atlanta GaUSA 1988

[40] M S Jahan B G Gunter and A Rahman ldquoSubstituting woodwith nonwood fibers in papermakingrdquo in A Win-Win Solu-tion for Bangladesh Bangladesh Development Research Center(BDRC) pp 1ndash18 Bangladesh Press 2009

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of



CeramicsJournal of


CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of



International Journal of

Biomaterials


NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research



MetallurgyJournal of


BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials


Journal ofNanomaterials


paper production Under certain conditions tearing resis-tance of the paper is highly dependent on fiber dimensionthat is fiber length [14] Although the major source of fiberfor paper production is from wood plant nonwood aquaticplants with less lignin content have potentials to be used asan alternative fiber source [13]

Handmade paper industry is an environmental friendlyand very promising industry for local entrepreneurshipPapersmade from aquatic plants havemultiple usesThey canbe used for writing food wrapping tissue paper and bookmark and can be commercialized as value addedmaterials forhandmade crafts Hence the objectives of this study was toexamine the fiber characteristics derived values and chem-ical composition of five aquatic plant species and comparethem with other nonwood plant species that have been usedto produce pulp and paper to determine their suitabilityfor handmade papermaking Additionally handmade papersheets produced of selected aquatic plants were tested fortheir quality with respect to tensile strength breaking lengthand moisture content

2 Materials and Methods

21 Sample Collection Aquatic plants Cyperus digitatusCyperus halpan Cyperus rotundus Scirpus grossus and Typhaangustifolia found in abundance in ponds (N 02∘ 591091015840 E101∘ 414321015840) at Universiti Putra Malaysia and wetland areas(N 02∘ 591631015840 E 101∘ 390001015840) around Selangor Malaysiawere chosen and collected for this study Plants were cleanedleaves were removed and stems were kept for determinationof fiber dimension and derived values Fresh stemswere driedfor determination of chemical composition and papermakingas described in detail below

22 Fiber Dimension Stems of aquatic plant were choppedinto small pieces of 1 to 3 cm in length using a knife Onegram (1 g) of stems was placed in a test tube and maceratedwith 10mL 335nitric acid (HNO

3) and boiled inwater bath

at 80∘C for 2 hours Macerated stems containing fibers wererinsed with distilled water to remove yellow stains of HNO

3

and placed in a small flask containing 50mL distilled water Adrop ofmacerated fiber suspensionwas placed onmicroscopeslide and a drop of Safranin was used to enhance the cell wallvisibility Fiber diameter fiber length cell wall thickness andlumen diameter were viewed and measured and image wascaptured and recorded under calibrated Axioskop NIKONcompound microscope The fiber dimensions determinationwas following the method of Ververis et al [5] All fiberdimensions were used to determine the derived valuesslenderness ratio flexibility coefficient and Runkel ratiofollowing Tamolang [15] and calculated as shown below

Slenderness ratio = fiber length (120583m)fiber diameter(120583m)

Flexibility coefficient = fiber lumen diameter(120583m)fiber diameter (120583m) times 100

Runkel ratio = cell wall thickness (120583m)fiber lumendiameter (120583m) times 2

23 Chemical Composition Of the five aquatic plant speciesCyperus rotundus Scirpus grossus and Typha angustifoliawere chosen based on their fiber dimensions and derivedvalues (lower and higher values as determined from Section22 above) for evaluation of their chemical compositionThe stems were ground and sieved with 250 120583m sieve Twograms (2 g) of sample was weighted and placed in cellulosethimble and the cellulose was extracted by using Soxhletapparatus with 2 1 alcohol acetone solution After 4 hours ofextraction sample was placed in desiccators until obtainingthe constant weight The cellulose content determinationwas performed in triplicates The cellulose hemicellulosesand lignin contents were calculated based on the formuladescribed by Moubasher et al [16] as follows

Cellulose content = (119884 minus 119885)119882 times 100Hemicelluloses content = (119883 minus 119884)119882 times 100Lignin content = (119885 minus 119881)119882 times 100

119881 = weight of glass thimble (g) 119882 = weight of extractive-free sample (g) 119884 = weight of glass thimble with sample afterbeing treated with KOH (g) and 119885 = weight of the glassthimble with sample after being hydrolyzed with H

2SO4(g)

24 Pulping and Papermaking Hundred gram (100 g) ofdried stems of Cyperus rotundus Scirpus grossus andTypha angustifolia was cooked with 20 g sodium carbonate(Na2CO3) and 2 L of water at 140∘C for 2 hours by using

induction cooker After 2 hours the cooked samples werecleaned underwater flow to remove the chemical and blendedby using electronic blender 50mL of starch solution (1 gof starch diluted in 1000mL of distilled water) was thenadded to the pulp in an electronic mixture Mould and decklepouring method and couching technique was used in thepapermaking process according to Hiebert [17]

25 Paper Quality Moisture content of the produced papersheet was determined by placing one gram (1 g) of paper sheeton AD-4715 Infrared Moisture Determination Balance Thetensile strength and breaking length were tested for the papersheet strips by using modified TAPPI (Technical Associationof the Pulp and Paper Industry) 494 om-06 [18] standardmethod of tensile properties for paper and paperboardTensile strength and breaking length were calculated asshown below

Tensile strength (kNm) = Maximum breaking force(kN)width of paper strip (m)Breaking length (km) = 102 000 times (Tensile strength(kNm)grammage (gm2)

26 Statistical Analysis One way analysis of variance(ANOVA) followed by post hoc Duncanrsquos multiple range test(119901 lt 005) were conducted using SPSS program to com-pare aquatic plants species fiber dimensions derived valueschemical composition tensile strength and breaking lengthPrinciple Component Analysis (PCA) based on Bray Curtissimilarity index was carried out using XLSTAT software









Typha angustifolia


Arundo donax

Musa paradisiaca

Saccharum sp

Zea mays

Bambusa tulda

Brassica napus0

1

2

3

4


minus2

minus2

minus1

minus1

0 1 2 3 4 5

PC2

(29

34

)

PC1 (4516 )


Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E





Table1Com

paris

onof

fiber

dimensio

nandderiv

edvalues

ofaquatic

andothern

onwoo

dplantspecies

Species

Part

Fiberd

imensio

nDerived

value

Reference(s)

Fiberlength

(mm)

Fiberd

iameter

(120583m)

Lumen

diam

eter

(120583m)

Cellw

all

thickn

ess(120583m)

Slenderness

ratio

Flexibility

coeffi

cient

Runk

elratio

(1)C

yperus

digitatus

S072plusmn003

b96

4plusmn039

bc515plusmn040

bc225plusmn014

b7685plusmn431

ab5291plusmn

285

ab10

6plusmn014

abPresentstudy

(2)C

yperus

rotund

usS

071plusmn002

b91

3plusmn047

c432plusmn037

c241plusmn016a

b8157plusmn495

ab46

63plusmn256

bc12

8plusmn013

abPresentstudy

(3)C

yperus

halpan

S073plusmn004

b1108plusmn055

ab602plusmn053

ab253plusmn018

ab6901plusmn

452

b5354plusmn311

ab10

2plusmn015

aPresentstudy

(4)S

cirpu

sgrossu

sS

083plusmn002

a1211plusmn098

a73

0plusmn089

a241plusmn016

ab7377plusmn732a

b5808plusmn407

a084plusmn017

aPresentstudy

(5)T

ypha

angustifolia

S083plusmn002

a1001plusmn

066

bc435plusmn042

c283plusmn018

a8934plusmn562

a4252plusmn219

c15

2plusmn018

bPresentstudy

(6)E

ichhorniacrassip

esLf

160

550

900

250

29090

16364

056

Goswam

iand

Saikia[23]

(7)A

rund

odona

xIn

122

1730

850

440

7050

4920

100

Ververisetal[5]

(8)M

usaparadisia

caS

155

2200

1420

550

7050

6455

077

Goswam

ietal[24]

(9)S

accharum

sp

Bg15

12140

627

774

7056

2929

246

Agn

ihotrietal[25]

(10)

Zeamays

Rs088

2012

1092

459

4408

5427

084

Kiaeietal[26]

(11)Ba

mbu

satulda

St18

91700

345

678

1112

02029

393

Sharmae

tal[27]

(12)

Brassicana

pus

St12

01310

860

225

9100

6400

058

Tofanica

etal[22]

Allvalues

areg

iven

asmeanplusmnSE

Alphabetsin

thes

amec

olum

nindicatesig

nificantd

ifference

at119901lt005

(DMRT

)agt

bgtcAq

uatic


plants(no12)Sste

mLfleafIn

internod

eBg

bagasseR

sresid

ueStsta

lk


Table2Ty

peso

fpaper

prod

uced

from

aquatic

andothern

onwoo

dplantspecies

Species

Part

Parameter

teste

dPaperp

ropertiestested

Papertypes

Reference(s)

(1)E

ichhorniacrassip

es

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Greaseproof

paper

Goswam

iand

Saikia[23]

LfCh

emical

prop

ertie

sCellulosehem

icellulosespentosan

Paperp

roperties

Degreeo

ffreenessbu

rstind

extearind

ex

tensile

index

(2)A

rund

odona

x

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Printin

gandwriting

paper

InCh

emical

prop

ertie

sCelluloselignin

ash

Ververisetal[5]

Paperp

roperties


gresistance

(3)M

usaparadisia

caS

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Greaseproof

paper

Goswam

ietal[24]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie


ashsilica

Paperp

roperties

Burstind

extearind

extensileind

exblister

doub

le-fo

ldnu

mberdegree

offre

eness

(4)S

accharum

sp

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Writingandprintin

gpaper

Agn

ihotrietal[25]

BgCh

emical

prop

ertie


icellulosesash

silica

Paperp

roperties

Tensile

indextear

indexbu

rstind

ex

doub

le-fo

ldnu

mber

(5)Z

eamays

RsPh

ysicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Fiberp

laterigid

cardbo

ardand

cardbo

ardpaper

Kiaeietal[26]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie

sCelluloselignin

ash

(6)B

ambu

satulda

StPh

ysicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Writingandprintin

gpaper

Sharmae

tal[27]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie

sCelluloseho

locellu

loselignin

ash

(7)B

rassica

napu

sSt

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Com

positespaper

and

paperboard

Tofanica

etal[22]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie

sCelluloseho

locellu

losepentosan

lignin

ash

silica

Aquatic

plants(no1-2

)crop



internod

eSste

mB



Table3Ch

emicalcompo

sitionof

aquatic

andothern

onwoo

dplantspecies

Species

Part

Chem

icalcompo

sition(

)Ty

peso

fpaper

prod

uced

References

Cellulose

Hem

icellulose

Lign

in(1)C

yperus

rotund

usS

4258plusmn13

2a4564plusmn112a

954plusmn10

8bCa

rdbo

ardpapera

ndpaperboard

Presentstudy

(2)S

cirpu

sgrossu

sS

3621plusmn

281

b4988plusmn071

a1344plusmn390

aCa

rdbo

ardpapera

ndpaperboard

Presentstudy

(3)T

ypha

angustifolia

S44

05plusmn049

a5484plusmn427

a2004plusmn337

aCa

rdbo

ardpapera

ndpaperboard

Presentstudy

(4)T

ypha

(pati)

Wh

3680

na

1620

Cottage

indu

stry

Jahanetal[35]

(5)A

rund

odona

xIn

3670

na

1850

Printin

gandwritingpaper

Ververisetal[5]

(6)M

usaparadisia

caS

5918

na

1821

Greaseproof

paper

Goswam

ietal[24]

(7)Z

eamays

Rs4733

na

2133

Fiberp

laterig

idcardbo

ardandcardbo

ard

paper

Kiaeietal[26]

(8)B

ambu

satulda

St4700

na

2570

Printin

gandwritingpaper

Sharmae

tal[27]

(9)B

rassica

napu

sSt

3450

na

2060

Com

positespaper

andpaperboard

Tofanica

etal[22]

Meanin

columnwith

thed

ifferentsup

erscrip

t(agt

bgtc)issig

nificantly

different

(DMRT

119901lt005)for

presentstudyA



9)n

anot

availableSste

mW

hwho

leIn

internod

eRsresidueStsta

lk







Cyperus rotundus

Scirpus grossus


Musa paradisiaca

Zea mays


005

115

225

3

minus3minus3

minus25

minus25

minus2

minus2

minus15

minus15

minus1

minus1

minus05

minus05

0 05 1 15 2 25 3

PC2

(37

88

)

PC1 (6212 )


Group A

Group B

Group D

Group C







4 Conclusion






Acknowledgments


References


















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials











Typha angustifolia


Arundo donax

Musa paradisiaca

Saccharum sp

Zea mays

Bambusa tulda

Brassica napus0

1

2

3

4


minus2

minus2

minus1

minus1

0 1 2 3 4 5

PC2

(29

34

)

PC1 (4516 )


Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E





Table1Com

paris

onof

fiber

dimensio

nandderiv

edvalues

ofaquatic

andothern

onwoo

dplantspecies

Species

Part

Fiberd

imensio

nDerived

value

Reference(s)

Fiberlength

(mm)

Fiberd

iameter

(120583m)

Lumen

diam

eter

(120583m)

Cellw

all

thickn

ess(120583m)

Slenderness

ratio

Flexibility

coeffi

cient

Runk

elratio

(1)C

yperus

digitatus

S072plusmn003

b96

4plusmn039

bc515plusmn040

bc225plusmn014

b7685plusmn431

ab5291plusmn

285

ab10

6plusmn014

abPresentstudy

(2)C

yperus

rotund

usS

071plusmn002

b91

3plusmn047

c432plusmn037

c241plusmn016a

b8157plusmn495

ab46

63plusmn256

bc12

8plusmn013

abPresentstudy

(3)C

yperus

halpan

S073plusmn004

b1108plusmn055

ab602plusmn053

ab253plusmn018

ab6901plusmn

452

b5354plusmn311

ab10

2plusmn015

aPresentstudy

(4)S

cirpu

sgrossu

sS

083plusmn002

a1211plusmn098

a73

0plusmn089

a241plusmn016

ab7377plusmn732a

b5808plusmn407

a084plusmn017

aPresentstudy

(5)T

ypha

angustifolia

S083plusmn002

a1001plusmn

066

bc435plusmn042

c283plusmn018

a8934plusmn562

a4252plusmn219

c15

2plusmn018

bPresentstudy

(6)E

ichhorniacrassip

esLf

160

550

900

250

29090

16364

056

Goswam

iand

Saikia[23]

(7)A

rund

odona

xIn

122

1730

850

440

7050

4920

100

Ververisetal[5]

(8)M

usaparadisia

caS

155

2200

1420

550

7050

6455

077

Goswam

ietal[24]

(9)S

accharum

sp

Bg15

12140

627

774

7056

2929

246

Agn

ihotrietal[25]

(10)

Zeamays

Rs088

2012

1092

459

4408

5427

084

Kiaeietal[26]

(11)Ba

mbu

satulda

St18

91700

345

678

1112

02029

393

Sharmae

tal[27]

(12)

Brassicana

pus

St12

01310

860

225

9100

6400

058

Tofanica

etal[22]

Allvalues

areg

iven

asmeanplusmnSE

Alphabetsin

thes

amec

olum

nindicatesig

nificantd

ifference

at119901lt005

(DMRT

)agt

bgtcAq

uatic


plants(no12)Sste

mLfleafIn

internod

eBg

bagasseR

sresid

ueStsta

lk


Table2Ty

peso

fpaper

prod

uced

from

aquatic

andothern

onwoo

dplantspecies

Species

Part

Parameter

teste

dPaperp

ropertiestested

Papertypes

Reference(s)

(1)E

ichhorniacrassip

es

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Greaseproof

paper

Goswam

iand

Saikia[23]

LfCh

emical

prop

ertie

sCellulosehem

icellulosespentosan

Paperp

roperties

Degreeo

ffreenessbu

rstind

extearind

ex

tensile

index

(2)A

rund

odona

x

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Printin

gandwriting

paper

InCh

emical

prop

ertie

sCelluloselignin

ash

Ververisetal[5]

Paperp

roperties


gresistance

(3)M

usaparadisia

caS

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Greaseproof

paper

Goswam

ietal[24]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie


ashsilica

Paperp

roperties

Burstind

extearind

extensileind

exblister

doub

le-fo

ldnu

mberdegree

offre

eness

(4)S

accharum

sp

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Writingandprintin

gpaper

Agn

ihotrietal[25]

BgCh

emical

prop

ertie


icellulosesash

silica

Paperp

roperties

Tensile

indextear

indexbu

rstind

ex

doub

le-fo

ldnu

mber

(5)Z

eamays

RsPh

ysicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Fiberp

laterigid

cardbo

ardand

cardbo

ardpaper

Kiaeietal[26]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie

sCelluloselignin

ash

(6)B

ambu

satulda

StPh

ysicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Writingandprintin

gpaper

Sharmae

tal[27]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie

sCelluloseho

locellu

loselignin

ash

(7)B

rassica

napu

sSt

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Com

positespaper

and

paperboard

Tofanica

etal[22]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie

sCelluloseho

locellu

losepentosan

lignin

ash

silica

Aquatic

plants(no1-2

)crop



internod

eSste

mB



Table3Ch

emicalcompo

sitionof

aquatic

andothern

onwoo

dplantspecies

Species

Part

Chem

icalcompo

sition(

)Ty

peso

fpaper

prod

uced

References

Cellulose

Hem

icellulose

Lign

in(1)C

yperus

rotund

usS

4258plusmn13

2a4564plusmn112a

954plusmn10

8bCa

rdbo

ardpapera

ndpaperboard

Presentstudy

(2)S

cirpu

sgrossu

sS

3621plusmn

281

b4988plusmn071

a1344plusmn390

aCa

rdbo

ardpapera

ndpaperboard

Presentstudy

(3)T

ypha

angustifolia

S44

05plusmn049

a5484plusmn427

a2004plusmn337

aCa

rdbo

ardpapera

ndpaperboard

Presentstudy

(4)T

ypha

(pati)

Wh

3680

na

1620

Cottage

indu

stry

Jahanetal[35]

(5)A

rund

odona

xIn

3670

na

1850

Printin

gandwritingpaper

Ververisetal[5]

(6)M

usaparadisia

caS

5918

na

1821

Greaseproof

paper

Goswam

ietal[24]

(7)Z

eamays

Rs4733

na

2133

Fiberp

laterig

idcardbo

ardandcardbo

ard

paper

Kiaeietal[26]

(8)B

ambu

satulda

St4700

na

2570

Printin

gandwritingpaper

Sharmae

tal[27]

(9)B

rassica

napu

sSt

3450

na

2060

Com

positespaper

andpaperboard

Tofanica

etal[22]

Meanin

columnwith

thed

ifferentsup

erscrip

t(agt

bgtc)issig

nificantly

different

(DMRT

119901lt005)for

presentstudyA



9)n

anot

availableSste

mW

hwho

leIn

internod

eRsresidueStsta

lk







Cyperus rotundus

Scirpus grossus


Musa paradisiaca

Zea mays


005

115

225

3

minus3minus3

minus25

minus25

minus2

minus2

minus15

minus15

minus1

minus1

minus05

minus05

0 05 1 15 2 25 3

PC2

(37

88

)

PC1 (6212 )


Group A

Group B

Group D

Group C







4 Conclusion






Acknowledgments


References


















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




Table1Com

paris

onof

fiber

dimensio

nandderiv

edvalues

ofaquatic

andothern

onwoo

dplantspecies

Species

Part

Fiberd

imensio

nDerived

value

Reference(s)

Fiberlength

(mm)

Fiberd

iameter

(120583m)

Lumen

diam

eter

(120583m)

Cellw

all

thickn

ess(120583m)

Slenderness

ratio

Flexibility

coeffi

cient

Runk

elratio

(1)C

yperus

digitatus

S072plusmn003

b96

4plusmn039

bc515plusmn040

bc225plusmn014

b7685plusmn431

ab5291plusmn

285

ab10

6plusmn014

abPresentstudy

(2)C

yperus

rotund

usS

071plusmn002

b91

3plusmn047

c432plusmn037

c241plusmn016a

b8157plusmn495

ab46

63plusmn256

bc12

8plusmn013

abPresentstudy

(3)C

yperus

halpan

S073plusmn004

b1108plusmn055

ab602plusmn053

ab253plusmn018

ab6901plusmn

452

b5354plusmn311

ab10

2plusmn015

aPresentstudy

(4)S

cirpu

sgrossu

sS

083plusmn002

a1211plusmn098

a73

0plusmn089

a241plusmn016

ab7377plusmn732a

b5808plusmn407

a084plusmn017

aPresentstudy

(5)T

ypha

angustifolia

S083plusmn002

a1001plusmn

066

bc435plusmn042

c283plusmn018

a8934plusmn562

a4252plusmn219

c15

2plusmn018

bPresentstudy

(6)E

ichhorniacrassip

esLf

160

550

900

250

29090

16364

056

Goswam

iand

Saikia[23]

(7)A

rund

odona

xIn

122

1730

850

440

7050

4920

100

Ververisetal[5]

(8)M

usaparadisia

caS

155

2200

1420

550

7050

6455

077

Goswam

ietal[24]

(9)S

accharum

sp

Bg15

12140

627

774

7056

2929

246

Agn

ihotrietal[25]

(10)

Zeamays

Rs088

2012

1092

459

4408

5427

084

Kiaeietal[26]

(11)Ba

mbu

satulda

St18

91700

345

678

1112

02029

393

Sharmae

tal[27]

(12)

Brassicana

pus

St12

01310

860

225

9100

6400

058

Tofanica

etal[22]

Allvalues

areg

iven

asmeanplusmnSE

Alphabetsin

thes

amec

olum

nindicatesig

nificantd

ifference

at119901lt005

(DMRT

)agt

bgtcAq

uatic


plants(no12)Sste

mLfleafIn

internod

eBg

bagasseR

sresid

ueStsta

lk


Table2Ty

peso

fpaper

prod

uced

from

aquatic

andothern

onwoo

dplantspecies

Species

Part

Parameter

teste

dPaperp

ropertiestested

Papertypes

Reference(s)

(1)E

ichhorniacrassip

es

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Greaseproof

paper

Goswam

iand

Saikia[23]

LfCh

emical

prop

ertie

sCellulosehem

icellulosespentosan

Paperp

roperties

Degreeo

ffreenessbu

rstind

extearind

ex

tensile

index

(2)A

rund

odona

x

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Printin

gandwriting

paper

InCh

emical

prop

ertie

sCelluloselignin

ash

Ververisetal[5]

Paperp

roperties


gresistance

(3)M

usaparadisia

caS

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Greaseproof

paper

Goswam

ietal[24]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie


ashsilica

Paperp

roperties

Burstind

extearind

extensileind

exblister

doub

le-fo

ldnu

mberdegree

offre

eness

(4)S

accharum

sp

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Writingandprintin

gpaper

Agn

ihotrietal[25]

BgCh

emical

prop

ertie


icellulosesash

silica

Paperp

roperties

Tensile

indextear

indexbu

rstind

ex

doub

le-fo

ldnu

mber

(5)Z

eamays

RsPh

ysicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Fiberp

laterigid

cardbo

ardand

cardbo

ardpaper

Kiaeietal[26]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie

sCelluloselignin

ash

(6)B

ambu

satulda

StPh

ysicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Writingandprintin

gpaper

Sharmae

tal[27]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie

sCelluloseho

locellu

loselignin

ash

(7)B

rassica

napu

sSt

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Com

positespaper

and

paperboard

Tofanica

etal[22]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie

sCelluloseho

locellu

losepentosan

lignin

ash

silica

Aquatic

plants(no1-2

)crop



internod

eSste

mB



Table3Ch

emicalcompo

sitionof

aquatic

andothern

onwoo

dplantspecies

Species

Part

Chem

icalcompo

sition(

)Ty

peso

fpaper

prod

uced

References

Cellulose

Hem

icellulose

Lign

in(1)C

yperus

rotund

usS

4258plusmn13

2a4564plusmn112a

954plusmn10

8bCa

rdbo

ardpapera

ndpaperboard

Presentstudy

(2)S

cirpu

sgrossu

sS

3621plusmn

281

b4988plusmn071

a1344plusmn390

aCa

rdbo

ardpapera

ndpaperboard

Presentstudy

(3)T

ypha

angustifolia

S44

05plusmn049

a5484plusmn427

a2004plusmn337

aCa

rdbo

ardpapera

ndpaperboard

Presentstudy

(4)T

ypha

(pati)

Wh

3680

na

1620

Cottage

indu

stry

Jahanetal[35]

(5)A

rund

odona

xIn

3670

na

1850

Printin

gandwritingpaper

Ververisetal[5]

(6)M

usaparadisia

caS

5918

na

1821

Greaseproof

paper

Goswam

ietal[24]

(7)Z

eamays

Rs4733

na

2133

Fiberp

laterig

idcardbo

ardandcardbo

ard

paper

Kiaeietal[26]

(8)B

ambu

satulda

St4700

na

2570

Printin

gandwritingpaper

Sharmae

tal[27]

(9)B

rassica

napu

sSt

3450

na

2060

Com

positespaper

andpaperboard

Tofanica

etal[22]

Meanin

columnwith

thed

ifferentsup

erscrip

t(agt

bgtc)issig

nificantly

different

(DMRT

119901lt005)for

presentstudyA



9)n

anot

availableSste

mW

hwho

leIn

internod

eRsresidueStsta

lk







Cyperus rotundus

Scirpus grossus


Musa paradisiaca

Zea mays


005

115

225

3

minus3minus3

minus25

minus25

minus2

minus2

minus15

minus15

minus1

minus1

minus05

minus05

0 05 1 15 2 25 3

PC2

(37

88

)

PC1 (6212 )


Group A

Group B

Group D

Group C







4 Conclusion






Acknowledgments


References


















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




Table2Ty

peso

fpaper

prod

uced

from

aquatic

andothern

onwoo

dplantspecies

Species

Part

Parameter

teste

dPaperp

ropertiestested

Papertypes

Reference(s)

(1)E

ichhorniacrassip

es

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Greaseproof

paper

Goswam

iand

Saikia[23]

LfCh

emical

prop

ertie

sCellulosehem

icellulosespentosan

Paperp

roperties

Degreeo

ffreenessbu

rstind

extearind

ex

tensile

index

(2)A

rund

odona

x

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Printin

gandwriting

paper

InCh

emical

prop

ertie

sCelluloselignin

ash

Ververisetal[5]

Paperp

roperties


gresistance

(3)M

usaparadisia

caS

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Greaseproof

paper

Goswam

ietal[24]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie


ashsilica

Paperp

roperties

Burstind

extearind

extensileind

exblister

doub

le-fo

ldnu

mberdegree

offre

eness

(4)S

accharum

sp

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Writingandprintin

gpaper

Agn

ihotrietal[25]

BgCh

emical

prop

ertie


icellulosesash

silica

Paperp

roperties

Tensile

indextear

indexbu

rstind

ex

doub

le-fo

ldnu

mber

(5)Z

eamays

RsPh

ysicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Fiberp

laterigid

cardbo

ardand

cardbo

ardpaper

Kiaeietal[26]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie

sCelluloselignin

ash

(6)B

ambu

satulda

StPh

ysicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Writingandprintin

gpaper

Sharmae

tal[27]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie

sCelluloseho

locellu

loselignin

ash

(7)B

rassica

napu

sSt

Physicalprop

ertie

sFiberd

imensio

nderiv

edvalue

Com

positespaper

and

paperboard

Tofanica

etal[22]

Chem

ical

prop

ertie

sCelluloseho

locellu

losepentosan

lignin

ash

silica

Aquatic

plants(no1-2

)crop



internod

eSste

mB



Table3Ch

emicalcompo

sitionof

aquatic

andothern

onwoo

dplantspecies

Species

Part

Chem

icalcompo

sition(

)Ty

peso

fpaper

prod

uced

References

Cellulose

Hem

icellulose

Lign

in(1)C

yperus

rotund

usS

4258plusmn13

2a4564plusmn112a

954plusmn10

8bCa

rdbo

ardpapera

ndpaperboard

Presentstudy

(2)S

cirpu

sgrossu

sS

3621plusmn

281

b4988plusmn071

a1344plusmn390

aCa

rdbo

ardpapera

ndpaperboard

Presentstudy

(3)T

ypha

angustifolia

S44

05plusmn049

a5484plusmn427

a2004plusmn337

aCa

rdbo

ardpapera

ndpaperboard

Presentstudy

(4)T

ypha

(pati)

Wh

3680

na

1620

Cottage

indu

stry

Jahanetal[35]

(5)A

rund

odona

xIn

3670

na

1850

Printin

gandwritingpaper

Ververisetal[5]

(6)M

usaparadisia

caS

5918

na

1821

Greaseproof

paper

Goswam

ietal[24]

(7)Z

eamays

Rs4733

na

2133

Fiberp

laterig

idcardbo

ardandcardbo

ard

paper

Kiaeietal[26]

(8)B

ambu

satulda

St4700

na

2570

Printin

gandwritingpaper

Sharmae

tal[27]

(9)B

rassica

napu

sSt

3450

na

2060

Com

positespaper

andpaperboard

Tofanica

etal[22]

Meanin

columnwith

thed

ifferentsup

erscrip

t(agt

bgtc)issig

nificantly

different

(DMRT

119901lt005)for

presentstudyA



9)n

anot

availableSste

mW

hwho

leIn

internod

eRsresidueStsta

lk







Cyperus rotundus

Scirpus grossus


Musa paradisiaca

Zea mays


005

115

225

3

minus3minus3

minus25

minus25

minus2

minus2

minus15

minus15

minus1

minus1

minus05

minus05

0 05 1 15 2 25 3

PC2

(37

88

)

PC1 (6212 )


Group A

Group B

Group D

Group C







4 Conclusion






Acknowledgments


References


















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




Table3Ch

emicalcompo

sitionof

aquatic

andothern

onwoo

dplantspecies

Species

Part

Chem

icalcompo

sition(

)Ty

peso

fpaper

prod

uced

References

Cellulose

Hem

icellulose

Lign

in(1)C

yperus

rotund

usS

4258plusmn13

2a4564plusmn112a

954plusmn10

8bCa

rdbo

ardpapera

ndpaperboard

Presentstudy

(2)S

cirpu

sgrossu

sS

3621plusmn

281

b4988plusmn071

a1344plusmn390

aCa

rdbo

ardpapera

ndpaperboard

Presentstudy

(3)T

ypha

angustifolia

S44

05plusmn049

a5484plusmn427

a2004plusmn337

aCa

rdbo

ardpapera

ndpaperboard

Presentstudy

(4)T

ypha

(pati)

Wh

3680

na

1620

Cottage

indu

stry

Jahanetal[35]

(5)A

rund

odona

xIn

3670

na

1850

Printin

gandwritingpaper

Ververisetal[5]

(6)M

usaparadisia

caS

5918

na

1821

Greaseproof

paper

Goswam

ietal[24]

(7)Z

eamays

Rs4733

na

2133

Fiberp

laterig

idcardbo

ardandcardbo

ard

paper

Kiaeietal[26]

(8)B

ambu

satulda

St4700

na

2570

Printin

gandwritingpaper

Sharmae

tal[27]

(9)B

rassica

napu

sSt

3450

na

2060

Com

positespaper

andpaperboard

Tofanica

etal[22]

Meanin

columnwith

thed

ifferentsup

erscrip

t(agt

bgtc)issig

nificantly

different

(DMRT

119901lt005)for

presentstudyA



9)n

anot

availableSste

mW

hwho

leIn

internod

eRsresidueStsta

lk







Cyperus rotundus

Scirpus grossus


Musa paradisiaca

Zea mays


005

115

225

3

minus3minus3

minus25

minus25

minus2

minus2

minus15

minus15

minus1

minus1

minus05

minus05

0 05 1 15 2 25 3

PC2

(37

88

)

PC1 (6212 )


Group A

Group B

Group D

Group C







4 Conclusion






Acknowledgments


References


















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials









Cyperus rotundus

Scirpus grossus


Musa paradisiaca

Zea mays


005

115

225

3

minus3minus3

minus25

minus25

minus2

minus2

minus15

minus15

minus1

minus1

minus05

minus05

0 05 1 15 2 25 3

PC2

(37

88

)

PC1 (6212 )


Group A

Group B

Group D

Group C







4 Conclusion






Acknowledgments


References


















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials







Acknowledgments


References


















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials






















CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials



research article suitability of aquatic plant fibers for...

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