pertemuan i kimia atmosfer

7/24/2019 Pertemuan I Kimia Atmosfer

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Mata Kuliah KimiaAtmosfer

Prolog

Heri Ismanto

Semester Ganjil T. A. 2012/ 2013

e!an Stu"i 3 SKS

A#a"emi Meteorologi $an



&utline

• Pengantar• Kehadiran

• Sistem Penilaian : – Tugas Mandiri

–Ujian Tengah Semester

–Ujian Akhir Semester

–Rentang dan Bobot Nilai Akhir

• Rencana Perkuliahan



Pengantar• Nama : Heri smanto

• Ri!a"at Pekerjaan : – #bser$er dan %orecaster& Stasiun Meteorologi

Mutiara Palu& Sula!esi Tengah '())* + ()),-

– #bser$er dan %orecaster& Stasiun MeteorologiHasanuddin Makassar '()), + ()..-

– Sub n/ormasi Meteorologi Penerbangan&BMK0 1akarta '()..2sekarang-

• Ri!a"at Pendidikan : – 3i4loma Meteorologi& AM0 lulus tahun ())*

– S. %isika& lulus ()),

– S( Sains Kebumian& lulus ()..



Perkenalan Taruna5i

• Nama

• Status

• Asal 3aerah• Ri!a"at Pendidikan

• Moti$asi Memilih AM0 6

Meteorologi• Perolehan n/ormasi tentang AM0

• Ketertarikan terhada4 Mata Kuliah



Keha"iran• Taruna:

–Minimal ,)7 '.) kali- 'er#uliahanharus ha"ir –A'a'un se!a!n(a – 1ika kurang dari ,)7& ti"a#

"i'er#enan#an mengi#uti )AS

• 3osen :Minimal .* kali tata4 muka 1ika ada tugas dinas sehingga tidak

hadir& da4at diganti dengan hari5dosenlain:se4engetahuan Kasubag Adm Akademik 6

Ketarunaansesuai kese4akatan dengan Taruna5i 'misal

Senin Sore5 Sabtu Pagi5 hari lainn"a-



Sistem Penilaian

• Kehadiran Taruna '.) 7-• Tugas Mandiri 6 Materi Penga"aan '.87-• Ujian Tengah Semester '(8 7-

• Ujian Akhir '8)7- terdiri dari : –Presentasi 6 3iskusi Materi Penga"aan '.87- –Ujian Akhir Semester Tertulis '987-

Materi 4enga"aan da4at beru4a har"*o'( 'langsung- mau4un soft*o'( $ia email'le!ih "isaran#an demi kelestarianlingkungan-



Sistem Penilaian ..+lanjut,

-entangan ilai ilai A#hir o!ot);8. + .)) A *;))

<8;8. + );8) A + 9;,)

<);8. + <8;8) B = 9;98

,8;8. + <);8) B 9;))

,);8. + ,8;8) B + (;,)

>8;8. + ,);8) ? = (;98

>);8. + >);8) ? (;))

88;8. + >);8) ? + .;,)

8);8. + 88;8) 3 = .;98

*8;8. + 8);8) 3 .;))

*);8. + *8;8) 3 + );,)

));)) + *);8) @ )



Sasaran Per#uliahanTaruna memahami

• Kom4osisi kimia at2at5 gas Atmos/er• Proses24roses kimia "ang terjadi di

Atmos/er

• Hubungan dinamika gas2gas diAtmos/er dengan ?uaca& klim danKualitas Udara

• Peran gas rumah kaca di Atmos/er• Sebab2akibat 4erubahan gas rumah

kaca di Atmos/er serta hubungann"adengan Pemanasan 0lobal dan

Perubahan klim



-en*ana Per#uliahan

• Kom4osisi Atmos/er Bumi '. + (-

• Tekanan Atmos/er '9-• Siklus 0eochemical '* 2 >- Penga"aan .• @/ek Rumah Kaca ',-• UTS '<-• @/ek Rumah Kaca anjutan'- Penga"aan (• Aerosol '.)-P2..• #one '..-P2.9

• Hujan Asam'.(-

Penga"aan 9• Presentasi Materi Penga"aan Taruna5i '.9 2.*-

• UAS '.8-Re/erensi : 1acob& 3aniel 1; .; Intro"u*tion to Atmos'heri*

hemistr( & Princeton Uni$ersit" Press '"itam!ah jurnal "ansum!er ilmiah lain "ang terkait dengan materi-

- P # li h



-en*ana Per#uliahan......+Tentatif,

UTS

dulAdha

Natal

TBHijri"ah

MaulidNabi



Moti$asi



Berdamai 3engan 3iriSendiri

• A4a4un keadaan kita sekarang "akinlahadalah keadaan dimana kita akanmenca4ai kesuksesan;

• Tuhan tidak menci4takan kita tan4amaksud& 4asti ada sesuatu "ang bisa kitalakukan dalam kehidu4an ini; Kalau tidak C&mungkin kita sudah dicabut n"a!a kitaoleh Malaikat;

• Mengeluh bukan solusi& jalan terbaikadalah bers"ukur atas keadaan kitasekarang& melangkah satu demi satu tukmenuju kecemerlangan;

•Kita bukan bersaing dengan orang lain&lebih baik bersaing dengan diri sendiri;



A4a Prasasti Hidu42MU

• Hidu4 han"a mam4ir minum di 3unia&ha ha masak mam4ir minum >) tahun;

• Sia4a "ang hidu4n"a begitu2begitusaja "ang sudah ham4ir D abad E

• Te#a"#an a#an "i#enang se!agaia'a "iri #ita se'eninggal #ita

nanti. +Maja'ahit a#samanaheng Hoo Soe#arno ,



1angan Takut 0agal

• #rang berani sebenarn"a orang "angtakut teta4i memilih bertindak beraniuntuk menca4ai sesuatu "ang

dinginkann"a;• #rang berani sebenarn"a dalam

dirin"aF;;TakutF;;BeraniFF

TakutF;BeraniG akhirn"a jadi beranibeneran;

• Terus Berusaha



• Kalo hidu4 kita begini2begini saja& cobacek a4a "ang selama ini kita lakukan;Sekarang Berusaha menjadi diri "ang

mem4erbaiki usaha "ang lebih baikdari kehidu4an kita sebelumn"a;

• Hidu4 ini tidak mudah memang C Teruslah berusaha konsisten naiktangga satu demi satu&



StressssF;;TAN3A 3oa andaakan segera dikabulkan Tuhan

• Sa"a ingin sukses& ka"a& dll

• Tiba + tiba kita stres menghada4i kuliah koksusah& T3 g keluar 5 orang tua tdk bisa kirim&keluarga sedang ada musibah& ada orang jahatterhada4 kita;

• Tuhan sedang melatihkan si/at "ang dimiliki

orang sukses 5 ka"a;

• Sukses membutuhkan kela"akan bagi diri kita;



Prolog Materi

HAT S TH@ h t h f



HAT S TH@ TM#SPH@R@E

• Gaesous envelope surrounding the Earth

• Mixture of gases, also contains suspended solid and liquid particles (aerosols)(partikel padat yang ada di udara (juga disebut abu atau partikulat) maupuntetesan cair.

• Istilah aerosol berasal dari kenyataan bahwa bahan yang !elayang di udara

adalah suspensi (ca!puran di !ana partikel padat, cair, !aupun gabungankeduanya disuspensikan di cairan"udara#$

%erosols are the &visible' co!ponents of the at!osphere

he at!osphere seen fro! space

)ollution off *$+$ east coast ust off -est %frica.alifornia fire plu!es



/oloid adalah suatu ca!puran 0at heterogendua 0at atau lebih di !ana partikel1partikel 0atyang berukuran koloid tersebar !erata dala!0at lain$ *kuran koloid berkisar antara 21233

n!( 2314 5 2316 c! #$



HAT AB#UT ?#U3SE.louds are !ade up of water droplets or ice

crystals (21233 µm), much larger than typical aerosols(0.01-10 µ!#$ hey are technically aerosols buthave unique properties and are in practiceconsidered separately$

%erosol cair 7 uap air sebagai/oloid terdispersi gas"udara sebagai/oloid pendispersi

HAT AB#UT HAI@



Acadia National Park

clean day moderately polluted day

http://www.hazecam.net/

Haze, smoke adalah aerosol padat, partikel padat terdispersidalam gas / udara (pendispersi)

HAT AB#UT HAI@&SM#K@E



Aerosol Sie Naming?on$ention

Usuall" di$ided into three sie grou4s ' 3 2 diameter-

.; Aitken Nuclei → ( J .)29 m L 3 ≤ 0.( m

(; arge Nuclei → 0. (

m L 3 ≤ (;8 m'also called the accumulation mode-

9; 0iant Nuclei → 3 (;8 m



#rigins o/ Atmos4hericAerosols

.; ?ondensation and sublimation o/ o/ $a4ors and the /ormation o/smokes in natural and man2made combustion;

(; Reactions bet!een trace gases in the atmos4here through the

action o/ heat& radiation& or humidit";

9; The mechanical disru4tion and dis4ersal o/ matter at the earth’s

sur/ace& either as sea s4ra" o$er the oceans& or as mineral dustso$er the continents;

*; ?oagulation o/ nuclei !hich tends to 4roduce larger 4articles o/miJed constitution



Aerosol Makeu4• T('i*al su!stan*es forme" in large uantities !(

*on"ensation follo4ing *om!ustion in*lu"e ashessoot tar 'ro"u*ts oils as 4ell as sulfuri* a*i" an"sulfates. These 'arti*les are 'rimaril( 4ithin therange of Ait#en nu*lei.

• Me*hani*al "isintegration !( 4in" an" 4ater ofro*#s an" soil 'ro"u*es 'arti*les 4ith "iameters 50.2 6m. These fall 'rimaril( in the large nu*leirange.

• A**or"ing to 7aeni*#e +Science, 308 '. 93 200:,a!out 2:; of the num!er of 'arti*les 4ith"iameter greater than 0.2 6m are !iogeni*.+remains to !e <eri%e",.



Aerosol Makeu4 2 continued

• ?hemical reactions bet!een nitrogen& oJ"gen& !ater $a4or and$arious trace gases 'e;g;& sul/ur dioJide& chlorine& ammonia& oone&and oJides o/ nitrogen- 4rimaril" 4roduce 4articles in the Aitkenand arge range;

@Jam4les%ormation o/ ammonium chloride /rom NH9 and H?l

#Jidation o/ S#( to H(S#*

Reaction o/ sul/ur dioJide& ammonia& and !ater to 4roduceammonium sul/ate 4articles;

Production o/ higher oJides o/ nitrogen through the action o/heat& oone or ultra$iolet radiation



?loud ?ondensation Nuclei 2??N

• ?om4rises a small /raction o/ the total aerosol 4o4ulation

• Sea salt is the 4redominant constituent o/ ??N !ith 3 .m

• %or );. m L 3 L . m& the main com4onent is thought to besul/ate& !hich ma" be 4resent as sul/uric acid& ammoniumsul/ate& or /rom 4h"to4lankton 4roduced dimeth"lsulde 'see?harlson et al;& Nature& 32=& >882>>.-;



B. Chemical Composition

The bimodal nature of the size-number distribution of atmospheric particles suggests at

least two distinct mechanisms of formation, and the chemical composition of the particles

reflects their origins.

Fine particles have a diameter smaller than about 2.5 µm, and are produced by

the condensation of vapors, accumulation, and coagulation. They have a chemical

composition that reflects the condensable trace gases in the atmosphere: SO2, !

", !O

",

#O$’s, and !2O. The chemical composition is water with SO

%-2, O

"-, !

%&, 'b, $l-, (r -,

$)soot*, and organic matter+ where biomass burning is prevalent, &.

Coarse Particles have a diameter greater than about 2.5 µm, are produced by

mechanical weathering of surface materials. Their lifetimes, controlled by fallout and

washout, are generally short. The composition of particles in this size range reflects that of

the earths surface - silicate )SiO2

*, iron and aluminum oides, $a$O"

and /g$O"+

over the

oceans , a$l.

#R0N #% TH@



#R0N #% TH@ATM#SPH@R? A@R#S#

Soil dustSea salt

Aerosol: dispersed condensed matter suspended in a gas

Size range: 0.001 m (molecular cluster) to 100 m (small raindrop)

Environmental importance: health (respiration), visibility, radiative balance,

cloud formation, heterogeneous reactions, delivery of nutrients…



Terima Kasih



>a*ts

• Since O.<)) –@arth has !armed );<o? 'since .<<)- –0H0 atmos4heric concentrations

ha$e increased• ?#(: (<) 44m 9,) 44m• ?H*: );, 44m .;,8 44m• N(#: (,) 44b 9() 44b

• ?limate is controlled b" the0reenhouse @ect

Th t l G h



The atural Greenhouse?@e*t

"%0 1m-2

30 1m-2

4tmospheric 4bsorption

56 1m-2

Contribution to the Natural Greenhouse

• 1ater 73-768

• $arbon 9io.ide "-08

• /ethane :28

• itrous O.ide :28

Contribution to the Natural Greenhouse

Water 90-95%

Carbon Dioxide 5-7%

Methane <1%

Nitrous Oxide <1%



Ph(si*s an" hemistr( of the

Atmos'here

• 0reenhouse gas concentrations

–Radiati$e /orcings

• %eedbacks

–?hemistr"& 4h"sics& meteorolog" –ater $a4or and clouds

At h i &



Atmos'heri* &2

on*entrationsCurrently !7" ##$

Aerosols/Parti*les



Aerosols/Parti*les

• Major im4act on climate

• Atmos4hericall" inhomogeneous& shortli/etimes + unlike 0H0s

• 3irect @ects + %airl" straight2/or!ard – Particles scatter and absorb solar radiation

• ight scattering cools 'all 4articles-

• ight absor4tion !arms '4rimaril" B? andiron2containing dust-

• ndirect @ects + Qer" dicult to uanti/" – ?loud /ormation 'condensation nuclei-

– ?loud 4ro4erties '!ater dro4let sieG cloud!ater content-



>ee"!a*#s

• (J ?#( 3irect !arming O);82.;)o?

• Predictions O8o? reuire 4ositi$eclimate s"stem %@@3BA?KS that

am4li/" the direct !arming /rom theeJtra 0H0s;

– ater $a4or

– ?louds• nherent uncertainties in /eedback

mechanisms

ater Ba'or an" lou"s



ater Ba'or an" lou"s

;$< $=>ST4?S

14T<= 9=O'?<TS

$?O@9S

'=<$;';T4T;O

14T<=

#4'O=

S<4 S@=A4$< - <#4'O=4T;O

• #n a$erage& clouds co$er *)2*87 o/ the @arths sur/ace• Additional (297 cloud co$er osets !arming /rom man2made

0H0 '=(;8 m2(-

• Model grid scale reuirements make it im4ossible to directl"model clouds and their climate eects

-Day &t$os#heri' Water Cy'le



Mechanisms o/ the radiati$e /orcingdue to greenhouse gases and o/ the direct radiati$e /orcings

due to aerosols

0l b l di i / i ' - i d i



0lobal2a$erage radiati$e /orcing 'R%- estimates and ranges in())8

'relati$e to .,8)- /or anthro4ogenic 0H0s and other im4ortantagents and mechanisms



?arbon dioJide and methane miJing ratios $ersus time'N#AA ?limate Monitoring and 3iagnostics aborator"

htt4:55!!!;cmdl;noaa;go$5ccgg5insitu;html-



#ther 0H0s• N(# miJing ratios sho! an increase /rom a 4re2

industrial $alue o/ around (,) 44b 'Prather etal;& ()).- to 9.< + 9. 44b in earl" ())*

• ?%?2..& ?%?2.(& ?%?2.9& H?%?2((& and ??l*

concentrations increased /rom a 4re2industrial

$alue o/ ero to (>< 44t& 899 44t& * 44t& .9( 44t&and .)( 44t res4ecti$el" '.< concentrations- 2leads to radiati$e /orcings o/ );), m2(& );., m2(& );)9 m2(& );)9 m2( and );). m2(

• #one: a44roJimate doubling o/ concentrationsbet!een the 4re2industrial and 4resent da";



?arbon c"cle

P i h i



Processes in an atmos4hericchemistr" model



Sul/ur c"cle



Sul/ur emissions

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