penonton bayaran dalam komodifikasi dan alienasi

7/23/2019 Penonton Bayaran Dalam Komodifikasi Dan Alienasi

1/18

UFDMNDWNQ WFJQ@ KQ@W@Y

UFDJDWJD ANPNQND GNBNO KJOJG@H@KNY@ GND NB@FDNY@

G`yvyvd jbfl 3

Bndm`wndwpj Wq` Mfsnq" >55880651

> r U n m f


2/18

>$>$ Ufdgnlvbvnd

Ofdvqvw Nmff ,gnbno Fbx`dnqj" 155=3 >97)" wfbfx`y` ofqvunknd ofg`n kjovd`kny` pndm

unb`dm afqufdmnqvl ungn kfl`gvund ondvy n$ Wfbfx`y` ngnbnl ofg`vo kjovd`kny onyyn pndm

yndmnw gfknw gnd nkqna gfdmnd onypnqnknw @dgjdfy`n knqfdn kfbfa`lnddpn pndm gnunw

ofdmnwny` kfwfqanwnynd cnqnk gnd }nkwv ,Yvqankw`" 1551)$ Yfufqw pndm g`bnujqknd ungn >1 Cndvnq 15>1" Gnlypnw ofo`b k` cvobnl ufdjdwjd

yfandpnk 8=0 qàv jqndm gfdmnd ylnqf >6"8&$ Yfgndmknd @daj| ofdpvyvb gfdmnd cvobnl

ufdjdwjd yfandpnk 8>7 qàv jqndm gnd ylnqf >6">&$ Ungn 10 Hfaqvnq` 15>1" @daj| ofdcng`

uqjmqno ovy`k djojq ynwv gfdmnd ufqjbflnd cvobnl ufdjdwjd yfandpnk =51 qàv jqndm gnd

ylnqf >6"9&$ Dnovd ungn 8 Onqfw 15>1" Gnlypnwonouv ofdmmfyfq @daj| yfanmn` uqjmqno

ovy`k djojq ynwv gfdmnd ufdjdwjd yfcvobnl =>0 qàv jqndm gnd ylnqf yfafynq >8"1&$ Kfgvn

uqjmqno `d` ofqvunknd gvn uqjmqno ovy`k gfdmnd qnwn/qnwn qnw`dmgndylnqf wfqw`dmm`" yfqwn

ofdcng` uqjmqno wfbfx`y` unb`dm andpnk g`wjdwjd ungn k`ynqnd cno 5=$55 l`dmmn >5$55 ]@A$

Lnb `d` ofdnq`k knqfdn ungn cno unm`" wfbfx`y` g`gjo`dny` jbfl uqjmqno ovy`k" w`gnk knbnl

gfdmnd uqjmqno unm` bn`ddpn" yfufqw` afq wn ,df}y) gnd ndòny` ndnk/ndnk ,NMA D`fbyfd

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3/18

Ofg`n Qfyfnqil Df}ybfwwfq ]nxf @" 15>1)$ Nwny gnynq gnwn/gnwn `d`bnl" uqjmqno ovy`k ofdcng`

uqjmqno vdmmvbnd vdwvk ofqnvu kfvdwvdmnd anm` ywny vd wfbfx`y`$

Kfafqlny`bnd ywny`vd wfbfx`y` g`vkvq gnq` yfafqnun onouv yvnwv uqjmqno pndm g`y`nqknd

gnunw ofdnq`k ufqlnw`nd nvg`fdif ,Fhhfdgp" >0


4/18

ovgn$ Ufdjdwjd anpnqnd pndm onpjq`wny afqnynb gnq` mjbjdmnd ndnk ovgn `d` ofdmnbno`

nb`fdny`$ Ufdjdwjd anpnqnd w`gnk lndpn g`mvdnknd vdwvk ufoandwvnd wnkf uqjmqno ufqgndn"

ofbn`dknd cvywqv yfkngnq ofdcng` uqjufqw` anm` kfyvkyfynd ufdpfbfdmmnqnnd uqjmqno ovy`k$

Ufdjdwjd anpnqnd g`wvdwvw vdwvk yfbnbv wnou`b ofdnq`k gnd ofq`nl" gfdmnd ofdmfynou`dmknd

kjdg`y`/kjdg`y` `dwfqdnb onvuvd fkywfqdnb g` bvnq uqjyfy uqjgvky` uqjmqno wfqyfavw$ Ofqfkn

onv w`gnk onv nwnv yvkn w`gnk yvkn" nknd ofdvqvw` wvdwvwnd wfqyfavw vdwvk a`yn wfwnu ofdfqòn

anpnqnd$ Ungn nkl`qdpn" ofqfkn cvywqv yfonk`d wnou`b gùnkynknd$ Ovbn` wfqcng` nb`fdny`

gnbno kfl`gvund unqn ufdjdwjd anpnqnd$ Ufqnynnd wfqny`dm gànqfdm` gfdmnd wvdwvwnd u`lnk

ywny`vd wfbfx`y` nmnq ufdjdwjd anpnqnd wfqvy wnou`b ofdnq`k" ofq`nl" gnd onkyònb `d` bndwny

ofoìv ofqfkn vdwvk wnou`b yfinqn afqbfa`lnd" nwnv w`gnk yfyvn` gfdmnd kfngnnd g`q` ofqfkn

yfafdnqdpn$

G` y`y` bn`d" g`ykvqyvy ovbn` afqkfoandm ofdpjqjw` hfdjofdn ufdjdwjd anpnqnd pndm

g`b`lnw gnq` y`y`/y`y` fkjdjo`y gnd kjojg`h`kny`$ @o`dm/ò`dm anpnqnd ndwnqn Qu >6$555/Qu

75$555 ufq uqjmqno" pndm a`yn g`gnunwknd ufdjdwjd anpnqnd gnq` ufkfqcnnddpn ofoan}n k`ynl

ofdnq`k" yfufqw` k`ynl yvkyfy Fbbp Yvlnq` gnd Lnqyjdj ]nlpvg` pndm a`yn ofdmlny`bnd vndm

yfafynq Qu >6/95 cvwn ufq avbnd lndpn gnq` a`yd`y wfuvk wndmnd ,hjqvo$kjouny$ijo" Gvd`n

Nqw`h`y`nb Wfbfx`y`" 1550)$ Dnovd òub`kny` dfmnw`hdpn" fky`ywfdy`/fky ywfdy` ofqfkn cvywqv

lnqvy wfqmngn`knd vdwvk ufofdvlnd kf}ncànd nwny uqjhfy`dpn yfanmn` ufdjdwjd anpnqnd$ Y`y`/

y`y` kjojg`h`kny` `d` ofdòavbknd nb`fdny` anm` ufdjdwjd anpnqnd `wv yfdg`q`$

1$>$ Uqjmqno Ovy`k Wfbfx`y`

Uqjmqno ovy`k g` wfbfx`y` ofqvunknd ynbnl ynwv }vcvg ofg`n gnbno kjovd`kny` onyyn$

Avdm`d ,15583 =) ofdmnwnknd anl}n ofg`n onyyn ngnbnl ofg`n kjovd`kny` pndm

ofdpfanqknd `dhjqony` yfinqn onyynb gnd gnunw uvbn g`nkyfy jbfl onypnqnknw yfinqn onyynb$

Kjovd`kny` onyyn ofo`b`k` hvdmy` anm` onypnqnknw gnd `dg`x`gv$ Kjovd`kny` onyyn gnbno

gvn wnwnqnd wfqyfavw g cfbnyknd jbfl Oi^vn`b ,15>5) afqhvdmy` yfanmn` ynqndn vdwvk

ofdmfkyuqfy`knd avgnpn gjo`dnd gnd cvmn ufdmnkvnd nwny yvaivbwvqf$ Kjovd`kny` onyyn

ofdvdcndm ufoafdwvknd `gfdw`wny gnd `dwfqnky` yjy`nb" ofbnbv` ufqjbflnd ufdmfwnlvnd gnd

ufonlnond nwny g`q` yfdg`q`" jqndm bn`d" gnd kfngnnd yfk`wnq$ Yfbn`d `wv" kjovd`kny` onyyn cvmn

ofdcng` làvqnd ,fdwfqwn`dofdw)" knqfdn gnunw g`mvdnknd vdwvk ofoufqjbfl kfd`konwnd gnd

ynqndn qfbnkyny` gnq` kfwfmndmnd yjy`nb$

Yfinqn yjy`jbjm`y" ovy`k ujuvbfq yfanmn` qfuqfyfdwny` ovy`k pndm g`wnou`bknd gnbno

wfbfx`y` ofqvunknd ynbnl }nwv }vcvg làvqnd$ Ovy`k ujuvbfq ofondm gnunw ofdcng` ovy`k

7 r U n m f


5/18

pndm yjb`wfq//g`d`konw` yfdg`q`$ Dnovd yfinqn vovo" ovy`k ujuvbfq cvmn gànm`knd ,ylnqfg)$

Ufoanm`nd `d` gnunw afqafdwvk ufdmnbnond kvbwvqnb afynq yfufqw hfyw`xnb" gnd gnunw uvbn

afqafdwvk bfa`l `dwfdy yfufqw` kfw`kn ofdgfdmnqknd nwnv ofdg`ykvy`knd ovy`k wfqyfavw

afqynon wfond ,Avqwjd" 15563 >86)$

Yfbndcvwdpn" NMA D`fbyfd ofdmknwfmjq`knd uqjmqno ovy`k g` wfbfx`y`" yfufqw` @daj|

,YIWX)" Gnlypnw ,QIW@)" gnd Gfq`dmy ,WqndyWX) gnbno knwfmjq` Fdwfqwn`dofdw3 Ovyì

,Làvqnd3 Ovy`k)$ Uqjmqno `d` ngnbnl ninqn pndm g`gjo`dny` jbfl wnpndmnd ovy`k gfdmnd

hjqonw yfufqw wndmmn bnmv" x`gfj kb u" kjdyfq" nwnv bn`ddpn" wfqonyvk ninqn pndm

ofdgfdgndmknd bnmv/bnmv gnfqnl ,}}}$yiqàg$ijo*gji*67905) ufo`b`lnd nqw`y pndm ofo`b`k` gnpn wnq`k

ungn klnbnpnk gfdmnd ywqvkwvq gfojmqnh`y afynq" yfufqw` knbndmnd ndnk ovgn; ,1) ufdmnoa`bnd

mnoanq pndm ofdnq`k yfinqn x`yvnb$ Uqjmqno ovy`k afqvun kjdyfq gnunw g`bnkvknd yfinqn

jvwgjjq onvuvd g` gnbno ywvg`j ,`dgjjq)" gnd wfbfx`y` yndmnw ufqbv vdwvk ofdnou`bknd

mnoanq/mnoanq pndm g`dno`y$ Yfbn`d `wv" vdwvk ofdmfony yvnwv uqjmqno yfl`dmmn ofdnq`k

ufdjdwjd" onkn ufqbv gìùwnknd yvnyndn qnon` gnd ofq`nl gnbno yfw`nu mnoanq pndm

g`wnou`bndknd$ Lnb `d` yfknqndm gnunw g`y`nynw` gfdmnd kflng`qnd ufdjdwjd anpnqnd pndm gnunw

g`nwvq ufdnou`bnd gnd ufq`bnkvdpn g` gfund knofqn$

1$1$ Gfh`d`y` Ufdjdwjd Anpnqnd

Ufdjdwjd ngnbnl jqndm pndm ofdjdwjd ufqwvdcvkknd ,Knovy Afynq Anlnyn @dgjdfy`n"

15>>)$ Yfgndmknd anpnqnd afqnqw` vunl" mnc`" nwnv jqndm pndm gànpnq ,ba`g$)$ Afqgnynqknd

gfh`d`y` `d`" onkn ufdjdwjd anpnqnd ofqvunknd jqndm/jqndm pndm gànpnq vdwvk ofdjdwjdufqwvdcvkknd$ Gnbno kjdwfky ufdfb`w`nd `d`" ufdjdwjd anpnqnd pndm g`wnou`bknd gnbno wfbfx`y`

ofdcng` jqndm/jqndm pndm yfinqn klvyvy g`mvdnknd cnyndpn" vdwvk ofqnon`knd gnd

ofofq`nlknd yvnyndn uqjmqno ovy k$ Ufdjdwjd anpnqnd ungn `dgvywq` wfbfx`y` @dgjdfy`n

a`nyndpn wfqmnavdm gnbno yfavnl nmfdy nwnv kjovd`wny" pndm g`kjjqg`dny`knd jbfl yfyfjqndm

pndm afqw`dgnk yfanmn` ufdmvouvb ufdjdwjd" ijdwniw ufqyjd" gnd ufoanm` vunl gnq` ywny vd

wfbfx`y` kfungn yfbvqvl ufdjdwjd anpnqnd g` an}nl kjjqg`dny`dpn$ Ufdjdwjd anpnqnd ungn

uqjmqno ovy`k a`nyndpn ofqvunknd qfoncn nwnv knbndmnd ndnk ovgn" pndm ony l afqngn ungn

vy`n yfkjbnl" onvuvd yvgnl uvwvy yfkjbnl$ Qfdwndm vy`n ufdjdwjd anpnqnd ungn vovodpn

6 r U n m f


6/18

ngnbnl >6/15 wnlvd$ Ndnk ovgn ofdcng` onpjq`wny g` ndwnqn ufdjdwjd anpnqnd bn`ddpn knqfdn

ofqfkn ofo`b`k` }nkwv bvndm pndm ivkvu andpnk" wfqvwnon g` unm` gnd y`ndm lnq` ,yfafbvo

nwnv yfyvgnl yfkjbnl)" pndm djwnafdf ofdcng` }nkwv y`nqnd uqjmqno ovy`k wfbfx`y`$

Gnbno onknbnl `d`" ufdvb y ofdmnonw` hfdjofdn ufdjdwjd pndm yfq`dm g`mvdnknd

gnbno ufqwvdcvknd uqjmqno ovy`k wfbfx`y $ Gnq` ufdmnonwnd wfqyfavw g`kfwnlv` anl}n

ufdjdwjd uqjmqno ninqn ovy`k g` ywny`vd wfbfx`y` y}nywn wfqanm` kf gnbno gvn kfbjoujk pn`wv"

ufdjdwjd anpnqnd gnd ufdjdwjd yvknqfbn$ Vdyvq ufdjdwjd yfdg`q ivkvu ufdw`dm vdwvk

ofdgvkvdm kfyvkyfynd yvnwv uqjmqno pndm a`yn g`b`lnw gnq` w`dmm`dpn qnw`dmgndylnqf$

1$9$ Uqjyfy Uqjgvky` Uqjmqno Ovy`k Wfbfx`y` gnd Ufqnd Ufdjdwjd

Uqjmqno ovy`k ngnbnl ynbnl ynwv uqjmqno làvqnd pndm gùqjgvky` jbfl ywny`vd wfbfx`y`$

Vdwvk `wv" ufdvb`y ofdijan of}n}ndinqn` Unk Fdg`" yfjqndm uqjgvyfq uqjmqno ovy`k @ g`

ywny`vd wfbfx`y` Y$ Uqjmqno ovy`k @ g`wnpndmknd yfinqn qfmvbfq ,yfw`nu lnq`) gfdmnd }nkwv

wnpndm g` unm` lnq $ ]nkwv wnpndm `d` yndmnw ofoufdmnqvl` cvobnl ufdjdwjd$ Unk Fdg`

ofdcfbnyknd anl}n ufdjdwjd ofqvunknd ynwv kfynwvnd gfdmnd uqjmqno WX$ Inqn vdwvk

ofdnq`k ufdjdwjd wfqmndwvdm kfungn ljyw uqjmqno ovy k" nqw`y" bjkny`" gnd ufqndmknw/

ufqndmknw bn`d$

Gnbno wnlnu ufqndindnnd" uqjmqno ovy`k lnqvy g`wfdwvknd gnlvbv kjdwfddpn$ Hjqonw

kjdwfd gnunw afqvun y`nqnd bndmyvdm ,b`xf) nwnv y`nqnd wvdgn ,wnuufg)$ Lnb `d`

ofoufql`wvdmknd wnqmfw klnbnpnk$ Uqjmqno ovy k nqnlnd Unk Fdg` ofdmnoa`b yfmofd

ufdjdwjd ungn yfmofd I gnd G ,ofdfdmnl kf an}nl)$ Yfmofdwny` ofdcng` ufqyjnbnd a`yd`y"

jbfl yfana `wv uqjmqno ovy`k ofdnqmfwknd klnpnbnk pndm ofo`b`k` cvobnl ujuvbny` afynq$

Yfmofdwny` `d` ofdfdwvknd nqw`y pndm nknd g`gnwndmknd" yfqwn bjkny` ypvw`dm$

U`lnk uqjgvky` ufqbv ofdfdwvknd bjkny` ypvw`dm$ Ypvw`dm gnunw g`bnkvknd g` bvnq

bnundmnd ,jvwgjjq) onvuvd g` gnbno ywvg`j ,`dgjjq)$ Ofdvqvwdpn" ypvw`dm g` ywvg`j bfa`lovgnl g`bnkvknd knqfdn ufqndmknw ufdmnoa`bnd mnoanq gnd yfww`dmyfufqw` b`mlw`dmgnd nvg`j

yvgnl wfqyfg`n$ Nuna`bn jvwgjjq" onkn ufqbv ufqwòandmnd onwndm$ Ufqwòandmnd wfqyfavw

wfqkn`w gfdmnd kjdg`y` kfnondnd bjkny`" ngo`d`ywqny` gnd ufq`s`dnd" yfqwn ujwfdy` ufdjdwjd$

Uqjmqno ovy`k jvwgjjq a`nyndpn g`bnkvknd g` onbb/onbb gnd wfounw }`ynwn" yfqwn wfqgnunw

kjjqg`dny` bndmyvdm wfqkn`w uvab`kny` gnd wfkd`y ufbnkyndnnd gfdmnd u`lnk ufdndmmvdm cn}na

bjkny`$ Bjkny` ypvw`dm ofdfdwvknd kfqnon`nd ufdjdwjd pndm gnwndm$ Nuna`bn g`bnkvknd g`

gfknw ufovkònd" onkn nknd andpnk ufdjdwjd pndm gnwndm" dnovd nuna`bn cnvl gnq`

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7/18

ufovkònd" onkn ujwfdy kfqnon`nd ufdjdwjd pndm qfdgnl gnunw g`nknb gfdmnd

ofdmlng`qknd ufdjdwjd anpnqnd nwnv ojg`h`kny` ungn uqjyfy kqfnw`h$

Wfqkn`w gfdmnd kfqnon`nd ufdjdwjd gnd kfofq`nlnd uqjmqno" onkn lnb `d` cvmn

wfqmndwvdm ungn ljyw nwnv ufoan}n ninqn$ Ljywpndm u`dwnq ofbn}nk gnd `dwfqnkw`h ofdcng`

u`b`lnd vwnon$Ljywgnunw ofd`dmknwknd kfofq`nlnd uqjmqno gfdmnd inqn afq`dwfqnky` gfdmnd

ufdjdwjd g` yfk`wnqdpn$

Uqjyfy kqfnw`h cvmn gnunw ofdfdwvknd kfqnon`nd ufdjdwjd gnd cvobnl klnpnbnk pndm

ofdjdwjd g` wfbfx`y`$ Uqjyfy kqfnw`h pndm wfqcng` ungn uqjmqno ovy`k @ wfqvy g`bnkvknd yfw`nu

lnq`" pnkd` gfdmnd ofdfdwvknd wfon uqjmqno gnd nqw`y pndm g`gnwndmknd$ Hnkwjq/hnkwjq `d`

ofoufdmnqvl` qnw`dm gnd ylnqf ninqn" pndm afqnqw` cvmn ofoufdmnqvl` o`dnw ufdm`kbnd

wfqlngnu uqjmqno ovy k wfqyfavw$ Wfon uqjmqno gnunw afqmndw` yfw nu lnq " gnd a`nyndpn

gùfqb`lnwknd bf}nw ufdnou`bnd ljyw gnd gfkjqny $ Yfgndmknd ufdfdwvnd nqw y pndm

g`gnwndmknd wfqdpnwn afqufdmnqvl afynq ungn qnw`dmnwnvylnqf uqjmqno$ Mqvu andg YW>1gnd

]nb`" g`dpnwnknd jbfl Unk Fdg` yfanmn` nqw`y pndm ujuvbfq gnd gnunw ofdnq`k ufdjdwjd vdwvk

gnwndm bndmyvdm kf bjkny` ypvw`dm$

Ufdjdwjd pndm gnwndm ungn uqjmqno ovy`k wfbfx`y` gnunw gànm` ofdcng` 1 ,gvn)" pn`wv

ufdjdwjd yvknqfbn gnd ufdjdwjd anpnqnd$ Ufdjdwjd yvknqfbn ngnbnl ufdjdwjd pndm gnwndm

bndmyvdm kf bjkny` uqjmqno ovy`k" wndun gò`dwn nwnv wndun gànpnq$ Cvobnldpn wfqmndwvdm

ungn bjkny` ypvw`dm ,gfknw ufovkònd nwnv cnvl gnq` ufovkònd) gnd nqw`y pndm g`gnwndmknd

,wfqkn`w gfdmnd ujuvbnq`wny yndm nqw`y gnd yfbfqn ufdjdwjd yfk`wnq*hndy)$ Gnq` y`wv" ufdjdwjd

yvknqfbn wfqanm` ofdcng` pndm nkw h gnd pndm uny`h$ Ufdjdwjd yvknqfbn pndm nkw h ngnbnl

ufdjdwjd pndm afqmfqnk/mfqnk nwnv qnon`" wndun gò`dwn" knqfdn ofqfkn afdnq/afdnqhndy gnq`

nqw`y pndm g`gnwndmknd$ Yfgndmknd ufdjdwjd yvknqfbn pndm uny`h ofqvunknd ufdjdwjd pndm

g`no yncn nwnv yfu`" a`nyndpn ngnbnl jqndm pndm yfkngnq bf}nw g` bjkny` ypvw`dm nwnv w`gnk

ofdcng`hndy gnq` nqw`y pndm g`gnwndmknd$ Kfovg`nd" ngn ufdjdwjd anpnqnd$ Ufdjdwjd anpnqnd

ngnbnl ynbnl ynwv nyufk uqjgvky` pndm ivkvu ufdw`dm" nmnq gnunw ofofq`nlknd yvnyndn

uqjmqno ovy`k yfinqn nwqnkw`h$ Ofqfkn gnunw g`nqnlknd vdwvk ofdm`kvw` mfqnknd wfqwfdwv gnd

wnou`b ofq`nl" knqfdn yvgnl gànpnq$

Unk Fdg` ofdmnwnknd anl}n ufdmmvdnnd ufdjdwjd anpnqnd afqy`hnw hbfkyàfb$ Hbfkyàfb

g` y`d` afqnqw` wfqmndwvdm kfavwvlnd$ Kfw`kn cvobnl ufdjdwjd uqjmqno ovy`k pndm g`bnkvknd

yfinqn jvwgjjq g`ndmmnu kvqndm qnon " onkn u`lnk uqjgvky` gnunw ofdmlvavdm` u`lnk

kjjqg`dnwjq ufdjdwjd anpnqnd$ Ufdjdwjd anpnqnd gnunw ofdcng` nyufk ufdw`dm kfw`kn bjkny`

ypvw`dm g`bnkvknd g` gnfqnl pndm cnvl gnq` ufovkònd" nwnv g` uvynw kjwn" yfufqw` Ujdgjk

@dgnl Onbb$ Lnb `d` afqafgn cnvl kfw`kn ypvw`dm g`bnkvknd g` gnfqnl u`dmm`qnd Cnknqwn" pndm

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8/18

djwnafdf ofdcng` gnfqnl vqand gnd yvavqand" yfufqw` Unovbndm" Knqn}ni`" gnd Afkny`$

Ufdjdwjd pndm gnwndm cvobnl afqxnq`ny`" ndwnqn 15/655 jqndm$ Dnovd kfw`kn cvobnl ufdjdwjd

yfu`" nwnv anlknd ypvw`dm lndpn g`gnwndm` jbfl ufdjdwjd anpnqnd" onkn uqjgvky` lnqvy

g`bnkvknd gfdmnd ofdmnknb` uqjyfy ufdmnoa`bnd mnoanq ungn y`wvny`/y`wvny` qnon` yncn$

Hnkwjq/hnkwjq ufdfdwv kfqnon`nd gnd kfofq`nlnd g` nwny g`ndmmnu ufdw`dm yfbnon

uqjyfy uqjgvky` uqjmqno ovy`k wfbfx`y`$ Ufdjdwjd gnunw ofdcng` kvdi` vdwvk ofd`dmknwknd

gnpn wnq`k klnbnpnk kfw`kn g`wnpndmknd g` wfbfx`y`$ Gnpn wnq`k `d` g`wvcvknd vdwvk ofd`dmknwknd

qnw`dm gnd ylnqf ninqn pndm afqyndmkvwnd gnd nkl`qdpn ofdnq`k ufdm`kbnd$ Gnbno lnb `d`"

gnunw g`knwnknd anl}n ufdjdwjd ofdcng` kjojg`wny vdwvk ofdgnwndmknd kfvdwvdmnd

fkjdjo`$ Wfqcng` kjojg`h`kny`" wfqvwnon kjojg`h`kny` klnbnpnk gnd kjojg`h`kny` ufkfqcn

ofg`n ,ufdjdwjd anpnqnd) ungn uqjyfy uqjgvky` uqjmqno ovy`k wfbfx`y`$

1$7$ Kjojg`h`kny`

Ofdvqvw Yvqankw` ,1550) kjojg`h`kny` ngnbnl uqjyfy pndm afqlvavdmnd gfdmnd

knu`wnb yof" gòndn japfk" kvnb`wny gnd yòajb g`cng`knd yfanmn` kjojg wny pndm wvcvnd

vwnondpn vdwvk g`cvnb g` unynq$ Gnbno avkvdpn pndm afqcvgvb Wlf Ujb`wìnb Fijdjop jh

Ijoovdìnw`jd3 Qfwl`dk`dm ndg Qfdf}nb" X`difdw Ojyij ,>008) ofdcfbnyknd anl}n

kjojg`h`kny` ngnbnl yfavnl uqjyfy wqndyhjqony` d`bn` mvdn ofdcng` d`bn` wvknq$ Yvnwv anqndm

g`d`bn` avknd afqgnynqknd kfonouvnd gnd kfmvdnnddpn bnm` gnbno ofofdvl` kfavwvlnd"

ofbn`dknd g`d`bn` gfdmnd nun pndm gnunw g`gnunwknddpn g` unynq ,>0083 >79/>77)$

Gnbno kjdwfkydpn g` qndnl kjovd`kny`" Ojyij ,ba`g$) ofdmknwfmjq`knd w`mn afdwvk

kjojg h`kny`" pn`wv kjojg h`kny` kjdwfd ofg`n ,ijdwfdwy ijoojg`hìnw`jd)" kjojg`h`kny`

klnbnpnk ,nvg`fdif ijoojg`hìnw`jd)" gnd kjojg`h`kny` ufkfqcn ofg`n ,bnajvqy

ijoojg`hìnw`jd)$ Kjojg`h`kny` kjdwfd ofg`n pndm afqvun kjojg h`kny` `dwq dy`k" ngnbnl

uqjyfy ufdmvanlnd `y` ufynd kf gnbno yfavnl y`ywfo onkdn pndm g`}vcvgknd gnbno afdwvk

uqjgvk yfl`dmmn gnunw gùnynqknd ,ba`g$3 >7=)$ Yfgndmknd" kjojg`h`kny klnbnpnk pndm

wfqonyvk gnbno kjojg`h`kny` fkywq`dy`k" ngnbnl ojg`h`kny` ufqnd klnbnpnk pndm ungn n}nbdpn

ofqvunknd kjdyvofd ofg`n ofdcng` kjdyvofd uqjgvk gnq` unqn ufdm`kbnd$ Gfdmnd knwn bn`d"

klnbnpnk gùqjgvky` jbfl ofg`n vdwvk ofdnq`k ufdm`kbnd$ Klnbnpnk g`wqndyhjqony`knd ofdcng`

yfavnl gnmndmnd pndm gnunw gùfqcvnbafb`knd kfungn ufdm`kbnd ,ba`g$3 >770)$ Gnbbny

Yopwlf ,gnbno Ajpg/Anqqfw" >00=3 >05) ofb`lnw ofg`n w`gnk lndpn yfanmn` uqjgvyfd

kjojg`wny làvqnd" dnovd cvmn yfanmn` uqjgvyfd klnbnpnk$ Klnbnpnk pndm gùqjgvky` yfanmn`

kjojg`wny" pndm kfovg`nd g`cvnb kfungn ufdm`kbnd$ Wfqnkl`q" kjojg`h`kny` ufkfqcn ofg`n

< r U n m f


9/18

g`wvdcvkknd gfdmnd ngndpn wqndyhjqony` uqjyfy kfqcn g` gnbno y`ywfo knu`wnb`yof" g` ondn

avqvl ofqvunknd anm`nd gnq` kjdyfu kfkvnwnd `dxny`" ònc`dny` gnd ufkfqcnnd gfyn d$

Gnbno onknbnl `d`" ufdjdwjd anpnqnd w`gnk lndpn ofdcng` nvg`fdif yncn" dnovd cvmn

ofdcng` avqvl nwnv ufkfqcn ofg`n$ Ofqfkn ofdcng` ufkfqcn ofg`n knqfdn ofqfkn gànpnq

vdwvk wnou`b g` gnbno ofg`n" gnd ofdvdcndm uqjyfy uqjgvky` uqjmqno wfbfx`y`$ Gfdmnd knwn

bn`d" ufdjdwjd anpnqnd ofdmnbno` kjojg`h`kny` pndm yfq`vy" an`k yfanmn` nvg`fdy" onvuvd

ufkfqcn ofg`n$

Afq`kvwdpn" ufdvb`y cvmn wfqwnq`k vdwvk ofdmknc` kfwfqkn`wnd ndwnqn kjojg`h`kny` gnd

nb`fdny`" knqfdn ovdivb ndmmnund anl}n kjojg`h`kny` pndm wfqcng` ungn uqjmqno/uqjmqno

wfbfx`y`" klvyvydpn uqjmqno ovy`k" pndm g`nbno` jbfl unqn ufdjdwjd anpnqnd" ofdòavbknd

nb`fdny` ungn fky`ywfdy` ofqfkn$ Unqn ufdjdwjd anpnqnd yfnknd/nknd ofdmmvdnknd wjufdm

pndm qnon` gnd ofq`nl kfw`kn wnou`b g` wfbfx`y`" dnovd afbvo wfdwv yfqnon` gnd yfofq`nl `wv

ungn kfl`gvund yflnq`/lnq`dpn$ Nb`fdny ofdcng` onynbnl g` y`d`" yfana kjojg`h`kny wfbnl

ofdiùwnknd fky ywfdy` yfov anm` unqn ufdjdwjd anpnqnd$ Wfqgnunw ufqwfdwndmnd ndwnqn

fky`ywfdy` g` gfund knofqn ,kfw`kn jd/n`q) gnd fky`ywfdy` g` afbnkndm knofqn ,kfw`kn jhh/

n`q*yflnq`/lnq`)$

1$6$ Nb`fdny`

Onq| ungn wnlvd >01


10/18

a`dnwndm" ondvy n afquqjgvky` ofdvqvw vkvqnd jacfk pndm `dlfqfd/gfdmnd lvkvo kf`dgnlnd

,fw$nb" 6>=)$ Onq| ofoufqb`lnwknd kfklnynd ufkfqcnnd gàndg`dmknd a`dnwndm" gfdmnd lnk`knw

ondvy`n afkfqcn yfinqn afany gnd vd`xfqynb$

a$ Ufkfqcnnd yfanmn` Jacfkw xny` Ondvy`n

Ondvy`n ofdpnwnknd g`q` gnbno ufkfqcnnd gfdmnd ofdmnoa`b afdwvk nbno` yvnwv lnb

gnd gàfq`knddpn afdwvk ondvy`n}` ,yfyvn` kflfdgnkdpn)" gnq yfkngnq u`k`qnd ofdcng`

kfdpnwnnd jacfkw`h$ Yfw`nu ufkfqcnnd ondvy`n yfbnbv ofbnl`qknd kfkvnwnd/kfkvnwnd lnk`knwdpn

kf gnbno qfnb wny nbno` ofdcng` nbno ondvy`n" ofdifqo`dknd gnd ofoavkw`knd qfnb`wny

lnk`knw ondvy`n$ Onkdn ufkfqcnnd `wv afqvun ufqnynnd andmmn" w`gnk afqklnpnb" ofbn`dknd

dpnwn$

i$ Ufkfqcnnd gnd Y`hnw Yjy`nb Ondvy`n

Ofbnbv` ufkfqcnnd" ondvy`n cvmn ofoavkw`knd g`q` yfanmn` onklbvk yjy`nb$ Ufkfqcnnd

k`wn cvmn ofofdvl` kfavwvlnd jqndm bn`d gnd ofoavnwdpn anlnm`n" yfl`dmmn k`wn ofqnyn

g`nkv` jbfldpn$ Ufkfqcnnd yfanmn` cfoanwnd ndwnqondvy`n cvmn ofo`b`k` gòfdy` l`ywjq`y" pnkd`

gvd`n ofdvdcvkknd cfcnk ufkfqcnnd mfdfqny /mfdfqny` yfafbvodpn ,fw$nb" 678)$ Onq|

ofdmvdmknuknd anl}n ufkfqcnnd ofoafdnqknd g`q` gnd lnk`knw yjy`nb k`wn" pndm yfinqn w`gnk

wfqny`dm" ofoanlnm`nknd ,OF] FA >" 781)$

Ondvy`n ngnbnl ljoj hnafq" nqw`dpn ondvy`n ngnbnl ufkfqcn yfknb`mvy ufdiùwn$ Kjdyfu

kfwfqny`dmnd*nb`fdny` ,nb`fdnw`jd) andpnk ofdcng` hjkvy anlnynd Knqb Onq| ,wfqvwnon gnbno

Wlf Ondvyiùw" >


11/18

ofoavnw jqndm w`gnk afkfqcn yfinqn afany gnd vd`xfqynb dnovd cvywqv wfqunkyn" yfl`dmmn

ofdmny`dmknd ofqfkn$

a$ Wfqny`dm gnq` G q`dpn Yfdg`q`

Nb`fdny` gnq` g`q` yfdg`q` ofouvdpn` w`mn yfm`; ,>) Ufkfqcn wfqny`dm gnq` uqjgvkdpn$

Uqjgvk avknd kfandmmnnd anm`dpn knqfdn avknd o`b kdpn; ,1) Ufkfqcn wfqny`dm gnq

ufkfqcnnddpn$ Ufkfqcnnd ofdcng` unkynnd knqfdn w`gnk afqgnynqknd lnyqnw gnd gjqjdmnnd anw`d"

nknd wfwnu` yfkngnq vdwvk ofoufqwnlndknd kfl`gvund h`y`k; ,9) Ufkfqcn wfqny`dm gnq` g`q`dpn

yfdg`q $ Gnbno ufkfqcnnd" ondvy`n w`gnk ofdmfoandmknd g`q` ,w`gnk afany)" ofbn`dknd

ofo`yk`dknd g`q` ,w`gnk vd`xfqynb)" afkfqcn lndpn vdwvk gnunw l`gvu wfqvy$

i$ Wfqny`dm gnq` Jqndm Bn`d

Kjdyfkvfdy` bndmyvdm gnq kfwfqny`dmnd ondvy`n gnq` uqjgvk ufkfqcnnddpn" gnq

kfm`nwnd l`gvudpn" gnq` lnk`knwdpn yfanmn` ondvy`n" ngnbnl kfwfqny dmnd ondvy`n gnq`

ondvy`n ,FUO" OF] FA >" 6>=)$ Nb`fdny` gnq` yfynon ofdpnwnknd kfufdw`dmnd/kfufdw`dmnd

pndm ynb`dm afqwfdwndmnd" yfufqw` gnbno y`ywfo lnk o`b`k uqàng` ndwnqn kfbny ufkfqcn gnd

ufo`b`k" gnd ufqwfdwndmnd kfufdw`dmnd kfgvn kfbny `d` yfinqn japfkw`h ,vunl avqvl xy$

kfvdwvdmnd yfafynq/afynqdpn)$ Nb`fdny` `d` cvmn ofqvynk lvavdmnd g` gnbno ony`dm/ony`dm

kfbny" ndwnqn bn`d ufkfqcn afqfavw wfounw kfqcn gnd ufo`b k afqfavw unynq$ Onq|

ofoufqb`lnwknd anl}n gnbno onypnqnknw afqgnynqknd lnk o`b k` uqàng`" lvavdmnd

ndwnqondvy`n ofyw` afqy`hnw yn`dmnd3 kfvdwvdmnd ynwv kfqvm`nd anm` bn`ddpn$ Yfgndmknd" wndgn

nb`fdny` `wv ngnbnl kfkvnynnd vndm" gfdmnd lndpn ofofdvl` kfavwvlnd jqndm bn`d c`kn k`wn

ofoufqjbfl kfvdwvdmnd gnq`dpn" gfdmnd ofdml`bndmknd y`hnw yjy`nb ondvy`n$

Yfafdnqdpn" ofdmnun ynoun` wfqcng` nb`fdny` gnbno ufkfqcnnd: Ufkfqcnnd pndm

ofdmny`dmknd ngnbnl ufkfqcnnd vunlnd$ Gfo` vunl" y` ufkfqcn ofoufqnbnw g`q`dpn yfdg`q`$

Ufkfqcnnd vunlnd ofqvunknd yfanm`nd gnq` lnk o`b`k uqàng` pndm ofo`ynlknd ufo`b`k gnd

ufkfqcn" pndm ofojdjujb` kfyfounwnd kfqcn ofbnbv` kfufo`b`knd nbnw uqjgvky` gfdmnd wfdnmn

kfqcn avqvl pndm g`kjdwqnk gnd g`l`ynu$ Ofdvqvw Onq|" y`ywfo `d` avknd ofqvunknd lny`b

kfuvwvynd kfafwvbnd" wfwnu` lny`b gnq` uqjyfy wnk wfqfbnkknd" pnkd` uqjyfy ufoanm`nd kfqcn

,g`x`y`jd jh }jqky) vdwvk ofd`dmknwknd fh`y`fdy` kfqcn kfbjoujk$

Onq| ofoafgnknd 9 ,w`mn) wnlnu vonw ondvy`n; ,>) wnlnu onypnqnknw uvqan ,yfovn

g`kfqcnknd afqynon/ynon); ,1) wnlnu ufoanm`nd kfqcn" gnd kfwfqny`dmnd ,pndm yfknqndm ony`lafqbndmyvdm); yfqwn ,9) wnlnu kfafanynd$ Ufoanm`nd kfqcn ,gnd cvmn lnk o`b`k uqàng`)

>> r U n m f


12/18

ofdmlny`bknd nb`fdny` yfanmn` nkànw kfd`yinpnnd yfcnqnl" pndm lndpn gnunw g`lnuvy yfanmn`

kjdyfkvfdy` g`dno`kn ofbnbv` ufofdvlnd kjdg`y`/kjdg`y` japfkw`h$

Ujy`y` japfk pndm ofdcng` lny`b uqjgvky` ondvy`n yfknqndm g`lngnu` jbfl ondvy`n `wv

yfdg`q $ Ufdjdwjd anpnqnd yfanmn` ondvy`n pndm wfqyfdg`q`" yfanmn` avqvl kfqcn" yfonk`d

andpnk ofdmlngnu` kfkvnwnd/kfkvnwnd japfk pndm gìùwnknddpn$ Gfdmnd gfo`k`nd" yfonk`d

o`yk`dbnl yfyfjqndm gnq` kfl`gvund anw`ddpn" onkn nknd yfonk`d l`bndm cvmn kfuqàng`nddpn$

Gnbno nkw`x`wny uqjgvky`" c`kn lny`b kfqcn ngnbnl nb`fdny`" onkn kfm`nwnd uqjgvky` `wv yfdg`q`

ngnbnl nb`fdny` pndm nkw`h$

Ondvy`n pndm wfqnb fdny gnq` japfk lny b kfqcn yfqwn uqjyfy uqjgvky`dpn nknd

wfqnb`fdny` gnq` g`q`dpn yfdg`q`$ @n wnk gnunw yfufdvldpn ofdmfoandmknd yfm /yfm`

kfuqàng`nddpn$ Kfqcn ngnbnl lnb fkywfqdnb gnq` ufkfqcn `wv yfdg`q`$ Kfqcn avkndbnl anm`nd

gnq` nbno gnd g`q`dpn" yfl`dmmn unqn ufdjdwjd anpnqnd w`gnk ofdfovknd nwnv ofdnou`bknd

kfuqàng`nddpn gnbno afkfqcn" dnovd cvywqv ofdm`dmknq`dpn$ @d` nknd ofdiùwnknd

kfw`gnkuvnynd g`q` wfqlngnu lny`b kfqcn pndm gìùwnknd$ Afqgnynqknd ufo`k`qnd `d`" lvavdmnd

unqn ufdjdwjd anpnqnd gfdmnd ufkfqcnnddpn ofdcng` yfyvnwv pndm ny`dm*afqbn}ndnd" avknd

yfyvnwv pndm ofdcng` o`b`kdpn$ Nkw`x`wny kfqcn pndm g`bnkvknddpn kfovg`nd lndpn ofdcng`

ufdgfq`wnnd$

Yfcnw`dpn" nuna`bn lvavdmnd yfyfjqndm gfdmnd ufkfqcnnd gnd lny`b kfqcndpn an`k" onkn

lvavdmnddpn gfdmnd g`q`dpn yfdg`q` cvmn nknd an`k$ Lvavdmnd pndm an`k `d` cvmn ofoavnw

lvavdmnddpn gfdmnd jqndm bn`d wvqvw ofdcng` an`k$ Nknd wfwnu` gnbno y`ywfo knu`wnb`yof"

wfqcng` nb`fdny` ndwnqn yfynon ufkfqcn$ Ondvy`n bfa`l gùndgndm yfanmn` kjojg`wny pndm

gùfqgnmndmknd afbnkn gnqùngn ofb`lnwdpn gnbno kjdwfky `dwfqnky` gnd qfbny` yjy`nb$ Ufdjdwjd

anpnqnd pndm wfqnb`fdny` gnq` lny`b kfqcndpn nknd wfqvy wfqnb`fdny` gnq` g`q`dpn knqfdn lnb

wfqyfavw g`ndmmnu bnpnk jbfl knvo knu`wnb`y yfanmn` kjojg`wny pndm ofdcvnb$ Gnbno lnb `d`"

kflfajlnd gnd kfofq`nlnd yfanmn` lny`b kfqcn ufdjdwjd anpnqnd bfuny gnq` kjdwqjb ofqfkn

yfdg`q $ Unqn ufdjdwjd anpnqnd ofdcng` yfonk`d wfqnb`fdny` gnq` uqjyfy uqjgvky` knqfdn

nkw`x`wny pndm g`bnkvknddpn ofdcng` w`gnk afqonkdn gnd lnou`q w`gnk ofbnl`qknd kfuvnynd

uqàng`$

1$8$ Ovy`k Ujuvbfq gnd Nvqn

>1 r U n m f


13/18

Ngjqdj ,afqynon Ljqklfòfq gnbno G`nbfiwì jh Fdb`mlwfdofdw" >077) ofdcfbnyknd

anl}n avgnpn ujuvbfq" wfqvwnon ovy`k" wfbnl g``gfdw`h kny` yfanmn` nbnynd vdwvk kfuvnynd

uny`h onypnqnknw gnd afqkvqndmdpn o`dnw gnbno ofdmmvb`dmknd y`ywfo knu`wnb`y$ Ngjqdj

afqufdgnunw anl}n `dgvywq` avgnpn wfbnl ofdmvanl yfavnl uqjgvk onyn pndm w`gnk indmm`l"

yfdwòfdwnb ofdmmndw`knd afdwvk yfd` bfa`l -yvb w- gnd kq`w y pndm ofdpfanaknd jqndm

ofoufqwndpnknddpn$ Hnbyf dffgy g`kfoandmknd" g`wndnoknd kfungn jqndm/ jqndm jbfl

`dgvywq` avgnpn$Hnbyf dffgy `d` ngnbnl kfavwvlnd pndm gnunw gùfdvl` jbfl y`ywfo knu`wnb`y

pndm ofdmmndw`knd kfavwvlnd qnkpnw yfqwn kfafanynd fkyuqfy` ondvy`n pndm nyb`$

Uqjmqno ovy`k g` wfbfx`y` yfanmn` ofg`n ujuvbfq wvqvw ofdnou`bknd ovy k/ovy`k

ujuvbfq$ Ufdjdwjd anpnqnd yfanmn klnbnpnk cvmn wvqvw ofdmkjdyvoy` ovy`k ujuvbfq ungn

uqjmqno/uqjmqno wfqyfavw" kfw`kn ofqfkn yfgndm afkfqcn" onvuvd ungn kfyflnq`nd ofqfkn$

Lnb `d` wfqdpnwn ofdòavbknd kfavwvlnd unbyv nwny ovy`k" pndm ofoavnw unqn ufdjdwjd

anpnqnd ofd`konw` afm`wv yncn ovy`k ujuvbfq wfqyfavw wndun ngndpn uqjyfy kq`w`y$ Kfuvnynd

uny`h pndm g`wòavbknd ofoavnw ufdjdwjd anpnqnd kfl`bndmnd o`dnw vdwvk kfbvnq gnq` cfqnwnd

knu`wnb yof gnd kjojg`h`kny` pndm g`wfqòndpn$ Yfinqn w`gnk bndmyvdm" ofqfkn ofdcng`

dpnond gfdmnd ujy y` ofqfkn yfanmn` japfk gnd kjojg wny$ Nunbnm` gnq kjojg`h`kny`

yfknb`mvy nb`fdny` pndm wfqcng`" g`wnoanl gfdmnd `dyfdw`h kjdyvoy` ovy k ujuvbfq gnbno

ufkfqcnnd ofqfkn" yfafdnqdpn cvywqv ofoavnw ufdjdwjd anpnqnd yfonk`d wfqnb`fdny`" yfonk`d

bnon" yfonk`d wndun vynln vdwvk afany$

Kfovg`nd" wfqkn w gfdmnd uqjmqno ovy`k ujuvbfq g` wfbfx`y " ]nbwfq Afdcno`d

ofdcfbnyknd kjdyfu nvqn$ Anm`dpn" nvqn ngnbnl yfavnl hfdjofdn vd`k nwny cnqnk$

Kfovgnlnd ofdfqòn nvqn ofdcng` kvnb`wny gnq` ufdmnbnond k`wn nwny japfk wfqwfdwv$ Nvqn

wfqyfavw ovdivb gnd g`qnynknd kfw kn k`wn ofd`konw` kfafqngnnd nwnv ufdnounknd japfk

wfqyfavw" yfafqnun uvd cnvl nwnv gfknwdpn cnqnk k`wn gfdmnddpn$

Gnbno Wlf ]jqk jh Nqw `d wlf Nmf jh @wy Ofilndìnb Qfuqjgvià`b`wp" Afdcno`d

ofdmfovknknd anl}n yfd` gnunw g`qfuqjgvky` yfwfbnl ngndpn ufqkfoandmnd wfkdjbjm` pndm

yfgfo`k`nd oncv$ Uqjyfy qfuqjgvky` yfd` ofdmmvdnknd wfkdjbjm` ,yfufqw` h`bo gnd qfknond)

`d` ofoavnw yfd` gnunw gùqjgvky` yfinqn onyynb gfdmnd ovgnl$ Dnovd lnb `d` cvywqv

ofoavnw yfd` kfl`bndmnd onkdn nyb`dpn$ Wfqcng` gfynkqnb`yny` yfd`" wfqonyvk ungn yfd` ovy`k

ujuvbfq g` wfbfx`y` gnd cvmn gnbno hjqonw uqjmqnodpn$

>9 r U n m f


14/18

Gfynkqnb`yny` anm` Afdcno`d wfqcng` yfbnon ufqngnand ojgfqd$ Gnbno gvd`n `dgvywq`

knu`wnb`yof" qfuqjgvky` ofknd`y yfd` ofdmnkànwknd afqkvqndmdpn kfkvnynnd ondvy`n vdwvk

ofqnynknd gnd afq`dwfqnky` bndmyvdm gfdmnd kvnb wny yvnwv japfk yfd`$ Kfvd`knd gnd

jwfdw`y`wny knqpn yfd` yfonk`d g`qnmvknd" yfl`dmmn afqvcvdm ungn l`bndmdpn onkdn g` gnbno

knqpn yfd` `wv yfdg`q`$ Ufdmljqonwnd gnd ufdmlnqmnnd nwny knqpn yfd` yfonk`d uvgnq$ Gvbv"

ovy`k gùfqb`lnwknd yfinqn kjbjynb" ofbnbv` kjdyfq/kjdyfq g` nvbn$ Klnbnpnk gnunw ofd`konw`

yfinqn bndmyvdm nvqn gnq` unqn ufon`d ovy`k gnd ovy`k `wv yfdg`q`$ Dnovd yfknqndm" }nbnv

ufdjdwjd anpnqnd ofdjdwjd bndmyvdm kjdyfq pndm g`bnkvknd ungn uqjmqno ovy`k g` wfbfx`y`"

ofqfkn wfwnu w`gnk gnunw ofqnynknd nvqn gnq` ovy`k ujuvbfq pndm g`wnou`bknd" nunbnm` jbfl

unqn ufdjdwjd g` gfund bnpnq knin$

7$>$ Ufdjdwjd Anpnqnd gnbno Kjojg`h`kny` gnd Nb`fdny`

Ufdjdwjd anpnqnd wfbnl ofdcng` japfk knu`wnb yof$ Ufkfqcnnd vunlnd ofoavnw

ufdjdwjd anpnqnd wfqmfdifw g` ndwnqn kfavwvlnd l`gvu gnd y`ywfo knu`wnb`yof ofg`n wfbfx`y`$

Ofqfkn ofdgnunwknd qfgvky` pndm afqbfa`lnd nwny fky`ywfdy` gnd yvapfkw`x`wny ofqfkn yfdg`q`$

Ywny`vd wfbfx`y` yfanmn` yvapfk knu`wnb`y unwvw g`wfounwknd yfanmn` ufdpfana qfgvky`

`d`$ Ywny`vd wfbfx`y` yfanmn` uqjgvyfd uqjmqno ovy`k wfbnl ofbnkvknd kjojg`h`kny` yfq`vy

wfqlngnu unqn ufdjdwjd anpnqnd$ Wvcvnd fkjdjo` ywny`vd wfbfx`y` wfbnl ofdfounwknd klnbnpnk

yfanmn` kjojg`wny pndnm gùfqcvnbafb`knd g` lngnund ufdm`kbnd$ Klnbnpnk pndm gònkyvg g`

y`d` avknd lndpn klnbnpnk bvny g` gfund bnpnq knin" dnovd cvmn klnbnpnk yfou`w g` gfund

knofqn" ndwnqn bn`d unqn ufdjdwjd anpnqnd$ Yfinqn w`gnk bndmyvdm" ofqfkn g``kvwyfqwnknd

yfanmn` klnbnpnk pndm gùfqcvnbafb`knd$ Lnb `d` yndmnw wfqb`lnw ungn uqjyfy uqjgvky` wfbfx`y`

jvwgjjq" g` ondn wfqgnunw ufqwòandmnd kfqnon`nd yfanmn` gnynq afqbndmyvdmdpn uqjmqno

ovy i wfbfx`y $ Wfqgnunw qfbny` fkjdjo` ndwnqn ufdm`kbnd ,yujdyjq) gfdmnd wfounw/wfounw

ypvw`dm" wfqvwnon unqn ufo`b`konbbnwnvuvd wfounw }`ynwn$

Afqgnynqknd ufdcfbnynd Ojyij g` nwny gnd kn`wnddpn gfdmnd uqjyfy uqjgvky` uqjmqno

ovy`k wfbfx`y`" onkn ufdjdwjd anpnqnd gnunw uvbn g`wfounwknd yfanmn` ufkfqcn*avqvl$ Ywny`vd

wfbfx`y` wfbnl ofoufkfqcnknd ufdjdwjd anpnqnd vdwvk ofdgvkvdm uqjyfy uqjgvky` uqjmqno

ovy`k gfdmnd ofoafq`knd vunl gnd `dywqvky` kfqcn$ Ywny`vd wfbfx`y` pndm ofbnkvknd

kjojg`h`kny` ufkfqcn `d` ofb`lnw ufdjdwjd anpnqnd yfanwny yfanmn` kjojg`wny pndm ofoandwv

ofofq`nlknd uqjmqno ofqfkn vdwvk ofdnq`k klnbnpnk pndm bfa`l bvny$

>7 r U n m f


15/18

Ofbndcvwknd lnb `d`" ufdvb`y ofb`lnw anl}n kjojgh`kny` pndm g`bnkvknd ofg`n kfungn

unqn ufdjdwjd anpnqnd wfqdpnwn cvmn ofoufdmnqvl` nb`fdny` ofqfkn wfqlngnu ufkfqcnnd" g`q`"

onvuvd kfl`gvund yjy nb ofqfkn$ Ofg`n ofqfgvky` fky ywfdy`/fky`ywfdy` ofqfkn yfanmn`

kjojg`wny pndm gnunw g`yvqvl/yvqvl gfdmnd wvdwvwnd ufdnou`bnd wfqwfdwv" ofdgjqjdm

ufdjdwjd anpnqnd vdwvk ofofdvl` ufqo`dwnnd wfqyfavw$ Ufdjdwjd anpnqnd nknd ofdcng`knd

g`q`dpn bfa`l ofq`nl gnd qnon` g` gfund knofqn" gnqùngn ungn kfyflnq`nddpn$

Ufdjdwjd anpnqnd wfbnl ofdmnbno` nb fdny` pndm yfgfo`k`nd qvun" w`gnk bn`d

g`yfanaknd jbfl kjojg`h`kny`/kjojg`h`kny` wfqlngnu g`q` ofqfkn$ Ufdjdwjd anpnqnd wfqnb`fdny`

gnq` lny`b kfqcn ofqfkn$ Kfofq`nlnd yfanmn` lny`b kfqcn ofqfkn w`gnk g`d`konw` yfinqn wvbvy

onvuvd w`gnk gàfdwvk yfinqn nbno`nl$ Kfofq`nlnd pndm ofqfkn avnw w`gnk gùfqvdwvkknd anm`

kfuvnynd c`}n ofqfkn yfdg`q " dnovd ofqvunknd afdwvk ufofdvlnd wvdwvwnd gnq` ywny vd

wfbfx`y` yfanmn` onc knd ofqfkn$ Nb`fdny` `d` ofoavnw ofqfkn cvmn wfqnb`fdny` gnq g`q

ofqfkn yfdg`q knqfdn ofqfkn g`wvdwvw vdwvk wnou`b yfinqn bfa`l gnq ungn ufdnou`bnd

kfyflnq`nd ofqfkn$ G` y`y` yfbndcvwdpn" ofqfkn wfqnb`fdny` gfdmnd jqndm bn`d knqfdn ofqfkn

ofdmnbno` afqanmn` ufqwfdwndmnd gnbno kfl`gvund yjy nb ofqfkn$ Ofqfkn ofo`b`k` cnqnk

gfdmnd unqn ufkfqcn bn`ddpn" yfufqw` wò ufonynqnd onvuvd inofqnond$ Cnqnk `d` g`wòavbknd

gnq` ufqafgnnd wvdwvwnd ufkfqcnnd g` ndnwnq ofqfkn$ G` ynwv y`y` ofqfkn ynon/ynon afkfqcn

gnbno ynwv uqjyfy uqjgvky`" dnovd g` y`y` bn`d ofqfkn w`gnk wfq`knw gnbno `dwfqnky` yfinqn

bndmyvdm pndm `dwfdy$ Lnb `d` g`yfanaknd jbfl kjojg h`kny` pndm ofqfkn wfq on afqafgn

gfdmnd kjojg`h`kny ufkfqcn a`nyndpn$ Ofqfkn ofdfq on gvn knb` kjojg`h`kny yfanmn`

klnbnpnk gnd cvmn ufkfqcn$ Afand nb`fdny` ofqfkn yfonk`d afqnw" nunbnm` gfdmnd wvdwvwnd pndm

yfonk`d afqbfa`lnd gnd cvmn wfkndnd fkjdjo` pndm onk`d ofdifk`k$

Nb`fdny` ofqfkn ony l afqbndcvw" yfonk`d cnvl gnd yfonk`d bnon" gfdmnd ngndpn

ufdmnqvl gnq` ovy`k ujuvbfq$ Yfinqn w`gnk bndmyvdm" ofqfkn ofdcng` klnbnpnk pndm

ofdmkjdyvoy` ovy`k ujuvbfq" gnd g` y`y` bn`d ofqfkn ofoandwv uqjgvky` ovy`k ujuvbfq

wfqyfavw$ Yfknb` bnm`" ofqfkn ofdgnunw gvn knb` afand" pndm knb` `d` ngnbnl afand fhfk gnq`

ovyì ujuvbfq$ Y`y`/y`y` kfd`konwnd gnq` ovy`k ujuvbfq yfonk`d ofdfounwknd ofqfkn gnbno

nb`fdny` pndm yfonk`d cnvl$ Ufkfqcnnd ofqfkn vdwvk ofdjdwjd uqjmqno ovy`k ujuvbfq wndun

g`yngnq` jbfl g`q` ofqfkn yfdg`q " cvywqv ofdòavbknd bfa`l andpnk ufdgfq wnnd$ Ofqfkn

yfonk`d wfqcfqnw gnbno knu`wnb`yof ofg`n pndm y`ywfo`k$ Cfqnwnd `d` ofoavnw ofqfkn lnou`q

w`gnk gnunw bfuny gnq` kjojg`h`kny` gnd nb`fdny` pndm ofqfkn wfqòn$ Ungn nkl`qdpn" ufdjdwjd

anpnqnd ofdcng` knvo uqjbfwnq pndm wfqvy gùfqnl gnd g`w`dgny gfdmnd wvdwvwnd/wvdwvwnd

kjdyvoy` gnd uqjgvky`" yfqwn ywny`vd wfbfx`y` ofdcng` knvo ajqcv`y pndm ofdgnunw kfvdwvdmnd

wfqafynq gnq` ngndpn kjojg`h`kny` gnd nb`fdny` unqn ufdjdwjd anpnqnd$

>6 r U n m f


16/18

6$>$ Kfyòuvbnd

Afqgnynqknd ndnb`y`y pndm wfbnl ufdvb`y bnkvknd" onkn gnunw g`yòuvbknd anl}n

>$ Ufdjdwjd anpnqnd ungn uqjmqno ovy`k wfbfx`y` wfbnl ofdmnbno` kjojg`h`kny`$ Ofqfkn

g`cng`knd kjojg`wny pndm ofdgvkvdm uqjyfy uqjgvky` uqjmqno ovy`k gnbno qndmkn

ofofq`nlknd x`yvnb`yny` uqjmqno g` bnpnq knin yfl`dmmn ofdnq`k klnbnpnk g` qvonl

yfl`dmmn afqòub`kny` ungn w`dmknw qnw`dmgnd ylnqf$ W`dmknw qnw`dmgnd ylnqf `d`bnl

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1$ Ufdjdwjd anpnqnd wfwnu ofdcnbnd` uqjhfy` ofqfkn knqfdn ofqfkn ofdgnunwknd anpnqnd

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klnbnpnk gnd kjojg`h`kny` ufkfqcn ofg`n$

9$ Ufdjdwjd anpnqnd ofdmnbno` nb`fdny`" gfdmnd wfqfgvky` fky`ywfdy`dpn lndpn yfanmn`

kjoujdfd uqjgvky` gnd cvmn unynq*klnbnpnk gnbno y`ywfo avqvl vunlnd$

GNHWNQ UVYWNKN 3

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17/18

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>= r U n m f


18/18

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>< r U n m f

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