pengenalan cinema

GKS 1013 PENGENALAN KEPADA CINEMA

Sediakan 3 definisi untuk setiap istilah yang berikut.

Plot 1) “Is a sequence of interrelated events arranged to form a logical

pattern and achieve an intended effect. “[1]

2) “Sequence of events selected to show the journey through the

story.”[2].

3) “Designed with a narrative structure, storyline or story arc, that

includes exposition, conflict, rising action and climax, followed by a

falling action and a dénouement.” [ 3 ]

Kesimpulan: Plot ialah susunan atau urutan sesebuah cerita dimana

terdapat tiga peringkat iaitu permulaan, klimaks, pengakhiran. Bayangan

sebuah bukit boleh dijadikan sebagai metafora untuk sesebuah plot

dimana permulaan di kaki bukit, klimaks di puncak bukit dan pengakhiran

kembali ke kaki bukit semula.

Story 1) “A narration or recital of that which has occurred; a description of

past events; a history; a statement; a record.’[4] “The relation of an

incident or minor event; a short narrative; a tale; especially, a

fictitious narrative less elaborate than a novel; “[4]

2) “Story in its broadest sense is anything told or recounted; more

narrowly, and more usually, something told or recounted in the

form of a causally-linked set of events; account; tale,: the telling of

a happening or connected series of happenings, whether true or

fictitious.”[5]

3) “He telling of a happening or connected series of happenings,

whether true or fictitious; account; narration.”[6]

Kesimpulan : Mesej yang disampaikan melalui perbuatan dan peristiwa

yang dipersembahkan melalui penulisan,drama atau filem. Penceritaan

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peristiwa yang lepas dengan lebih mendalam dan kadangkala sungguh

terperinci.

Narrative 1) “Is some kind of retelling,often in words of something that

happened.”[7]

2) I”s not the story itself but rather telling of story” [7]

3) “Narrative thus shape story (series of event,story of what

happened “[7]

Kesimpulan: Narratif ialah maksud atau makna yang cuba

dipersembahkan dalam sesebuah penceritaan. Kebiasaanya naratif akan

disampaikan oleh suara latar yang membantu penonton memahami

perjalanan cerita yang berlaku.

Cause &

Effect

1) “Any result of another action or circumstance.Cause and effect are

the relata of causality.” [8]

2) “Though cause and effect are typically related to events,

candidates include objects, processes, properties, variables, facts,

and states of affairs; which of these make up the causal relata,

and how best to characterize the relationship between them,

remains under discussion.” [8]

3) “This two event type (cause and effect) of causality is known as

accidental causality. Another variety, essential causality, has one

event seen in two ways.“ [8]

Kesimpulan: Sebab dan kesan berasaskan jalan cerita dimana moral

dan motif diangkat sebagai elemen untuk memperjelaskan sebab dan

kesan dalam sesebuah penceritaan. Sebab jalan cerita yang di tulis

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begitu dan ape kesan di sebalik cerita, semuanya sangat penting dalam

pengolahan jaln cerita yang baik. Effect juga boleh di sandarkan sebagai

element sampingan bagi penambahan sound dan grafik yang mampu

membuat filem atau cerita itu lebih menarik.

Curiosity 1) “Something unusual” [9]

2) “A strange or odd aspect“ [9]

3) "A desire to know about people or things that do not concern one;

nosiness.” [9]

Kesimpulan: Perasaan keingintahuan daripada babak-babak dalam

sesebuah filem. Perasan yang membawa penonton ke dalam

penghayatan sebuah cerita dimana minda penonton akan berputar –

putar mencari jawapan disebalik sebuah cerita.

Suspense 1) “Condition of being physically suspended”[10]]

2) “The state or quality of being undecided,uncertain,undoubtful” [10]

3) “Anxiety/apprehension resulting from an uncertain,undecided or

mysterious situation. “[10]

Kesimpulan: Keadaan / situasi dalam babak yang

tergantung,menimbulkan keraguan dan kesangsian kepada audien.

Perasaan yang mendorong penonton fokus kepada jalan cerita dan

sekaligus membuat penonton peka dengan segala apa yang berlaku di

dalam penceritaan.

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Surprise 1) “To encounter suddenly/ unexpectedly ,take/catch unaware.” [11]

2) “To cause(someone) to do/say something unintended.” [11]

3) “To fill with often sudden wonder/disbelief as being unanticipated

or out of ordinary”[11]

Kesimpulan: Dalam konteks perfileman,bermaksud keadaan dalam

babak-babak tertentu yang tidak disangka-sangka akan berlaku dan

menimbulkan rasa terkejut kepada audien Ini menyerlahkan keinginan

penonton untuk terus menghayati penceritaan. Adrenalin berterusan

menguasai diri.

Main Plot 1) “Subplots are distinguished from the main plot by taking up less of

the action, having less significant events occur, with less impact on

the 'world' of the work, and occurring to less important characters.”

[12]

2) “The main plot is too busy with the "action" of the story. They can

characterize the main character. They can measure the main

character's growth.” [13]

3) “Main plot directly hinder or assist the main character in pursuit of

his goal. If a scene's impact on the main character's goal is

indirect, then it may signal a subplot.” [13]

Kesimpulannya: Bahagian paling utama atau terpenting dalam

penceritaan. Cerita utama yang ingin disampaikan oleh penulis cerita di

mana babak ini akan kesan terhadap sesebuah cerita.

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Sub Plot 1) “Subplot, a secondary sequence of actions in a dramatic or

narrative work, usually involving characters of lesser importance

(and often of lower social status). The subplot may be related to

the main plot as a parallel or contrast, or it may be more or less

separate from it.” [14]

2) “A Subplot, sometimes referred to as a "B story" or a "C story" and

so on, is a secondary plot strand that is auxiliary to the main plot.

Subplots may connect to main plots, in either time and place or in

thematic significance. Subplots often involve supporting

characters, those besides the protagonist or antagonist.” [15]

3) “Subplots may connect to main plots, in either time and place or in

thematic significance, but they cannot carry forward, strengthen, or

explicate that main action. Subplots often involve supporting

characters, those besides the protagonist or antagonist.” [16 ]

Kesimpulan: Subplot adalah perkara terpenting selepas plot. Oleh

kerana subplot berhubung rapat dengan plot, secara tak langsung

memainkan peranan penting dalam memberi sokongan dan penambahan

jalan cerita yang lebih menarik. Subplot juga menyokong watak watak

penting dalam sesebuah jalan cerita. Ianya saling berkit antara satu

sama lainKadang kala, lebih dari satu subplot yang wujud dalam

sesebuah jalan cerita.

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Multiple Plot 1) “Multiple plots is sharing a theme.Sometimes an author returns to

a theme multiple times, exploring it through different stories. And in

some works, an author may weave multiple plots (some are sub-

plots) within a single work”.[17]

2) “Composite plot a multiplot. One common sort of multiplot is a

small plot inset into a larger one. Another sort is two or more plots

side by side.”[18]

3) “These multiple plot lines are not necessarily all of the same

importance; there can be a main plot-line and one or more subplot

lines “[19].

Kesimpulan : Multiple plot mempunyai lebih dari satu plot dalam

sesebuah cerita. Gabungan kesemua plot plot ini menjadikan jalan

sesebuah cerita itu lebih menarik. Multiple plot boleh menjadi satu plot

utama atau sublot. Selain itu, multiple plot juga boleh dikatakan

himpunan kesemua variasi plot dalam satu tema dan secara tidak

langsung member kaedah alternatif dalam memberi penerangan

terhadap tema yang di pilih. Contohnya sesebuah cerita itu

menggunakan tema cinta, dan mempunyai banyak kisah cinta di dalam

sebuah cerita untuk menyokong kekuatan cerita tersebut.

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Single Plot 1) “The single plot is chronological and easy to follow. There are no

flashbacks and no dream scenes. “[20]

2) “Although these groups can also be plotted on a single plot with

different plot symbols, it can often be visually easier to distinguish

the groups using the conditioning plot. “[21]

3) “A single plot element enjoyed by fans or writers swells in

importance, crowding out everything good in its story. This usually

happens within a single continuity from one incarnation to the next,

as writers forget the original motivation for an item or fans grow up

and take over the writing staff, putting their own spin on an

element. “[22]

Kesimpulan : Single plot adalah plot di mana jalan ceritanya amat

ringkas dan terlalu mudah utuk difahami. Single plot mempunyai jalan

cerita yang teratur dan mengikut langkah langkah yang telah di tetapkan.

Ianya tidak melibatkan sebarang plot imbauan kembali mahupun

imaginasi atau mimpi dan angan angan

Loose Plot

1) “To stop acting rationally.” [23]

2) “Get really angry and lose your self-control. Derogatory, as implies

that it wasn't a reasonable reaction in the circumstances.” [24]

3) “Plot Holes are those annoying gaps in a story where things

happen without a logical reason. When a plot hole involves

something essential to a story's outcome, it can hurt the

believability severely for those who are bothered by it. “[24]

Kesimpulan : Loose plot adalah suatu plot yang bebas di mana iaya

tidak berkait rapat antara plot plot yang lain. Loose plot mugkin bukan

salah satu daripada rancangan atau perbincangan bagi membangunkan

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sesebuah cerita, tetapi pada sesetengah bahagian loose plot di perlukn

bagi membuatkan jalan cerita napak lebih menarik. Kadang kala, loose

plot juga mampu membuatkan penonton berasa bosan kerana

kebanyakan loose plot terjadi tanpa alasan dan nilai yang tertentu

Act 1 :

Beginning

1) “The act of doing that which begins anything; commencement of

an action, state, or space of time; entrance into being or upon a

course, the first act, effort, or state of a succession of acts or

states.” [25]

2) “That which begins or originates something; the first cause; origin.”

[25]

3) “The act of doing that which begins anything; commencement of

an action, state, or space of time; entrance into being or upon a

course; the first act, effort, or state of a succession of acts or

states.” [26]

Kesimpulan : Beginning adalah suatu permulaan bagi sesebuah jalan

cerita. Di sini lah segalanya bermula, dari permulaan cerita,klimax dan

penutup cerita. Permuaan cerita adalah saat yang sangat penting di

mana, di sini pandangan pertama bagi seorang penonton. Jika iaya

menarik, setiap plot cerita dan aksi akan diikuti, tetapi jika permulaan

yang sangat membosankan mungkin sebaliknya.

Setup 1) “To place in an upright position.” [27]

2) “Equipment designed to serve a specific function.” [28]

3) “Make ready or suitable or equip in advance for a particular

purpose or for some use, event, etc.”[29]

Kesimpulan : Setup adalah penyediaan sesuatu benda sebelum sesuatu

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even(acara) bermula. Setup perlu dilakukan sebelum bermulanya

sesuatu cerita bagi memastikan semua faktor faktor yang berkaiatan

dengan jalan cerita dapat berfungsi dengan baik contohnya

character(watak), masa, keadaan sekeliling, dan bahan bahan yang

berkaitan.

Exposition 1) “The act of exposing or laying open; a setting out or displaying to

public view. “[30]

2) “The act of expounding, setting forth, or explaining: the exposition

of a point of view. “[31]

3) “Exposition, the setting forth of a systematic explanation of or

argument about any subject; or the opening part of a play or story,

in which we are introduced to the characters and their situation,

often by reference to preceding events. “[32]

Kesimpulan : Exposition ialah pendedahan kepada umum. Pendedahan

ini membawa maksud kepada penceritaan dan penerangan tentang motif

cerita, character (watak), keadaan sekeliling dan yang paling penting

jalan cerita yang mudah difahami. Selain itu, kekuatan jalan cerita perlu

ditonjolkan atau dipamerkan bagi memberi kesan terhadap sesebuah

cerita.

9


Act 2 :

Development

1. “The use of resources to relieve poverty and improve the standard

of living of a nation; the means by which a traditional, low-

technology society is changed into a modern, high-technology

society, with a corresponding increase in incomes. This may be

achieved through mechanization, improvements in infrastructure

and financial systems, and the intensification of agriculture.” [33]

2. “The process of growth and differentiation.” [34]

3. “The process of analysis, design, coding and testing software.”

[35]

Kesimpulan : Development adalah satu proses di mana segala

maklumat yang telah di kaji dikumpulkan di satu kan dan dibangunkan

kesemuanya menjadi satu bahan. Development juga digunakan untuk

membina smuala dan menaik tarafkan sesuatu bahan menjadi lebih

teguh. Kesemua watak perlu memainkan peranan dalam membangunkan

dan menghasilkan sebuah jalan cerita yang menarik.

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Confrontation 1. “Law, practice. The act by which a witness is brought in the

presence of the accused, so that the latter may object to him, if he

can, and the former may know and identify the accused, and

maintain the truth in his presence. No man can be a witness

unless confronted with the accused, except by consent. “[36]

2. “Discord resulting from a clash of ideas or opinions.” [37]

3. “A focused comparison; bringing together for a careful

comparison.” [38]

Kesimpulan : Confrontation ialah konfrontasi atau berbezaan idea,

percanggahan pendapat dalam sesuatu berpincangan. Di sini lah segala

idea akan di satukan bagi menghasilkan sebuah cerita yang menarik.

Perbincangan ini juga melibatkan positif dan negatif idea untuk

memastikan segala kekurangan dlam seiap plot atau babak cerita dapat

diatasi.

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Conflict 1. “a struggle or clash between opposing forces; battle”

“a state of opposition between ideas, interests, etc; disagreement

or controversy “

“a clash, as between two appointments made for the same time”

[39]

2. “Psychology A psychic struggle, often unconscious, resulting from

the opposition or simultaneous functioning of mutually exclusive

impulses, desires, or tendencies.” [40]

3. Conflict is actual or perceived opposition of needs, values and

interests. A conflict may be internal (within oneself) or external

(between two or more individuals). It may also be both internal

and external.[41]

Kesimpulan : Konflik melibatkan permasalahan di dalam penceritaan

dimana watak akan meningkatkan stress di kalangan penonton. Sering

berkaitan dengan perselisihan faham diantara pihak yang berbeza

pendapat, minat, kecenderungan dan lain - lain.

Act 3 :

Raising

action

1. “Rising action is tha series of events that lead to the climax of the

story, usually the conflicts or struggles of the protagonist.” [42]

2. “A related series of incidents in a literary plot that build toward the

point of greatest interest. “ [43]

3. “The events of a dramatic or narrative plot preceding the climax.”

[43]

Kesimpulan: Raising action adalah babak yang muncul sebelum klimaks

di mana babak ini akan meningkatkan debaran penonton sebelom

sampainya klimaks.

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Climax 1. “The high point, a moment most intense, a turning point, a major

culmination of events. “ [44]

2. “a rhetorical series of ideas, images, etc. arranged progressively

so that the most forceful is last” [44]

3. “The final, culminating element or event in a series; highest point,

as of interest or excitement.” [44]

Kesimpulan: klimaks adalah sebuah babak di pertengahan cerita yang

yang melengkankan sesebuah cerita. Klimaks juga melibatkan situasi

atau keadaan yang menyebabkan perubahan secara progresif .

Resolution 1. “The act or process of resolving something or breaking it up into its

constituent parts or elements”. [45]

2. “The act, operation, or process of resolving. Specifically: (a) The

act of separating a compound into its elements or component

parts. (b) The act of analyzing a complex notion, or solving a

vexed question or difficult problem. [46]

3. “A resolution is a written motion adopted by a deliberative body.

The substance of the resolution can be anything that can normally

be proposed as a motion. For long or important motions, though, it

is often better to have them written out so that discussion is easier

or so that it can be distributed outside of the body after its

adoption. An alternate term for a resolution is a resolve.” [47]

Kesimpulan :Proses penyelesaian sesuatu konflik yang berlaku dalam

sesebuah penceritaan. Resolution juga melengkapkan cerita itu dari

segala masalah atau pergantungan cerita yang tidak lengkap.

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Falling Action 1. “The falling action is the part of a story following the climax and

shows the effects of the climax. It leads up to the denouement or

(catastrophe)” [48]

2. “The events of a dramatic or narrative plot following the climax.”

[48]

Kesimpulan : Bahagian dalam penceritaan di ikuti klimaks dan

menunjukkan kesan kesan hasil dari babak klimaks. Klimaks adalah

member impak yang paling utama bagi sesebuah cerita.

Denouement 1. “the final outcome of the main dramatic complication in a literary

work “[49]

“the outcome of a complex sequence of events” [49]

2. “the outcome, solution, unraveling, or clarification of a plot in a

drama, story, etc. The point in the plot where this occurs any final

revelation or outcome” [50]

3. “The final resolution or clarification of a dramatic or narrative plot.”

[51]

“The outcome of a sequence of events; the end result.” [51]

Kesimpulan : Hasil daripada penceritaan yang berturutan, penjelasan

atau pendedahan akhir sesebuah penceritaan yang mana segala

persoalan akan dijawab.

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Plot Point 1. “In television and film, a plot point is a significant event within a

plot that digs into the action and spins it around in another

direction. It can also be an object of significant importance, around

which the plot revolves. It can be anything from an event to an

item to the discovery of a character or motive. The plot point is

usually introduced at the exposition of the movie.” [52]

2. “Noted screenwriting teacher Sid Field teaches that the 'ideal'

movie plot has the first plot point occurring around the 30th minute

of the film, then the second one around the 90th minute.” [53]

Kesimpulan : Plot point adalah minit minit yang penting dalam sesebuah

plot di mana ianaya membawa kepada peristiwa dalam penceritaan atau

watak atau motif jalan cerita itu sendiri.

Turning

Points

1. “The point at which a very significant change occurs; a decisive

moment. “[54]

2. “ an event that occurs at a critical time” [54]

“Moment of decision. A time when an important change happens

3. Winning that game was the turning point of the team's season.

That job was a major turning point in her career. “ [54]

Kesimpulan : Keadaan penting atau kritikal di mana berlakunya

perubahan daripada satu babak ke satu babak yang lain. Ini akan

melibatkan perubahan emosi penonton dan kesan yang mampu

membuatakan cerita itu lebih menarik.

15


Major

Turning

Points

1. “The point of highest dramatic tension or a major turning point in

the action.” [55]

2. [56]

3. [57]

Kesimpulan :

Minor

Turning

Points

1. [58]

2. [59]

3. [60]

Kesimpulan:

16


Appendix:

References

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thefreedictionary.com /plot

[2]Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from http://www.

thefreedictionary.com /plot

[3]Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved August 2, 2009, from

http://www.thefreedictionary.com /plot.

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[8]Wikipedia, Retrieved July 27, 2009, fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect

[9]Retrieved July 29, 2009, from http://www.yourdictionary.Curiosity

[10]Retrieved July August 2, from http://www.yourdictionary.comSuspense

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[13]Articles for Writers by Mary Lynn Mercer, Retrieved August 3, 2009, from

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[14]Answer.com. Retrieved August 2, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/topic/subplot

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[16]WordiQ.com. Retrieved August 2, 2009, from

http://www.wordiQ.com/definition/Subplot

[17]Literature Wikia. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from

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[18]Retrieved July 27, 2009, from

http://www.gnu.org/software/plotutils/manual/html_node/plotutils_6.html

[19]Plot and story, http://www2.anglistik.uni

freiburg.de/intranet/englishbasics/Plot01.htm#single

17


[20]Wikianswer.com. Retrieved July 30, 2009, from

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_structure_of_romeo_and_juliet_from_climax_to_re

solution


http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/scatterc.htm

[22]Retrieved July 27, 2009, from http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/PlotTumor

[23]Tige Genry (2006). Urban Dictionary. Retrieved July 29,2009, from

http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Lose%20the%20plot

[24]Observer52 (2005). Urban Dictionary. Retrieved July 29, 2009, from

http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Lose%20the%20plot

[25]Accurate and reliable dictionary. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from

http://ardictionary.com/Beginning/2564

[26]Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from

http://www.wordiq.com/define/Beginning

[27]Dictionary by Farlex. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/set+up

[28]WordiQ.com. Retrieved July 29, 2009, from http://www.wordiq.com/define/Setup

[29]WorldNet. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/topic/set-up

[30]Brainy Quote. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from

http://www.brainyquote.com/words/ex/exposition162969.html

[31]Wikianswer.com. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_meaning_of_exposition

[32]Literary Dictionary. Retrieved July 30, 2009, from

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[33]Geography Dictionary. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from

http://www.answers.com/topic/development

[34]WordiQ.com. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from University of Miami School of Medicine

[35]WordiQ.com. Retrieved July 30, 2009, from From the Online Dictionary of Computing

[36]Revised 6th Ed (1856).wordiQ.com. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from Bouvier's Law

Dictionary

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[37]WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2008 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.

Dictionary by farlex. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/confrontation.

[38]Retrieved July 29, 2009, from http://www.wordia.com/conflict


http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/conflict

[40]Retrieved July 30, 2009, from http://www.yourdictionary.com/conflict

[41]Geography Dictionary. Retrieved July 30, 2009, from http://www.answers.com

[42]About.com,Retrieved July 30,2009, from

http://contemporarylit.about.com/cs/literaryterms/g/risingAction.htm

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[44]Retrieved August 2, 2009, from http://www.yourdictionary.com/climax

[45]Retrieved July 27, 2009, from http://www.yourdictionary.com/resolution

[46]Retrieved July 27, 2009, from http://ardictionary.com/Resolution/4836

[47]Retrieved July 27, 2009, fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_%28law%29

[48]Retrieved August 2, 2009, from

http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/falling%20action

[49]Retrieved July 27, 2009, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/denouement

[50]Retrieved July 27, 2009, from http://www.yourdictionary.com/denouement

[51]Retrieved August 2, 2009, from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/denouement

[52]Retrieved August 3, 2009, from

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/denouement

[53] Literature Wikia,Retrieved August 3, 2009, from

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/denouement

[54]Retrieved August 2, 2009, from http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/turning+

point

[55] Answer.com, Retrieved August 2, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/topic/turning-

point

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